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Women

(no longer worked next to their husbands on the family farm) Women seeking employment in a city were usually limited to two choices: domestic service or teaching. Factory jobs, as in the Lowell System, were not common. The overwhelming majority of working women were single. If they married, they left their jobs and took up duties in the home. In both urban and rural settings, women were gaining relatively more control over their lives. (men worked away from home) they could not vote.

Growth of Industry

-Mechanical Inventions -Corporations for Raising Capital -Factory System -Labor -unions

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Communication

Changes in transportation brought the country closer together.

These changes combined to bring about a revolution in the marketplace.

Farmers provided food to feed workers in cities, who in turn provided an array of mass-produced goods to farm families.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states.

laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing vastly increased the efficiency of making guns and other items. Interchangeable parts then became the basis for mass production methods in the new northern factories.

Commercial Agriculture

In the early 1800s, farming became more of a commercial enterprise and less of a means of providing subsistence for the family.

Jeffersonian dream

In the early 1800s, the Jeffersonian dream of a nation of independent farmers remained strong in rural areas. Innovations and new technology in the 19th century would steadily decrease the demand for people working in agriculture and increase the demand for people working in commerce.

Construction of highways that crossed state lines was therefore unusual. One notable exception was the

National, or Cumberland Road, a paved highway and major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. (1811-1850s,) using both federal and state money, with the different states receiving ownership of segments of the highway.

Jacksonian Era

One of the most colorful periods in the history of American politics, this era was a time during which sectional differences (states' rights, protective tariffs, and national bank) disrupted America's spirit of unity.

Roads

Pennsylvania's Lancaster Turnpike, built in the 1790s, (Philadelphia- Lancaster). Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid-1820s, connected most of the country's major cities. Despite the need for interstate roads, states' rights blocked the spending of federal funds on internal improvements.

reflected the importance of people's lives of a national economy that was rapidly growing.

Political conflicts over tariffs, internal improvements, and the Bank of the United States

Population Growth and Change

Population growth provided both the laborers and the consumers required for industrial development. high birthrate/ after 1830 by immigrants arriving from Europe, particularly from Great Britain and Germany. The enslaved population increased steadily despite the ban on the importation of enslaved Africans after 1808.

Development of the Northwest

The Old Northwest consisted of six states that joined the Union before 1860: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. came from territories formed out of land ceded to the national government in the 1780s by one of the original 13 states. The procedure for turning these territories into states was part of the Northwest Ordinance passed by Congress in 1787 (see Topics 3.7 and 3.12).

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

The best-known transcendentalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson, was a very popular American writer and speaker. His essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans by urging them not to imitate European culture but to create a distinctive American culture. He argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, and the primacy of spiritual matters over material ones. A northerner who lived in Concord, Massachusetts, Emerson became a leading critic of slavery in the 1850s and then an ardent supporter of the Union during the Civil War.

What did these major inventions do to cities

The combination of railroads with the other major improvements in transportation rapidly changed small western towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago into booming commercial centers of the expanding national economy.

Canals

The completion of the Erie Canal in New York State in 1825 was a major event in linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities.

Steam Engines and Steamboats

The development of steam-powered engines in the 18th century revolutionized the location of factories. When factories ran on the power of moving water, they had to be located on a stream. ---steam engine could be set up anywhere—in mills, mines, and factories. first widely spread Great Britain, but in the 19th century. United States. made shipping on the nation's great rivers both faster and cheaper.

Causes of the Second Great Awakening

The growing emphasis on democracy and the individual that influenced politics and the arts also affected how people viewed religion. Worshippers were attracted to services that were more participatory and less formal. • The rational approach to religion favored by the Deists and Unitarians prompted a reaction toward more emotional expressions of beliefs in worship services. • The market revolution caused people to fear that growing industrialization and commercialization were leading to increased greed and sin. • The disruptions caused by the market revolution and the mobility of people led them to look for worship settings that were outside formal churches based in urban areas.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

The leading feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. At the conclusion of their convention—the first women's rights convention in American history—they issued a document closely modeled after the Declaration of Independence. Their "Declaration of Sentiments" declared that "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them. Following the Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony led the campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women. In the 1850s, however, the issue of women's rights was overshadowed by the crisis over slavery.

