APUSH Unit 4 Exam

Impact of migration on natives

"Alabama Fever" forced land to be ceded by the Natives and they were moved into their own territory

Trail of Tears

- 1838 Cherokees were driven west to Oklahoma on the "Trail of Tears." - Winfield Scott led a 7,000-man army to escort the tribe west. - ¼ of the 16,000 Cherokees died along the way. - More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

A slave society in a changing world

- After the Revolution, all the northern states abolished slavery or passed laws for gradual emancipation. - Many slave owners in the Upper South freed their slaves - Thomas Jefferson believed all slave owners would emancipate their slaves soon. - International slave trade was abolished on January 1, 1808, the earliest date permitted by the Constitution - Southern states would not pass laws to end slavery it had to be done by the slave owner. - South actually grew more corn than cotton but "King Cotton" reigned supreme due to the wealth it generated. - Slave owners had to keep slaves under firm control creating a slave society. - Master/Slave dynamic became the model for all relationships, EX. husband & wife, political & at work.

What happened when Madison declared war?

- By 1812 Madison feared war with England was inevitable. - June 1 he asked for a declaration of war against England. - At the same time England ended their policy of halting American ships, but news reached Washington D.C. too late to stop the war.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

- Dartmouth was a private institution before the Revolution and after it for a good amount of time. - However, in 1816, the state of New Hampshire tried to change the university into a state university. - Dartmouth College had received its charter from the British Crown, putting into question its legitimacy. - The Trustees of the university sued Woodward, a trustee loyal to the state. the main holder of power. - To enact the change, the State appointed new members to the board. The Trustees stated that the actions of the New Hampshire legislature violated the university's right to freedom of contract. - The New Hampshire state court ruled against the Trustees, so they took the case to the US Supreme Court. Question - Does the Constitution Contract Clause apply to private as well as public contracts? Impact: Set a precedent for the prevention of government interference in private charters and other contracts, such as ones that are illegally obtained Was one of the foundational cases that lead to the capitalistic economy the US is today

Treaty of Ghent

- England and the US sign this treaty in December of 1814 (ends the war) - no borders changed and no issues resolved, but without the war versus Napoleon natural rights became a non-issue

Candidates of election of 1800

- Federalists: John Adams (MA) and Charles Pinckney (SC) - Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jefferson (VA) and Aaron Burr (NY)

Abolition Movement

- Feelings for anti-slavery grew strong (due to Second Great Awakening) - Quakers, African-Americans, etc want to prove slavery was a sin - William Lloyd Garrison: led the best known group of reformers; produced the "liberator" -- "I will not excuse... I will be heard" he will make slavery known as a sin - Fredrick Douglas: former slave who escaped; got used to free life and started to attend abolitionist convention; asked to speak at a abolitionist meeting; started his own writing "The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass" because of Garrison; North Star: a newspaper about his experiences as a slave - Underground railroad: Quakers gave runaway slaves shelter: Harriet Tubman rescued several people - American Colonization Society: gradual emancipation of slaves and resettlement in Africa; Henry Clay was considered a founder and felt free blacks needed to be moved to Africa; Robert Finnley felt blacks and whites could not coexist; northerns claimed that Blacks were notorious and broken-spirited ACS did not fully achieve goods, but it led to more of a chance of safety in America - Certificates encouraged white slave owners to contribute in ACS Amistad: captured African-American slaves were on the boat and being sent to Cuba; African revolted and killed the ship's captain African imprisoned in New Haven; property claims were being decided; abolitionists raised money and advocated that slaves were illegally captured and sold - Hartford ruled slaves had to be returned to Africa in the supreme court case

National Road

- First improved highway funded by Congress. - It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition - Baltimore to Wheeling West Virginia - Built between 1811-1837

Missouri Compromise

- Henry Clay "the Great Pacificator" or "Great Compromiser" navigates the Missouri Compromise to decrease sectional tensions - Jefferson warns against the extension of slavery - Maintained the balance between free sand slave states - Main added as a free state and Missouri added as a slave state - slavery was prohibited north 0f 36 degree 30 north latitude or the rest of the Louisiana Purchase

Tariff of 1832

- High taxes were retained on woolens, iron, and hemp, duties reduced on other items. - Reduced the Tariff of 1828, but was not sufficient enough for Southerners

Campaigning of election of 1800

- Jefferson's Republicans favored agriculture, state rights and liberty - Federalists campaigning strong central government and public order, and often relied on negative campaigning, to which the Republicans countered against Adams. - Lots of sex and homophobic mudslinging

Non-Intercourse Act

- Madison is elected and the republicans repeal the Embargo Act and replace it with the Non-Intercourse Act, which prohibited trade only with England, France, and their Colonial Possessions - It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Restriction of slavery in the Louisiana Purchase

- Missouri's desire to enter as a slave state raised the issue of slavery in the Louisiana Territory and the political issue of sectional balance - Northern politicians did not want to admit another slave state and tip the balance of power in the Senate - in 1819, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states - Southerners wanted an advantage in the Senate since the North's large population gave it a 105 to 81 advantage in the House - Southerners did not believe Congress had the power to limit the expansion of slavery and were alarmed that northerners were considering national legislation on the matter (this was a temporary solution because it was still within question how further sectional arguments would be handled and maintained) - To Southerners, slavery was a property and state issue

Reasons for the Era of Good Feelings

- Monroe's politics were to reflect an enthusiastic welcome during changing times (esp, after War of 1812) - Death of the Federalist Party - Sought for national unity→ cabinet made up from north and south, federalist and democratic-republican - US still trying to maintain trade with Europe post-war

