APUSH Unit 1 Test Answers (1-100)
Which of the following features characterized most Native North Americans' spiritual views and practices? a. Animism b. Transubstantiation c. Monotheism d. Human sacrifice
a. Animism
What accounted for the uneasy relations that persisted between Powhatan's people and the Jamestown settlers for more than a decade after 1607? a. Both groups' inability to reach an agreement about who would pay tribute to whom b. English settlers' decision to trade hatchets and guns with the Indians for maize c. Jamestown's colonists' persistent efforts to seize Indian land for new sugar plantations d. The constant turnover of the English population due to high death and immigration rates
a. Both groups' inability to reach an agreement about who would pay tribute to whom
Which of the following explorers is correctly matched with his area of exploration? a. Cortés—conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico b. Pizarro—explored the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean c. Díaz—conquered the Mayan city-states in the Yucatán Peninsula d. Balboa—rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa
a. Cortés—conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico
Which of the following statements describes Africans in Virginia after the 1660s? a. Africans made up 75 percent of the workforce. b. Africans were required to join the local militias whenever a war with Indians erupted. c. Africans were able to purchase the labor contracts of white indentured servants. d. Africans found themselves more entrenched in slavery as a permanent condition.
d. Africans found themselves more entrenched in slavery as a permanent condition.
On the eve of European colonization of the Americans, most Western Europeans lived in a. castles that dotted the countryside. b. older cathedral cities. c. booming new cities and towns. d. small, relatively isolated rural communities.
d. small, relatively isolated rural communities.
Why did the number of Indians living in Mesoamerica decline from about 30 million in the fifteenth century to approximately 3 million by 1650? a. Disease carried by Europeans decimated most Indian tribes who came into contact with them. b. Most Native Americans fled south to avoid the European raiders. c. European contact led the Indians to conduct brutal wars among themselves. d. Europeans slaughtered millions of Indians in extremely fierce and long-lasting wars.
a. Disease carried by Europeans decimated most Indian tribes who came into contact with them.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes life in the seventeenth-century North American plantation colonies? a. Disease took such a toll that most children lost at least one parent before their thirteenth birthday. b. The much higher male death rate led to many children being raised by their birth mothers and stepfathers. c. Despite the effects of disease, enough settlers poured in to raise the population of Virginia from 2,000 in 1622 to 80,000 in 1640. d. Unlike the mosquito-infested areas further south, the climate was mild and healthy.
a. Disease took such a toll that most children lost at least one parent before their thirteenth birthday.
What caused the Spanish Netherlands revolt against Spanish rule in 1566? a. Dutch Protestants' desire to protect their faith b. Spain's attempts to intervene in Dutch trade with the Portuguese c. Dutch traders' claims on sea routes between Europe and Africa d. Spain's efforts to seize Dutch textile interests
a. Dutch Protestants' desire to protect their faith
Which of the following characteristics did traditional European, Mayan, and Aztec civilizations of the fifteenth century hold in common? a. Each was a hierarchal society in which authority came from above. b. In all of these societies, serfdom prevailed. c. All of these societies punished heresies harshly. d. Each culture maintained a matrilineal inheritance system.
a. Each was a hierarchal society in which authority came from above.
Which of the following factors encouraged migrants to New France in the seventeenth century? a. Generous terms for indentured servitude b. The lack of a French military draft c. Religious freedom for Protestants d. The region's temperate climate
a. Generous terms for indentured servitude
The first phase of the Reformation in the 1500s had its greatest success in which of the following countries? a. Germany b. Italy c. England d. France
a. Germany
Which of the following was an outcome of Elizabeth I's compromise on the Church of England in the late 1500s? a. It angered English people who supported radical Protestantism. b. The Church of England was endorsed by both Martin Luther and John Calvin. c. The compromise largely resolved the conflicts over Christian faith in England. d. The compromise gave official support to England's growing Presbyterian movement.
a. It angered English people who supported radical Protestantism.