Immigration(Europe mainly)

The surge in immigration between 1830 and 1860 was chiefly the result of the following: (1) the development of inexpensive and relatively rapid ocean transportation, (2) famines and revolutions in Europe that drove people from-their homelands, (3) the growing reputation of the United States as a country offering economic opportunities and political freedom. -most landed in the north and stayed there, some traveled to farms and cities of the Old Northwest. Few journeyed to the South, where the plantation economy and slavery limited the opportunities for free labor.

The wide impact of the Market Revolution that resulted from the innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce affected all groups of people in the growing nation.

They resulted in the development of a distinctively American culture, an increase in religious fervor, and support for various reform movements

The brief one-party system that had characterized Monroe's presidency (the Era of Good Feelings) had given way to a two-party system under Jackson. Supporters of Jackson were now known as Democrats, while supporters of his leading rival, Henry Clay, were called Whigs.

Two party system

Transportation

Vital to the development of both a national and an industrial economy was an efficient network of interconnecting roads and canals for moving people, raw materials, and manufactured goods.

Universal White Male Suffrage

Western states newly admitted to the Union adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. These newer constitutions omitted any religious or property qualifications for voting. Most eastern states soon followed suit.

Between 1824 and 1840, politics moved out of the fine homes of rich southern planters and northern merchants who had dominated government in past eras

and into middle- and lower-class homes.

How did the immigrants strengthened the U.S. economy

by providing both a steady stream of inexpensive labor and an increased demand for mass-produced consumer goods.

By mid-century, however, this region became closely tied to the other northern states

by two factors: (1) military campaigns by federal troops that drove American Indians from the land (2) the building of canals and railroads that established common markets between the Great Lakes and the East Coast.

andrew jackson

common man

AgricultureIn the Old Northwest,

corn and wheat were very profitable and fed people in growing urban areas. Using the newly invented the steel plow/ mechanical reaper, a farm family was more efficient/could plant more acres/ only with a few hired workers at harvest time. Part of the crop was used to feed cattle and hogs/farmers shipped grain quickly to cities to avoid spoilage.

The Rise of a Democratic Society

equality of opportunity for White males. These beliefs ignored the enslavement of most African Americans and discrimination against everyone who was not White. allow a young man of humble origins to rise as far as his natural talent and industry would take him. The hero of the age was the "self-made man." There was no "self-made woman."

Several factors contributed to the spread of democracy,

including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increases in newspaper circulation.

What did these major inventions link the regions of the North and Midwest

linked the regions of the North and the Midwest, as people in growing cities in Massachusetts and New York purchased much-needed wheat and corn raised in Ohio, Illinois, and states farther west. However, railroads were less common in the South, which continued to rely on rivers more than rails.

What did improved transportation mean

meant lower food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in the West, and stronger economic ties between the two sections.

Railroads

more rapid and reliable links between cities became possible by the first U.S. railroad lines in the late 1820s.

Second Great Awakening

public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling or ending the sale of alcohol, winning equal rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

Urban Life

rapid growth in cities from Boston to Baltimore, slums also expanded. (unsanitary, diseases) the new opportunities in cities offered by the Industrial Revolution continued to attract people from farming communities, including both native-born Americans and immigrants from Europe.

temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food biggest reform movement

Cotton and the South

the principal cash crop in the South was cotton. Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 transformed the agriculture of an entire region. They invested their capital in the purchase of enslaved African Americans and new land in Alabama and Mississippi The cotton industry connected the South with a global economy. Mills in New England and Europe depended on cotton grown by enslaved workers in the South. Shipping firms, banks, and insurance companies based in the North, particularly New York City, prospered through their roles in the transport of cotton.

In the early years of the 19th century, much of the Old Northwest was

unsettled frontier and the part of it that was settled relied upon the Mississippi to transport grain to southern markets and the port of New Orleans.

Economic and Social Mobility

wages improved for most urban workers in the early 1800s, but the gap between the very wealthy and the very poor increased. -economic opportunities -Social mobility (moving upward in income level and social status) did occur from one generation to the next

telegraph

which transmitted messages along wires almost instantaneously. Suddenly, managers in New York City, government officials in Washington, D.C., and military leaders in headquarters could direct people dozens, hundreds, or thousands of miles away more easily than ever before.

Several factors promoted this switch to cash crops:

• Large areas of western land were made available at low prices by the federal government. • State banks made acquiring land easier by providing farmers with loans at low interest rates. • Initially, western farmers were limited to sending their products down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to southern markets. The development of canals and railroads opened new markets in the growing factory cities in the East.