Kitchen Cabinet

- Mostly ignored his official cabinet, except Sec. of State Martin Van Buren. - Chose to consult an informal group of advisors, dubbed the "Kitchen Cabinet" - Made up of Van Buren and old western friends. - V.P. John C. Calhoun (So.), Powerful Congressmen Henry Clay (W.) and Daniel Webster (No.) were excluded. - Jackson never forgave Clay for the "Corrupt Bargain". He saw Daniel Webster as rep. of the hated elite

Four Major Migration Routes

- Mowhawk and Genesee Turnpike led New England migrants through upstate NY to Lake Erie, then by boat to northern OH - Philadelphia-Pittsburgh Turnpike led to the Ohio River - National Road (Baltimore to Wheeling W.VA) - Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap led to KY - Federal Road - skirted the southern edfe of the Appalachians to AL & MS

Convention of 1818

- Negotiated the border between the USA and Canada over the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel - U.S. and British agreed to a policy of Joint-occupation of Oregon Country for ten years. - Eventually Twenty

Art Movements

- Neoclassical architecture → Connecting US to Greece and Rome - Patriotic Art → building American identity and national pride - Differing portrayals of Native Americans.

Why did the South not industrialize in a similar fashion to the North?

- Northern cities were growing fast while most of the South remained rural - Agrarian ideals and the cotton boom encouraged anti-urban, anti-commercial, anti-industrial, and less railroad projects - money was spent on land and slaves in demand for cotton - no need to invest economically in canals, roads and factories.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

- Pres. Monroe outlines the Monroe Doctrine to Congress in his 7th State of the Union address. - Calls for the end of new colonization of the Western Hemisphere by European nations - No intervention in the affairs of the independent New World nations by European powers. - Both would be considered by the United States a danger to its own peace and safety. - In return, the United States would not interfere in the affairs of European countries or in the affairs of their remaining New World colonies. - In reality the US did not have the military or economy to enforce the Monroe Doctrine. - The British Navy was what actually kept Europe out of Latin America. (Eng. wanted to trade in free markets in Latin America)

War Hawks

- President Madison was pressured to take a harder stance on England by a group of Congressmen called the War Hawks. - War Hawks- a group of young Republican Congressmen elected in 1810 from the South and West who wanted war declared on England. - War Hawks also wanted to expand the U.S. power and this sense of Patriotism made them popular. Leaders of the War Hawks were John C. Calhoun of S.C. and Henry Clay of K.Y. With the support of the War Hawks Clay was elected Speaker of the House in 1811. - The Congress under Clay, approved increases in military spending and quadrupled the size of the army. - N.E. Federalist remained vocally against any war.

Causes of the Panic

- Prior to the Panic there was a slight uptick in the economy - As times were good banks began loaning more money to individuals and since they were now bolstered by Jackson putting their Federal Deposits in the banks . - Pet Banks turn wild! - Without the B.U.S.'s power over them. State Banks then began printing more and more paper currency. → INFLATION. - Currency began to rapidly depreciate - Creditors began to refuse repayment in paper currency - Jackson in response issued the Specie Circular, a law requiring that the purchase of Federal Land must be made in Gold and Silver. - This dried up the sale of land and federal revenue - Also caused a run on many banks. - Panic of 1837 officially sets in 5 weeks after Jackson leaves office

Cherokee

- Prosperous farms, businesses, grain, lumber mills - Even plantations collectively owning over 13,000 slaves - Schooled by missionaries Cherokees were almost totally literate in English. - Create own alphabet (Sequoyah) and turned oral language into written word - Lived in modern homes, newspapers, a census. - Cherokee National Council made a legal code (1808); Constitution w/ 3 branch government (1827), elections.

Why did slave culture begin to have children call non related adults "Auntie" and other children "brother" and "sister"?

- Purpose so separated children could quickly find a place and a source of comfort in the slave community. - Slaves created a kinship community, where old people were respected and young ones cared for - Purpose to reject white paternalism (action that limits a person's or group's liberty or autonomy and is intended to promote their own good).

Indian Removal Act

- Southern states voted to invalidate federal treaties that granted self-governing status to tribes on Indian land - Jackson supported wholesale removal of the southern Indian tribes. - 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, after intense debate & presidential pressure by 3 votes. - The act was opposed by Clay, Webster, NJ's Theodore Frelinghuysen and TN Congressmen Davy Crockett - Appropriated funds for relocation, by force if necessary. - Jackson increased the pressure by sending federal officials to negotiate removal treaties. Even writing letters directly to the Cherokee. Some groups reluctantly signed and prepared to move. - The Cherokee, fought their removal in the courts.

Public Education Movement

- Started in the Jacksonian Era focused on improving the lives of the Common Man. - Why? The challenges of a changing world cause the need for children to be educated by their communities to establish free public schools. - Children of the wealthy attended private institutions of learning leading to their perpetual dominance in educated professions. - Horace Mann (1796-1859): The leading advocate of the common (public) school movement for tax-supported schools and the formal training of teachers. - Started in Massachusetts in 1840, Public Schooling spread rapidly to other states.