Merchants from which of the following countries made inroads in the Arab-dominated trade routes of the Mediterranean in the twelfth century? a. Italy b. England c. Portugal d. Spain
a. Italy
John Winthrop's phrase "City upon a Hill" referred to which of the following colonies? a. Massachusetts Bay b. New York c. Plymouth d. Pennsylvania
a. Massachusetts Bay
Which of the following New England colonies required church membership in order to be able to vote? a. Massachusetts Bay b. Plymouth c. Connecticut d. Rhode Island
a. Massachusetts Bay
Which European nation was the first to involve itself in exploration of the Atlantic as a route to Asia and the African slave trade? a. Portugal b. Spain c. England d. The Netherlands
a. Portugal
To answer the following questions, refer to the following excerpt. "Black Africans . . . played only a small part in . . . Mediterranean slavery before the middle of the fifteenth century. . . . Two . . . events . . . chang[ed] that situation. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 made it much more difficult for Christian ships to reach the slave ports north of the Black Sea. At the . . . same time, the Portuguese voyagers down the coast of Africa made effective contact with sub-Saharan ports . . . and tap[ped] the sources of the slave trade that had previously flowed north across the Sahara. For the next century, Lagos and Lisbon in Portugal replaced the Black Sea ports as the main centers of supply for the Mediterranean slave trade." — Phillip D. Curtin, historian, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex, 1999 The development described by Curtin in this excerpt most strongly suggests which of the following about the fifteenth century? a. Religious wars spurred Europe's overseas expansion and fueled Europeans' increasing reliance on African slaves as laborers. b. West African leaders were eager to engage in trade with Europeans, who provided a welcome alternative to Arab merchants and new markets for African commodities. c. Coerced labor was the norm in most societies, and, as Portuguese traders gained dominance in the slave trade, slavery became widespread in Africa. d. The reconquista established the dominance of Christianity on the European mainland and justified Portuguese merchants' enslavement of black Africans.
a. Religious wars spurred Europe's overseas expansion and fueled Europeans' increasing reliance on African slaves as laborers.
Portuguese colonists in Brazil in the sixteenth century created an industry based on which of these resources? a. Sugar b. Silver c. Coffee d. Gold
a. Sugar
Why were the modern-day countries of Mexico and Peru originally Spain's most significant conquests? a. The Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth, particularly in gold. b. Indian agricultural techniques made Spanish farming much more productive. c. They provided hospitable environments for colonies that attracted Spanish families. d. The Aztecs' knowledge of iron and steel production contributed to Spain's armory.
a. The Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth, particularly in gold.
What was the foundation for the prosperous Native American societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley? a. The cultivation of maize b. Gold and silver mining c. Large, well-fortified cities d. Bison hunting
a. The cultivation of maize
Which of the following factors eased the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs in the sixteenth century? a. The internal fighting among warriors over succession to the empire's throne. b. Montezuma assumed the Spaniards were gods and led no resistance. c. The combination of disease and vast internal rebellion made the empire vulnerable. d. Spain's superior military technology alone wiped out thousands of the native population.
a. The internal fighting among warriors over succession to the empire's throne.
Which of the following statements describes Native American peoples east of the Mississippi River? a. They had no single style of political organization. b. They developed elaborate systems of water storage and irrigation. c. Men made all of the decisions regarding agriculture. d. Their standard of living and populations increased dramatically in the century preceding the arrival of the Europeans.
a. They had no single style of political organization.
King Henry VIII started the English Reformation by a. declaring himself supreme head of the new Church of England. b. completely embracing Martin Luther's teachings. c. encouraging the English clergy to preach John Calvin's ideas of salvation. d. getting a divorce approved by the pope in Rome.
a. declaring himself supreme head of the new Church of England.
The Hohokams, Mogollon, and Anasazi peoples who lived in present-day Arizona and New Mexico around A.D. 1000 a. employed irrigation to grow four or five crops a year. b. declined because of their failure to use irrigation. c. evolved into the Navajo tribe. d. declined because of soil exhaustion and a long drought after A.D. 1150.
a. employed irrigation to grow four or five crops a year.
The main motive for King Philip II's attack on England in 1588 was to a. eradicate Protestantism in England and Holland. b. solidify Spain's hold on its American colonies. c. capture Ireland, which the English had conquered. d. punish English pirates who preyed on Spanish ships.
a. eradicate Protestantism in England and Holland.