Impact of migration on slavery

- The popularity of cotton plantations promoted expansion and the southwest internal slave trade - "Sold down a river"- chained groups of slave in coffles - Known as the Second Middle Passage (moving slaves from the upper to lower south)

Panic of 1819 - domestic causes

- bubble burst on the western land boom due to over speculation - land sales rose from 1 million acres in 1815 to 3.5 million in 1818 - much land was over valued and brought on credit from small and irresponsible "wildcat" state banks - caused a sharp contraction of credit but the Second BUS forcing many state banks to foreclose on bad loans; many farmers were ruined, and blamed the BUS

Missouri Crisis of 1819-21

- centered around the question of slavery expansion in the west - the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 explicitly banned slavery in the northern section of trans-Appalachian - Northern states all abolished slavery by 1819 and many saw it as a moral issue

Land Act of 1820

- set the price of land at $1.25/acre, a minimum purchase of 80 acres, and a downpayment of $100 in cash - cash requirement favored speculators, but small plots enabled small farmers to take advantage as well

Nullification Crisis

- the slave states fear of permanent political minority status led to this - Southerners felt threatened by growing abolitionist sentiment in the North, & by England ending slavery in 1834. - The South felt hemmed in by northern opposition to the expansion of slavery EX Missouri Compromise of 1820 and later events such as refusing to annex Texas debate over the Mexican War and eventually the Civil War.

Setbacks for Native Americans/ Battle of Horseshoe bend

- with Tecumseh's death at Thames, the hops for a Indian Confederacy died as well - March 1814 young General Andrew Jackson slaughters hundreds of Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe bend. Women and children were not spared - forces the Creeks to give most of their land to the U.S. government (treaty of Fort Jackson)

John Tyler

- "His Accidency" - expelled from the Whig party in 1841 because he vetoed a national bank - Grandson is still alive - finally annexed Texas - joined Confederacy

Erie Canal

- 1815 - The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. - Connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River - Provided a direct water route from NY to the Midwest, triggering large-scale commerce and agricultural development

Election of 1828

- 1st election to demonstrate the power of the new popular democratic culture and party system - Martin Van Buren (Jackson's sec. of state) helped him ride the wave of the new democratic politics to the presidency - voter turnout doubled between 1824-1828 due to increased democratization and interest - Jackson's party became the Democrats (spoke to the common man and they opposed special privilege) - Democrats painted President JQ Adams and the national Republican party as elites - Jackson and Adams did not campaign for themselves, considered undignified in the era - Jackson's supporters portrayed the contest as one between the common man and the aristocracy - Jackson's running mate for Vp was Calhoun (SC) who helped him gain southern support - awkward since Calhoun was VP for JQ Adams - Adams supporters depicted Jackson as illiterate backwoodsman, murder, and adulterer (unwittingly married Rachel Robards before her divorce was final) - Jackson won 56% of the popular vote (huge support in S and W) - 178 votes to Adams' 83 in the electoral college - victory for the common man

Candidates of Election of 1824

- 5 candidates from the Republican part rand for president - William H. Crawford (GA), chosen by the usual method of congressional caucus (next 3 candidates were nominated by their state legislatures) - John Quincy Adams (MA), held the traditional stepping position of Secretary of State - Henry Clay (KY), house of Reps - Andrew Jackson (TN), War Hero and Senator of SC - John C. Calhoun (SC) Secretary of War, withdrew before Nominated by his state legislature to run for VP - candidates were identified with a region (Adams = NE) (Crawford & Calhoun = South) (Clary & jackson = West) - Jackson, later-comer to the race, was overlooked at first due to lackluster legislative record and unknown political views, but as a war hero he had a national appeal

Panic of 1837

- A financial crisis that swept the United States in 1837. Resulting in a depression that lasted until 1843. - The Panic of 1837 was the worst financial crisis and depression in US History until the Great Depression. - More than half of the nation's banks closed and unemployment was rampant.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

- American settlers continued to pour into the Ohio Valley. Ohio became a state in 1803, but now American settlers moved into land guaranteed to the Indians. - Native Americans in the region began to renew their contracts with British agents and fur traders from Canada. - The Shawnee Chief, Tecumseh built a confederacy of Native Americans nations in Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. - Tecumseh, a powerful speaker, believed a strong alliance with the support of the British in Canada could halt American settlement into their territory. - His brother, The Prophet, was a spiritual leader of the Natives and urged them to return to their traditional ways and give up practices and customs they learned from whites. He set up a town in Indiana called Prophetstown for his followers. - Indiana Terr. Gov. William Henry Harrison, was alarmed by the growing power of the brothers and feared they would ally with the British. Harrison warned Tecumseh about the power of the U.S., Tecumseh would not back down from his mission of uniting the Native Tribes.

Trouble with the Barbary Pirates

- Americans began trading all around the world. - By 1800, America had the 2nd most trading ships sailing around the world. - Sailing in foreign seas was dangerous, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea where ships had been attacked for years by pirates from The Barbary Coast States, Tripoli and other cities on the coast of N. Africa. - The pirates demanded Tribute (protection money) from Euro. Nations and the U.S. to sail through their waters safely. - The U.S. yearly bribe was not enough to satisfy the ruler of Tripoli., but Pres. Jefferson refused to pay more. - Tripoli declared war on the U.S. and Jefferson sent a fleet to blockade Tripoli. The U.S. fleet was not powerful enough and the war continued. - Hostilities finally ended in June 1805, when Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute and the U.S. paid a 60,000 dollar ransom to free captured men. - Jefferson Easily Reelected in 1804.

Battle of Plattsburgh

- British begin massive invasion of 10,000 troops into New York state from Canada - surprisingly the British army was defeated at the battle of Plattsburgh, September 1814 - the battle secured America's Northern Border - after the loss, politicians in England began to think the war was too costly and unnecessary

Bank War

- By 1832, Jackson and bank director Nicholas Biddle were at odds and resulted in harming the national economy and both their reputations. - Biddle began the conflict by submitting an early application for rechartering the Bank - He was urged on by Jackson's opponents Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, to create a Bank. - Congress approved the application in July 1832. - Jackson immediately vetoed it "The bank . . . is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!" Denounced the Bank as unconstitutional, harmful to states' rights, and "dangerous to the liberties of the people," - Jackson was the spokesman for the ordinary people and enemy of special privilege. - People saw the Bank as a group of British and eastern stockholders who were profiting from the debts of poor southerners and westerners. - Jackson was campaigning for his common man voters against pro-bank Henry Clay.

America industrializes

- By the 1840s, American industrialization protection finally became more efficient: - Industrial innovations, backed by Patents (legal right and sole ownership of your invention) - Growth of factories (more people will be able to afford the goods made in factories) - Cheap immigrant labor - Growing demand for goods from farmers in South & West - These all led to an increased division of labor, urbanization in the North, and an increase in staple-crop commercial farming in the South (cotton) & West (grain and meat products) - shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming, made manufactured goods for farmers in the West and South, experienced rapid urbanization

Results of unsuccessful slave rebellions

- Captured slaves were executed - More strict laws on slaves - Manumission became virtually impossible - Black codes: laws concerning free blacks were tightened - States in the south created stricter laws, even on free blacks because they thought they would help the non-free slaves and further those rebellions

Literary Movement

- Emphasizing the individual, their abilities and the common man - Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass - Herman Melville—Moby Dick - Nathaniel Hawthorne—Scarlet Letter - Edgar Allen Poe—the Raven - Alexis de Tocqueville—Democracy in America

Problems with England on the High Seas

- England and France once again engage in war in 1803. - At the time America enjoyed a lucrative trade relationship with both nations. - War between these two superpowers threatened American trade that needed Freedom of the Seas to thrive. - As long as America remained neutral Americans expected Neutral Rights - the right to sail the seas and not take sides. - By 1805 both nations grew tired of American Neutrality and both sides declared they would search any vessel trading with the other nation. - Britain needed sailors for their navy. Many deserted, because British sailors were treated, fed, and paid poorly. - British Navy reserved the right to search American vessels and began seizing and forcing into service sailors they suspected of being British deserters. - This Impressment- was a clear violation of neutral rights. Some were actually deserters but thousands of kidnapped sailors were American citizens.

Prior Policy on Indian Removal

- official prior policy was to promote the assimilation of Indian peoples into American society. The Government encouraged tribes to adopt white ways - Many charities and evangelical ministers tried to help them in this process. Tribes that resisted "civilization" were offered land in the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi R. (OK Today) - The Federal government signed removal treaties with many tribes of the Old Northwest, following Tecumseh's defeat in the War of 1812. - When Jackson took office he and the Democrats wanted to remove all Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. 125,000 Indians still remained in the forests and prairies in the east. - In the Southwest the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, & Seminole) remained. - By the 1830s each of the 5 southern tribes had ceded most of their land in the face of pressure from settlers and aggressive state government expansion. Large self-governing groups of these tribes remained in GA, AL, MS, FL. - All but the Seminole had decided to pursue a policy of coexistence with whites as a plan to resist removal. - The Cherokees took the most extensive steps to adopt white ways, but pressure mounted for their removal when GA legislature declared Cherokee tribal council illegal and tribal land was in state jurisdiction, passed laws limiting Indian rights, and a wave of new settlers arrived after gold was found on Cherokee land

Panic of 1819 - international causes

- post War of 1812 British merchant ships resumed abandoned trade causing the American shipping boom to end - European farm production recovered from the Napoleonic Wars the demand for American foodstuffs declined

Past Tariffs

- problems over protective tariff symbolized the divergent sectional interests of North and South (originated as part of the American System in 1816) - Northern manufacturing interests asked for protection from British competition after the War of 1812 - wealthy southerns planters opposed tariffs; raised the cost of the luxury goods imported from Europe $ believed in the principal of free trade, fearing other countries would place tariffs on southern cotton - tariff was supported by southern congressman believing it a temporary postwar recovery measure (became long term as North industrialized and new industries demanded protection) - tariff bills in 1824 and 1828 raised rates and protected more items beginning Southern protest - outvoted in Congress by northern and western reps.

The war's impact

- propels the career of Andrew Jackson - crushes the threat of natives in the eastern half of America - solidifies America's independence forever from any foreign threat - Federalist part lost respect and seemed unpatriotic for not favoring "Mr. Madison's War" and some favoring succession - War Hawks become the leaders of the Republican party - a wave of Patriotic nationalism sweeps the nation

Judiciary Act of 1801

- reduced the number of Supreme Court justices from 6 to 5 - created 16 new judgeships for regional circuit courts - Adams frantically tries to fill all the positions with Federalists before the end of his presidency (midnight judges) - very political and unpopular with Democratic-Republicans (Partisan Politics) - repealed by the Democratic-republicans in 1802

Jefferson's administrative goals and style

- simplify Government (cut it down to a few hundred workers many part-time at that) - cut spending - support State's rights - shrink the size of the Federal Government - Laissez-faire (Let the People Do and they choose) the hands off approach to the economy - repeal Naturalization Act, and let Sedition Act expire - pay down national debt - lower military spending (army by 1/3, navy down to 7 ships) - repeal internal taxes, rely on sale of western land and tariffs for revenue - no lavish parties, answered his own door at White House, common dress and actions

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

- stated that Missouri agreed to the gradual end of slavery as the price of entering the Union - supported by Quakers, abolitionists, and former Northern Federalists - Southern threats of secession were made openly in Congress for the first time - senate debated over the admission of Missouri; first extended debate over slavery

How did cotton connect the North and South?