The encomiendas granted by the Spanish crown in the sixteenth century consisted of a. legal control over American land and Indian labor. b. large quantities of gold and silver. c. farming tools and herds of livestock. d. building supplies for New World churches.
a. legal control over American land and Indian labor.
In contrast to the Spanish missionaries of the sixteenth century, the seventeenth-century French Jesuits a. tried to understand the Indians' values and worldview. b. did not live in the Indian villages but built separate dwellings. c. coerced the Indians to accept their teachings. d. were unable to adapt Christian theology to the Indians' worldview.
a. tried to understand the Indians' values and worldview.
Which of the following groups provided the labor for Brazil's profitable plantations in 1620? a. Spanish settlers b. African slaves c. Indigenous people d. Indentured servants
b. African slaves
Which Europeans were represented by guilds in the fifteenth century? a. Peasants b. Artisans c. Lawyers d. The landed nobility
b. Artisans
Why had Christopher Columbus faded from public view by the time he died in 1506? a. He began the transatlantic trade in slaves. b. He failed to find great treasures or kingdoms. c. He failed to Christianize the Native Americans. d. He did not establish successful colonies.
b. He failed to find great treasures or kingdoms.
For which of the following reasons was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1636? a. He urged the establishment of Anglicanism as the state religion. b. He questioned the English seizure of native people's lands. c. The Puritan minister condemned the separation of church and state. d. Williams criticized the lack of laws regulating moral behavior in the colony.
b. He questioned the English seizure of native people's lands.
Which of the following native groups capitalized on its geographic location in central New York and remained a significant political force in North America long after colonization? a. Wampanoags b. Iroquois c. Algonquians d. Pequots
b. Iroquois
The Aztecs lived in which of the following present-day locales? a. California b. Mexico c. Cuba d. Florida
b. Mexico
The rise of commerce in most of Europe in the fifteenth century shifted the balance of power by favoring which of the following groups? a. Artisans b. Monarchs c. Peasants d. The landed nobility
b. Monarchs
Which of the following describes trading relationships among Native Americans in the period before European contact? a. Every tribe was self-sufficient and avoided trading with other groups. b. Native Americans developed expansive trade networks that spanned great distances. c. Trade networks consisted only of simple bartering between local tribes. d. Mesoamerican societies developed trade networks but North Americans did not.
b. Native Americans developed expansive trade networks that spanned great distances.
Which of the following was characteristic of both the Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut colonies? a. Religious toleration was widespread. b. Ordinary farmers had more political power than most Chesapeake men. c. Their governments were controlled by the landholding aristocracy. d. They had a single-crop economy.
b. Ordinary farmers had more political power than most Chesapeake men.
Which of following is the name for the European practice wherein the eldest son inherited nearly all of his father's estate? a. Predestination b. Primogeniture c. The putting out system d. The dower system
b. Primogeniture
Martin Luther advocated which of the following ideas? a. People could be saved only by grace, which was a gift from God. b. The Catholic Church was corrupt and in need of reform. c. People should have the right to change their government if it oppressed them. d. Most people required the clergy's help to read and understand the Bible.
b. The Catholic Church was corrupt and in need of reform.
Which of the following statements describes the status of European monarchs in 1450? a. European kings and princes had little political power at this time. b. The authority of the monarchs was often challenged by local nobles. c. They were absolute rulers who controlled every aspect of society. d. Monarchs were figureheads while parliamentary bodies ruled.
b. The authority of the monarchs was often challenged by local nobles
Why were the Crusades, which took place between 1096 and 1291 A.D., significant in Europe? a. The series of conflicts restored control of the Holy Land to Europeans, who dominated it throughout the Renaissance period. b. The expeditions exposed Europeans to Arab trade goods and their classical heritage. c. They inspired Arabs to abandon their pagan rituals and favor an advanced European way of life. d. The Crusades exposed Arab regions to Europeans' superior scientific and mathematical knowledge.
b. The expeditions exposed Europeans to Arab trade goods and their classical heritage.
To answer the following questions, refer to the following excerpt. "Black Africans . . . played only a small part in . . . Mediterranean slavery before the middle of the fifteenth century. . . . Two . . . events . . . chang[ed] that situation. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 made it much more difficult for Christian ships to reach the slave ports north of the Black Sea. At the . . . same time, the Portuguese voyagers down the coast of Africa made effective contact with sub-Saharan ports . . . and tap[ped] the sources of the slave trade that had previously flowed north across the Sahara. For the next century, Lagos and Lisbon in Portugal replaced the Black Sea ports as the main centers of supply for the Mediterranean slave trade." — Phillip D. Curtin, historian, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex, 1999 Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support Curtin's argument in this excerpt? a. Cartographers' maps depicting the Mediterranean region and West Africa in the fifteenth century b. The ship manifests of trade goods on Portuguese merchant ships between 1400 and 1500 c. Plantation records documenting the growth of sugar production and profits during the fifteenth century d. Portuguese ship captains' diaries describing their impressions of Africa and its people
b. The ship manifests of trade goods on Portuguese merchant ships between 1400 and 1500
Which of the following describes the Dutch colony of New Netherland in the seventeenth century? a. It quickly became the most profitable of Holland's overseas colonies. b. The venture failed to attract many settlers. c. Its settlers coexisted peacefully alongside the area's native people. d. The colony grew rapidly due to the success of slavery.
b. The venture failed to attract many settlers.
Typically, when an English woman of the fifteenth century married, she a. received full control of the family's property on her husband's death. b. owned property jointly with her husband. c. gave up ownership of her property to her husband. d. lost any claim to all of the family's property on her husband's death.
b. owned property jointly with her husband.
Anne Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts Bay for a. engaging in adultery and sexual promiscuity. b. questioning the idea that good works led to salvation. c. claiming that women were the full equals of men. d. teaching that believers did not need to obey church rules.
b. questioning the idea that good works led to salvation.
The Native American settlement known as Cahokia was a a. village of large longhouses in the Pacific Northwest. b. significant Mississippian city with more than one hundred temple mounds. c. Native American kingdom in Florida destroyed by Spanish invaders. d. southwestern cliff-dwelling community.
b. significant Mississippian city with more than one hundred temple mounds.
Powhatan, leader of a confederation of about two dozen tribes in Virginia, a. tried unsuccessfully to prevent his daughter, Pocahontas, from marrying John Rolfe. b. treated the English as potential allies and attempted to integrate them into his chiefdom. c. believed initially that the English settlers were gods and invited them into his community. d. welcomed the English warmly and supplied them with food, agricultural knowledge, and land.
b. treated the English as potential allies and attempted to integrate them into his chiefdom.
Which of the following statements describes life in the Chesapeake region after 1660? a. The lines separating the social classes blurred because wealth was more evenly distributed. b. Newly freed indentured servants were able to acquire land more easily than they could before this time. c. A wealthy, planter-merchant elite dominated the Chesapeake economy and owned almost half the land in Virginia. d. Many yeoman farmers prospered because their tobacco profits enabled them to acquire more land.
c. A wealthy, planter-merchant elite dominated the Chesapeake economy and owned almost half the land in Virginia.
Which of the following characteristics was a common feature of royal colonies throughout English America in the seventeenth century? a. Religious freedom b. Prohibitions against non-English settlers c. An elected assembly d. Plantation agriculture
c. An elected assembly
Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, established that colony as a haven for a. debtors and other poor persons. b. released convicts. c. Catholics. d. fleeing soldiers who had supported King Charles I in the English civil war.
c. Catholics.
Which of the following Renaissance-era ideologies celebrated public virtue and service to the state? a. Democracy b. Mercantilism c. Civic humanism d. Machiavellian philosophy
c. Civic humanism
Which of the following factors prevented Europeans from seeking to conquer territory in Africa in the fifteenth century? a. The continent's environment was unsuitable for agriculture b. The population was too sparse to exploit effectively c. Coastal kingdoms were too well-defended d. Lack of valuable natural resources in the region
c. Coastal kingdoms were too well-defended
Which of the following statements describes the English migrants who initially settled in the Jamestown colony in the early 1600s? a. They owned the Virginia Company, a tobacco-farming enterprise. b. The group consisted of English families who sought economic opportunity. c. Early Jamestown settlers expected to profit from gold and Indian labor. d. The settlers were primarily criminals who chose relocation over prison.
c. Early Jamestown settlers expected to profit from gold and Indian labor.