- the high demand for cotton was a result of the technological and social changes of the 1st Industrial Revolution. - New inventions mechanized spinning & weaving of cloth at the world's first factories in Nor. England. - British textile manufacturers were eager to buy all the cotton that the South could produce. - 720,000 bales in 1830, to 2.85 mil. bales in 1850, ~5 mil. in 1860. Cotton ~60% of U.S. exports $200 million a yr. - Southern slaves grew cotton and Northern interests insured, shipped, manufactured textiles (Lowell Mills) - The cotton boom provided capital to build new factories in the North.

Challenges to the Era of Good Feelings

- urban workers were hurt by declining international trade and competition from British imports - Southern planters hurt by lower price of cotton began to protest the protective tariff - price of imported goods rose for Southern farmers, while manufacturers successfully lobbied for even higher rates in 1824 to compete with England - Southerners did not feel the political system was fair - Jackson would use this ire as part of this presidential platform later - Panic of 1819 had an interesting effect on the building of the Erie Canal & led to McColloch v Maryland

Louisiana Purchase

- France originally lost it in the F&I War but got it back - It would ruin their control of the MI river (cut them off; Pinckney), but it would boost their economy; bought it back from France and gave them money to use against British - He was willing to spend up to 10 million dollars for just a bit; Napoleon failed to recover Haiti and France was in a lot of debt, so they gave it to the US; Haiti remains independent Conflicts with Spain now that we are bordering up their territory in Texas and California - Without permission, the US and France cut a deal for all the territory rather than just a part - The new land would provide places for farmers, but it was not justified; claimed the power to purchase territory was an implied power - Uses Hamilton's national bank argument (elastic clause which the Democratic-Republicans hated the implied powers) - Was a huge expansion for America Was the first peaceful negotiation of a territory - Biggest big government play ever; biggest opponent of big government doubled the size of the government - Politically, there's a French and Spanish population living there that have to be incorporated to America; have more areas to expand slavery; the states would be Democratic-Republicans (occupied by Natives so the government has to get along with them) - Backlash from Federalists 1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.Spain had given the territory to France in secret, and Jefferson originally just wanted to buy a piece, but Napolean ended up selling all of it for $15 million because he needed money for the Napoleanic Wars.

Canadian Campaign/Invasions of Canada/ Battle of Put-in-Bay

- General William Hull led the American army to invade Canada from Ft. Detroit - Hull was met in battle by Tecumseh and his Native Warriors, Hull retreats to Detroit and surrenders the fort to the British - Americans made 3 more attempts to invade Canada. One ended in defeat, the second never got off the ground because some militia men refused to cross border into Canada, the third led by Harrison also had little success - Americans turned their attention to taking control of Lake Erie from the British. Commander Oliver Hazard Perry defeats the British. "We Have Met the Enemy and They Are Ours" - Perry

How did the British provoke the War of 1812?

- Harassing Americans at sea, suppling natives with weapons, impressment, not respecting America's neutrality, stirring up Western Tribes

Tariff of 1833

- Henry Clay crafted a compromise tariff and the Tariff Act of 1833 was passed w/ Calhoun's approval. Lacking additional support SC accepted the compromise. - Import taxes would gradually be cut over the next crisis until, by 1842, they matched the levels set in the Tariff of 1816. - Most of the rest of the nation was relieved the crisis was over. - Daniel Webster summed it up "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"

Prisoner and Mental Health Reform

- Humanitarian reformers of the 1820's and 1830's called attention to the issues in the nation's prison system. - Prison Reforms included better treatment of inmates, separating children and women from adult males, separating violent criminals from other inmates, examining punishments - Sending emotionally disturbed persons to asylums rather than prison. - Ending debtors prison Public funds invested in building institutions like: prisons, mental hospitals, and poor houses were created to help the people. - Dorothea Dix was a tireless reformer in the period.

Problems with the Embargo Act

- Impressment had already led Jefferson to ban some trade with England, but after the Chesapeake Incident Jefferson took more extreme measures. - Embargo Act of 1807: banned imports and exports to all foreign countries. - Jefferson and Madison hoped by using the embargo it would hurt England and avoid war, because they believed England relied on American agricultural products. - The Embargo Act turned into a disaster. All American trade with other nations was ended, Americans lost money and jobs, ports closed, and worse it was ineffective against the British. - The Embargo Act Causes Problems Around the Nation Federalist New England the heart of American shipping complains the loudest. Ships were stuck at port, unemployment rose, and protest grew. - In the South tobacco meant for Europe rotted on the docks and cotton went unpicked. - In the West the price of Wheat dropped and farmers lost money. - The Embargo Act became difficult to enforce and many Americans began engaging in Smuggling - Support for the Federalist Party rose as the election of 1808 drew near due to opposition to the Embargo Act - Republicans nominate James Madison to succeed Jefferson (Following Washington's precedent of only serving 2 terms)

Battle of Tippecanoe

- In 1811, Harrison attacked Prophetstown. After a 2-hour battle the Prophet's followers retreated. - Harrison used the fame he garnered from this victory in his 1840 Pres. campaign. - The victory forced Tecumseh to ally with the British. - American settlers in the region claimed the British were trading weapons to the Natives. In response many settlers wanted to attack British Canada.

Fletcher vs. Peck

- In Georgia about land in the west and if their contract should be upheld - Contract clause: once a contract is made it can not be repealed - In this case they used a strict interpretation of the contract clause Georgia legislature granted land to private speculators, but most were bribed so they repealed the fraudulent contract - Jock Peck bought some of the land that was part of the grant, but then sold it to Fletcher - Fletcher found out that it was void (because the government repealed the grant before). - He was mad that Peck lied to him about having legal right to ownership Question - Is it constitutional for the repeal of the grant? Impact: The decision reinforced the importance of protecting property rights. Set precedent for the Supreme Court's ability to invalidate a decision by a state government that conflicts with the Constitution.