Why was William Berkeley significant in the Chesapeake region in the seventeenth century? a. He conceived of and founded the first college in North America in Virginia in 1642. b. He joined together with Nathaniel Bacon to demand better treatment of western settlers. c. His political favoritism during his governorship aroused great resentment in Virginia. d. His rise from servitude to great wealth and power inspired the region's landless men.
c. His political favoritism during his governorship aroused great resentment in Virginia.
The European Renaissance began in 1300 in which of the following countries? a. France b. Spain c. Italy d. England
c. Italy
Which of the following was the outcome of the surprise Indian attack on the Virginia colony in 1622? a. English settlers agreed to use some of their tobacco profits to lease Indian land. b. Opechancanough's attacks killed nearly 75 percent of the English colonists in Virginia. c. James I revoked the Virginia Company's charter and made it a royal colony. d. The English settlers abandoned their efforts to Christianize the local Indian people.
c. James I revoked the Virginia Company's charter and made it a royal colony.
Which of the following describes family life among Native Americans? a. The acceptance of premarital sex led native couples to defer marriage. b. Kinship lines for both the Iroquois and the Pueblo passed through the father. c. Kinship bonds were sometimes more important than nuclear families. d. The woman's role was to serve her husband.
c. Kinship bonds were sometimes more important than nuclear families.
Which of the following was true of the English outwork textile industry that emerged around 1500? a. Its success slowed England's efforts to explore the Western Hemisphere. b. It enriched manufacturers' coffers and depleted the royal treasury. c. Landless peasants in small cottages spun and wove wool into cloth. d. The government aided workers by promoting wage increases.
c. Landless peasants in small cottages spun and wove wool into cloth.
What effect did American tobacco have in England during the early colonial period? a. It became fashionable for the upper class to smoke, but tobacco was too expensive for most everyone else. b. Tobacco was so popular in England that large quantities were planted and grown in most rural English towns. c. The English developed a huge appetite for tobacco, which stimulated the English economy and bolstered England's treasury. d. King James I initially condemned it as a "vile weed," but he tried it and soon became a heavy smoker.
c. The English developed a huge appetite for tobacco, which stimulated the English economy and bolstered England's treasury.
How did the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquer the Incans by 1535? a. He had a large force of 1,000 men and 500 horses and easily overwhelmed the Incans. b. The Incans were frightened by the Spaniards and did not resist his forces. c. The Incans were already weakened militarily and divided because of rival claimants to the throne. d. The Spanish forced Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, to surrender to the Spanish.
c. The Incans were already weakened militarily and divided because of rival claimants to the throne.
Which of the following statements characterizes the legacy of the Spanish conquest in the New World in the sixteenth century? a. Tribal populations increased in size following the introduction of European technology. b. The Spanish found much gold but squandered it in their attempt to convert the indigenous peoples. c. The Spanish government and missionaries waged a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures. d. Their presence created only a very small, mixed-blood population because interracial sexual contact was rare.
c. The Spanish government and missionaries waged a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures.
Which of the following developments fostered the flow of migrants into the Virginia colony between 1617 and 1622? a. The English crown granted sovereignty to the House of Burgesses. b. Traders imported a huge number of African slaves to take over tobacco production. c. The Virginia Company began to allow individual settlers to own land. d. Powhatan's tribes formally ceded their lands to the Virginia Company.
c. The Virginia Company began to allow individual settlers to own land.
John Calvin and Calvinist theologians of the 1500s stressed which of the following ideas? a. The basic innocence of humans at their births b. God's promise of ultimate salvation for all c. The doctrine of predestination d. God's compassion and love for all peoples
c. The doctrine of predestination
To answer the following questions, refer to the following excerpt. "Black Africans . . . played only a small part in . . . Mediterranean slavery before the middle of the fifteenth century. . . . Two . . . events . . . chang[ed] that situation. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 made it much more difficult for Christian ships to reach the slave ports north of the Black Sea. At the . . . same time, the Portuguese voyagers down the coast of Africa made effective contact with sub-Saharan ports . . . and tap[ped] the sources of the slave trade that had previously flowed north across the Sahara. For the next century, Lagos and Lisbon in Portugal replaced the Black Sea ports as the main centers of supply for the Mediterranean slave trade." — Phillip D. Curtin, historian, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex, 1999 The patterns described in this excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments? a. Spanish conquistadors' brutal subjugation of the native populations of Mexico and Peru b. Ferdinand and Isabella's decision to subsidize Christopher Columbus's voyages of exploration c. The establishment and growth of sugar plantations in the tropical regions of the Americas d. Europeans' insistence on the need to Christianize the native inhabitants of the Caribbean
c. The establishment and growth of sugar plantations in the tropical regions of the Americas
What caused the Puritans' "errand into the wilderness" to become permanent? a. Their commitment to converting the Native Americans b. The long-term reverberations of the Salem witchcraft trials c. The failure of the English Revolution d. Their reluctance to abandon their profitable businesses
c. The failure of the English Revolution
Which of the following describes the first peoples who migrated to the Americas? a. They did little hunting and mostly gathered edible plants. b. They lived on large, permanent farms. c. The group consisted of bands of hunter-gatherers. d. The first Americans built large, permanent villages.
c. The group consisted of bands of hunter-gatherers.
Why did Plymouth begin to thrive after its first year while Jamestown struggled for many years? a. Plymouth's long growing season allowed for greater agricultural productivity. b. Plymouth settlers' religious ideals led them to coexist peacefully with the Wampanoag Indians. c. The religious discipline of the Plymouth settlers encouraged their stronger work ethic. d. Unlike Jamestown, Plymouth began as a royal colony and benefitted from royal control.
c. The religious discipline of the Plymouth settlers encouraged their stronger work ethic.
In West Africa, the Ghana Empire (800 A.D. to 1200 A.D.), the Mali Empire (1200s to the 1400s), and the fifteenth-century Songhai Empire shared which of the following characteristics? a. Adherence to the tenets of Islam b. Reliance on hunting and gathering for food c. The use of gold as the cornerstone of their power d. The inability to raise livestock due to endemic parasites
c. The use of gold as the cornerstone of their power
Which of the following statements is true of Metacom's War (King Philip's War), which took place in 1675-1676? a. It displaced Puritans from Boston's south shore and concentrated Nipmuk power in the region. b. It eliminated the presence of Native Americans in southern New England. c. The war was a last-ditch attempt to save Indian lands and culture in New England. d. The war eliminated conflicts among previously incompatible Puritan sects.
c. The war was a last-ditch attempt to save Indian lands and culture in New England.
Which of the following motivations drove the Spanish conquistadors who followed Columbus to the Americas in the early sixteenth century? a. A wish to create safe havens for Protestant sects that had been persecuted by the Catholic Church in Spain b. Their desire to acquire fame by naming the new lands after themselves c. Their thirst for battle and riches as well as land in the conquered territory and titles of nobility d. The impulse to spread Christianity, even if it limited their opportunities for wealth and power
c. Their thirst for battle and riches as well as land in the conquered territory and titles of nobility
The economic livelihood of the Virginia colony in the 1700s depended on which of the following products? a. Corn b. Cotton c. Tobacco d. Fish
c. Tobacco
Why was the fifteenth-century marriage of Queen Isabel and King Ferdinand of Spain significant? a. It created a new basis for female political power. b. They decided jointly to end the Spanish Inquisition. c. Together they completed Spain's long campaign to oust Muslims. d. The Catholic Church refused to recognize their arranged union.
c. Together they completed Spain's long campaign to oust Muslims.
Which of the following was a result of the Crusades, which took place between 1096 and 1291 A.D.? a. Europeans' toleration of Jews increased. b. Christian warriors quickly expelled Muslims from most of Europe. c. Western European merchants gained awareness of Asian trade routes. d. Christian identity fragmented in Europe.
c. Western European merchants gained awareness of Asian trade routes.