Chesapeake Incident

- Inside US waters off Virginia, the British ship Leopard fired on the U.S.S. Chesapeake after it refused to be searched for deserters. The ship was crippled 3 killed, 18 wounded. The ship was then boarded and four men were seized. - The incident enraged Americans Sec. of State Madison called it an outrage and many wanted war. However the incident showed U.S. military weaknesses too big to risk war. Jefferson had to take other actions.

Jackson's reelection in 1832

- Jackson took victory in 1832 as permission to destroy the National Bank - 1833: removes federal deposits from National Bank, stops making deposits - Has to go through multiple Treasury Secretaries to find one who was willing to 'slay the bank' - Biddle calls in loans to try and keep bank alive; Causing a mini-panic (Biddle's Panic) - Gov money put in Pro-Jackson 'pet banks' and questionable 'wildcat' banks, too much paper money=no economic stability

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

- Jackson won 43% of the popular vote and 99 electoral votes (more than any other candidate) - JQ Adams won 31% of the popular vote and 84 electoral votes (second place) - William H. Crawford (3rd place) - No candidate had an electoral majority (50%), so the House of Reps. had to pick a winner - Henry Clay gave support to Adams, after some political dealings & and the House elected Adams - all actions by Clay were proper, but when Adams named Clay his Secretary of state, Jackson's supporters accused them of a "corrupt bargain" (popular opinion, new element in politics, supported by Jackson)

Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge`

- Key decisions of Roger Taney's Court - Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)- supported economic opportunity by denying a monopoly. - Charles River Bridge Co. sued when Mass. let the Warren Bridge Co. build a bridge near the original. - New bridge was cutting into the original's business→ traffic and tolls dropped. - Court ruled the state had not entered a contract that blocked construction of another bridge on the river or give exclusive control over the river. - The new bridge did not interfere w/ the 1st co. profit-making ability. - Courts had to weight the rights of private property vs. the need for economic development - Court decided the community's need in creating new channels of travel and trade had priority. - involved federal reversal of decisions made at the state level. - Demonstrating how the Supreme Court weakened the powers of state gov't. & aided growth of private enterprise. - Businesses that needed to raise large amounts of capital by attracting investors. - Incorporation established limited liability—investors would only lose what they had invested in a corporation if it were sued or went bankrupt.

Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817

- Limited the amount of warships on the Great Lakes - First modern disarmament treaty - Led to the eventual demilitarization of the US-Can Border

Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee

- Lord Fairfax held land in Virginia. He was a Loyalist and fled to England during the Revolution. He died in 1781 and left the land to his nephew, Denny Martin, who was a British subject. - The following year, the Virginia legislature voided the original land grant and transferred the land back to Virginia. Virginia granted a portion of this land to David Hunter. - The Jay Treaty seemed to make clear that Lord Fairfax was entitled to the property. - The Supreme Court declared that Fairfax was so entitled, but the Virginia courts, where the suit arose, refused to follow the Supreme Court's decision. Question - Does the appellate power of the Supreme Court extend to the VA court? Impact: Established the supreme court as the ultimate arbiter of the law and the power the Supreme court has over the state courts Helped to further explain explain the powers that were granted to the federal court system by the Judiciary Act of 1789.

What region objected to parts of the American System? Why?

- Mainly the south objected components of the American System because many of them originally supported Agrarian ideals like Jefferson, and they felt that this new way of improving the economy favored the federal government and piggy-backed off of federalist ideals - Tariff hurting southern industries - Farmers ruined by banking and loans

How did slave owners want slaves to interpret the message of christianity? How did they take it?

- Many southern slave owners expected Christianity to make their slaves obedient and peaceful. - Forbid slaves to hold their own religious gatherings & insisted that their slaves attend white churches. - Sermons often were about obedience to the masters. - At night slaves held their own prayer meetings making Christianity their own by fusing Christian texts with African elements of group activity, such as the circle dance, the call-and-response pattern, and group singing.

Lifestyles of men and women in the planter class

- Men engaged in masculine activities (hunting/soldiering/politics) Issue of "honor" that could led to duels. - Women expected to be gentle, charming, and always welcoming of guests.

Nationalism

- Monroe sought a government of national unity - government made of men from North and South, Reps. and feds. - Could argue that the American System was an internal promotion to build support for national funding and economic ideals - Chartering the national bank - A tax on imported goods to protect American manufacturers - A national system of roads and canals (Bank, tariffs, roads)

Why did slave owners support slave marriages despite not being legal?

- Most owners encouraged slave marriages, some performed a wedding ceremony for the couple. - Believed it made the men less rebellious & economic reasons wanted slave women to have children. - The relationship between slave husband and wife was different from that of the white husband and wife. - White marriages were unequal, for the man had to be dominant and the woman dependent and submissive. - Slave marriages were more equal as both were powerless within the slave system.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

- Nat Turner was a literate slave & lay preacher. Intelligence & religious commitment made slave community leader. - He testified his owner who treated him kindly, even after Turner ran away for a month over mistreatment. - Turner had religious visions which prompt him to plan a rebellion - Turner & 5 other slaves struck on the night of August 20, 1831, first killing their master. - Rebellion moved from plantation to plantation, killing a total of 35 white people - Rebellion grew to 60 slaves and fled from a group of armed white men. 40 slaves were executed after the revolt. - Turner hid for two months in the woods, was later captured by accident, put on trial and executed. - The truth was only force kept Africans and African Americans enslaved - No system could maintain total control over slaves. White southerners couldn't be completely safe from a revolt. - Nat Turner's Rebellion led to more strict laws on slaves.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

- Provoked by Gen. Jackson's unauthorized invasion of Florida during 1st Seminole War. - Spain ceded Florida to the USA - Dropped all claims to the Louisiana Territory and Oregon. - USA gave up claims in Texas and assumed the $5 million in claims that US citizens had with Spain.