On October 12, 1492, Columbus, his men, and his ships reached a. Brazil. b. Florida. c. an island in the Bahamas. d. Mexico.
c. an island in the Bahamas.
In North America's plantation colonies, most indentured servants a. were indistinguishable from slaves. b. emigrated from Germany and France. c. did not escape from poverty. d. quickly broke their contracts with their masters.
c. did not escape from poverty.
Two hundred thousand Spaniards from Castile migrated to America in the 1500s in order to escape a. the starvation that came with the Castilian famine. b. King Philip II's campaign to eliminate Protestantism from the region. c. high taxes on agriculture and military service. d. England's attempt to avenge King Philip through an invasion of Spain.
c. high taxes on agriculture and military service.
Which of the following statements describes the significance of the arrival of New World crops, including maize and potatoes, in Europe and Asia after the 1500s? a. American foods had little influence on the dietary habits and nutrition of Asians and Europeans. b. New World foods reduced Europeans' and Asians' dependence on agricultural livestock. c. Food crops from the Western hemisphere brought devastating blights to Europe and Asia. d. American crops increased agricultural yield and population growth in the Old World.
d. American crops increased agricultural yield and population growth in the Old World.
Which of the Pueblo peoples built hundreds of miles of straight roads across the desert in the American Southwest to facilitate trade? a. Apaches b. Hohokams c. Mogollons d. Anasazis
d. Anasazis
Most of the people living in West Africa when European trade began in the early fifteenth century were a. Muslims. b. Jews. c. Yorubas. d. Animists.
d. Animists.
In the sixteenth century, the Spanish crown granted encomiendas to which of the following groups? a. Catholic missionaries b. Mestizos c. Indians who converted to Catholicism d. Conquistadors
d. Conquistadors
Which of the following was characteristic of both the Mississippian and Pueblo peoples? a. Hieroglyphic writing b. Small-scale communities of hunters and farmers c. Pyramids d. Elaborate ceremonial and urban sites
d. Elaborate ceremonial and urban sites
Why was the influx of American gold and silver into the English economy during the sixteenth century significant? a. The influx led to increased power for the nobility and the House of Lords. b. It led Spain to declare war on England. c. The flow of gold and silver provoked Parliamentary conflict over how to spend England's new wealth. d. It stimulated further economic expansion.
d. It stimulated further economic expansion.
Which of the following statements describes the impact of the Columbian Exchange? a. The contact harmed the people of Europe, Africa, and Asia and benefited the populations of the New World. b. It had a major impact on Europe but little impact on the Americas. c. The new interaction spread the bubonic plague from the Americas to Europe, killing millions. d. It transported livestock, crops, and diseases among Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
d. It transported livestock, crops, and diseases among Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
Why did the largest landholdings in seventeenth-century New England towns usually belong to wealthier families? a. Religious discrimination by Protestants prevented Quakers and Catholics from holding land. b. The colonial governments copied English feudal practices, which perpetuated social inequalities. c. Governors of the colony consistently favored their supporters when making land grants. d. Men of higher social status tended to receive the largest land grants from their towns.
d. Men of higher social status tended to receive the largest land grants from their towns.
By the time the Europeans arrived in the Western Hemisphere in the 1490s, most Native Americans lived in and along which of the following regions? a. The land above the Arctic Circle, including present-day Alaska b. The area that is now the United States and Canada c. The Caribbean islands d. Mesoamerica and the western coast of South America
d. Mesoamerica and the western coast of South America
In 1450, the majority of European men were which of the following? a. Wageworkers b. Slaves c. Merchants or artisans d. Peasants
d. Peasants
Which of the following statements describes the Portuguese connection to African slavery in the 1400s? a. Portuguese traders focused on transporting female slaves for work in agriculture. b. The Portuguese introduced the idea and practice of slavery in Africa. c. By refusing to trade in slaves, Portugal paved the way for the Dutch slave merchants. d. Portuguese traders ousted Arab merchants as the prime African slave merchants.
d. Portuguese traders ousted Arab merchants as the prime African slave merchants.