Second Great Awakening

- Religious revival caused by a perceived drifting away from God - Rejection of the Calvinist idea of predestination. - Emphasis on the individual seeking salvation and that people should improve themselves and society. - Marked by emotional, fiery sermons - Charles G. Finney is one of the leading preachers (Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield) - Centered around the Appalachian area of America (Burned Over District (Western NY)) - Other Movements Spring off of the 2nd Great Awakening - Evangelical Denominations. - Baptist and Methodist the most prominent - More of a push to Christianize slaves during 2nd Great Awakening. - Led to a broader spectrum of Christian religions. - Colleges founded to train ministers in each church. - Many preachers said that judgement day was near. (Millenialism)

Naval Battles

- Republican party had run the country since 1800. One of their goals to cut spending was to cut the size of the navy. vastly outnumbered by the British, the Americans did have the 3 fastest Frigates on their side. - the most famous of which was "Old Ironsides" the U.S.S. Constitution - America gave authority to Privateers to retrofit private ships with weapons to attack British ships - boosted moral more than strategic value - England countered with a Naval Blockade of the Eastern Seaboard from the Chesapeake to New York Harbor, then eventually all the way through New England

Convention of 1824

- Russia gave up claim to Oregon set 54°40 N. latitude as the Southern border of the territory of Russian America. - Adams contained another possible threat to American continental expansion.

Nullification Crisis

- S.C. held a special convention and an Ordinance of Nullification was drafted. - Rejected the tariff, refused to collect taxes, issued a call for militia volunteers, and threatened to secede if Jackson used force against S.C. - Jackson denounced the nullifiers saying "Disunion by armed force is treason" - Obtained from Congress the passage of the Force Bill giving the fed. gov't power to force tax collection in S.C. - No other southern state followed SC and Jackson quietly asked Congress to revise the tariff.

Petticoat Affair

- Sec. of War, John Henry Eaton, married a beautiful woman w/ a bad rep for the social code of the time. - Rumor was Peggy Eaton had been Eaton's mistress and there were other men in her past. - For the time period she was a scandalous woman and unfit for polite society and was shunned by the respectable ladies of Washington. - Jackson, remembering the slanders against his own wife, defended Peggy Eaton Told the cabinet to force their wives to call on her. All refused & Jackson called them whipped. - Drove a wedge between Jackson and Calhoun, whose wife was a leader in the anti-Eaton group. - Jackson claimed to be motivated only by chivalry, but he wanted to change Washington politics. - All but one cabinet member resigned and Calhoun was replaced by Martin Van Buren on the 1832 ticket; Calhoun goes back to the Senate

Maysville Road Veto

- Supporters expected Jackson, a Westerner, would support transportation projects. - Jackson unexpectedly vetoed the Maysville Road Bill, 1830, which would fund spur of the National Road into Kentucky Jackson like Madison and Monroe before him, argued it should be paid for by the state. - Nationally funded transportation never made everyone happy & and the gov't. was accused of favoritism & corruption. - Jackson ended the debate over internal improvements by refusing federal funds for any of them. - States spent more than the federal government on internal improvements - Western states competed against one another in giving land, subsidies, and other forms of encouragement to road, canal, and railroad companies to provide transportation to their particular localities. - Several states were financially set back by these large expenditures.

Marbury vs. Madison

- The case began on march 2, 1801, when an obscure Federalist, William Marbury, was designated as a justice of the peace in D.C. - Marbury and several others were appointed to government posts created by Congress in the last day of Adams' presidency, but these last-minute appointments were never finalized - the disgruntled appointees invoked an act of Congress and sued for their jobs in the Supreme Court Questions - Is Marbury entitled to his appointment? - Is his lawsuit the correct way to get it? - Is the Supreme Court the place for Marbury to get the relief he requests?

Temperance Movement

- The movement to limit or ban the consumption, sale, manufacture, etc of alcohol. - Many women and religious leaders were at the forefront of the movement. → Lyman Beecher - Some motivating factor were legitimate while others were based in some racist ideas about immigrant groups. - There were local, county, and statewide laws banning alcohol. - Movement peaked with national prohibition in the 1920s (18th Amendment) but the United States maintains stricter rules on alcohol consumption than most nations.

How did the defense of slavery evolve over the years?

- This eventually led to the Civil War - In 1860, 25% of the population was slaves - Black individuals outnumbered whites in the richest agricultural regions - The majority of blacks over whites reinforced white people's fear of black retaliation for the violence of slavery, especially after nat Turner's Rebellion

America's Disadvantages

- US army only had 7,000 troops. States had 700,000 poorly trained men in militias. - Americans underestimated the strength of the British and their Native Allies - America had 12 ships to England's 800 - financially unprepared; lost tariff revenue

Van Buren Presidency

- Van Buren replaced Calhoun who resigns as VP in 1832 due to political differences (Peggy Eaton affair and Nullification Crisis) - Van Buren won the presidential election of 1836 but problems lay ahead: - The emergence of a strong anti-Jackson opposition (the Whigs) - The beginning of Panic of 1837 - By the time Van Buren entered office, the Panic of 1837 was already causing: - Bank closures & failures - 10% unemployment & poverty - The laissez-faire philosophy of the 1800s prevented gov't assistance to end the depression - As the depression continued, "Van Ruin" took the blame & the Whigs gained power & appeal

Why did poor southern whites support slavery, despite not owning slaves?