Which of the following was a characteristic of the Aztec, Mayan, and Iroquois civilizations? a. A hunter-gatherer economy b. Written language c. Use of complex irrigation systems d. Reliance on agriculture
d. Reliance on agriculture
As it gained power in Europe, Roman and medieval Catholicism contended with pre-Christian festivals and the agricultural cycle by a. replacing pagan traditions with newly devised rites. b. aiming to eradicate these pagan practices completely. c. declaring all pagan customs to be sinful and blasphemous. d. integrating them into Christian holy days and biblical teachings.
d. integrating them into Christian holy days and biblical teachings.
During most of the sixteenth century, which of the following was the wealthiest nation in Europe? a. Portugal b. England c. France d. Spain
d. Spain
Which of the following diseases were introduced into Europe by Christopher Columbus's sailors after their journey to the Americas in the 1490s? a. Measles b. Smallpox c. Influenza d. Syphilis
d. Syphilis
In which of the following ways did the plantation colonies of Barbados differ from those in the Chesapeake in the seventeenth century? a. Barbados never adopted African slave labor. b. Barbados always relied on slaves and never on indentured servants. c. Barbados adopted slavery gradually and the Chesapeake did so rapidly. d. The Chesapeake adopted slavery gradually and Barbados did so quickly.
d. The Chesapeake adopted slavery gradually and Barbados did so quickly.
How was colonization similar for the French and Spanish? a. Both countries ruled with an iron fist. b. Both sent only families to settle in the colonies. c. They focused primarily on fur trading. d. The French and Spanish aimed to Christianize the native peoples.
d. The French and Spanish aimed to Christianize the native peoples.
How did the Puritans justify their invasion of the Native Americans' land in the seventeenth century? a. They insisted that the local Native Americans had never properly paid for the land in the first place. b. The settlers claimed that the Native Americans must first be converted to Christianity before they had any right to the land. c. They pointed out that the Native Americans did not raise crops but remained simple hunter-gatherers who did not need the land for farming. d. The Puritans interpreted epidemics that devastated Native American populations as a favorable sign from God.
d. The Puritans interpreted epidemics that devastated Native American populations as a favorable sign from God.
The worldview of devout Puritans, such as Cotton Mather, was based on which of the following? a. The belief that omens and premonitions were manifestations of Satan b. The assumption that every person was innately good c. The tenets of rationalism and established science d. The notion that supernatural forces caused unusual events
d. The notion that supernatural forces caused unusual events
Which of the following statements describes the Maya peoples? a. They lived under a democratic system of government without a ruling class. b. The Maya avoided any sort of decoration on their stone temples. c. The Maya derived their culture from the Spanish invaders. d. They devised a calendar system that predicted solar and lunar eclipses accurately.
d. They devised a calendar system that predicted solar and lunar eclipses accurately.
Which of the following describes the first ancestors of the Native American peoples? a. The first Native Americans migrated by sea from Polynesia. b. This group had always lived in the Western Hemisphere. c. The original group migrated by sea from China. d. They were migrants who came over land from northeastern Asia.
d. They were migrants who came over land from northeastern Asia.
Which of the following describes the colony of Maryland, founded in 1632? a. It was an independent kingdom under the strong control of the Calvert family. b. The colony was a democracy from the outset, with full religious freedom. c. Catholic priests and missionaries created its political and social systems. d. Tobacco production shaped its economy and social structures.
d. Tobacco production shaped its economy and social structures.
When they settled in the New World in 1630, the Puritans' first priority was to a. generate sufficient profits to repay their British investors. b. escape from England and begin to pursue full political independence from the British crown. c. establish the Anglican Church in New England. d. create a reformed society that would model true Christianity in America.
d. create a reformed society that would model true Christianity in America.
The social order in Europe around 1450 can be described as a. bureaucratic and regimented. b. based on clans. c. egalitarian. d. hierarchical and authoritarian.
d. hierarchical and authoritarian.
By the mid-1500s, Spain's main goal in North America was to a. discover new Indian kingdoms that could be conquered and exploited. b. establish colonies of settlement along the Atlantic coast. c. control the fur trade of the North American interior. d. maintain its dominance and power in the region.
d. maintain its dominance and power in the region.