- White men and women often worked side by side with black slaves in the fields - Socially and sexually intimate with enslaved and free African Americans. - Supplied slaves with items like liquor that slave owners prohibited, helped slaves to escape - In an 1835 Mississippi case were executed for their participation in planning a slave revolt. - Majority of poor whites insisted on racial superiority over blacks. - Difficult lives of poor whites blurred the racial stereotype of independent whites & inferior dependent black people - System of slavery needed to maintain this belief or poor whites could be a potential threat to the status quo.

Things leading up to the Monroe Doctrine

- Written by JQ Adams - Spain's empire in the Americas collapses in the 1820s - US recognizes the independence of Mexico and other Latin American Nations. - European powers (France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia) begin to discuss a plan for Spain to recover her colonies - British proposed a British-American declaration against European intervention in the hemisphere. - US rejects offer and wants to stand on their own against European Powers (at least on paper)

Yeoman farmer/their lifestyle

- a British term for a farmer who works on his own land and is often applied to independent farmers of the South - Most lived on family-sized farms - Established a community of small farmers who grew enough vegetables to feed their families - Raised enough cotton every year to bring in a little cash - 60% owned their own farms; the community was important - This was what Jefferson thought the country would be like - Just growing enough to survive; working as a community

Tocqueville's wisdom

- a French traveler who wrote the most influential account of the rise of US democracy in the 1830s - praised most aspects of American democracy - but warned that American prejudice would lead to a future disaster if white males refused to extend liberty to women, African Americans, and Indians

Ogden vs. Gibbons

- a NY state law gave to individuals the exclusive right to operate steamboats on waters within state jurisdiction - laws like this were duplicated elsewhere which led to friction as some states would require foreign (out-of-state) boats to pay substantial fees for navigation privileges - in this case Thomas Gibbons (a steamboat owner who did business between NY and NJ under a federal coastal license) challenged the monopoly license granted by NY to Aaron Ogden - NY courts consistently upheld the state monopoly Question - Did the State of NY exercise authority in a realm reserved exclusively to Congress, namely, the regulation of interstate commerce? Impact: Established a line of what the federal government can and cannot control with commerce, but also established that congress can overrule and change rules set in place if they were connected to inter-state commerce ex: goods sold across state lines

Battles of Toronto and Thames

- after the fall of Lake Erie to the Americans, the British and Native Americans looked to fall back away from Detroit and back into Canada - the Americans cut off their retreat and General Harrison attacked at the Battle of Thames. Tecumseh is killed. - Americans attacked York (Toronto) and burned Parliament buildings. America could not conquer Canada, but won some key battles

Battle of New Orleans

- before word of the treaty could reach America, this one last bloody battle occurred - British attempted to take the strategic city from American control. The city was defended by General Andrew Jackson - the Americans hiding behind earthen walls and bales of cotton tore apart the British army killing 700 in 2 hours - Jackson became a national hero (enough to get him elected President in a few years)

Jackson's backstory

- born in 1767/raised in NC - captured and beaten by the British during the Revolution - grew up w/o wealth and moved went to Nashville in 1788 - worked as a lawyer and grew wealthy as a slave-owning planter - acute sense of pride/honor that led him into many duels - ruthless toward Indians - war hero of the battle of New Orleans in 1815 - little political experience

Rise of the Whigs (William Henry Harrison and John Tyler)

- by 1840. the Whigs were fully organized & chose William Henry Harrison to run against Van Buren (first election with 2 official parties) - Harrison's image: a "common man" & war hero at Tippecanoe (like Jackson) - John Tyler chosen as VP to get Souther, states-rights Dems - beats Van Buren; Whigs took control of Congress takeover by the Whigs was historic but short-lived - Harrison dies 1 month into his term and for the first time, a VP took over as president - John Tyler soon butted heads with Whigs in his cabinet & in Congress; was unable to accomplish much as president - the only other Whig victory was in 1848

African American Community

- created an enduring culture of their own - over half of all slaves lived on plantations with twenty or more other slaves - legally slaves were property (could be sold, rented, worked, or used) - Black people created a unique community religion full of emotion, enthusiasm, and protest. - Sang famous spirituals with double meanings - Some became as well known to white people but only African Americans appreciated the full meaning of their subversive messages. - Not a religion of rebellion, rather it helped slaves to survive as active opponents of an oppressive system.

Impact of cotton gin on slavery

- each cotton boom expanded slavery further west in search of fortune - Cotton exports were the dynamic force in the developing American economy in the period 1790-1840. - Southern slavery financed northern industrial development in the 1800s (more slaves were needed to pick cotton for the North) - more slaves were solid in the internal slave trade than were brought to N. America

New Popular Democratic Culture

- featured mass campaigns, huge political rallies, parades, and candidates with wide "name recognition" such as military heroes - distribution of lavish food/drink at polling places was popular (turned electrons rowdy) - Print Revolution 1826: 1st steam powered printing press, lead to Newspaper boom 376 newspapers in 1810 to 1200 in 1835 - spread word far beyond nation's cities about parades, protests, and celebrations - most newspapers were published by political parties and were openly partisan - articles would be considered scandalous but entertaining today - politics had a greater emphasis on participation and party loyalty - politics represented social impulse toward society

JQ Adams in office

- he served a miserable 4 years as president, knowing that Jackson would challenge him, and win in 1828 -the negative opinion of the "corrupt bargain" and vocal Jacksonians hamstrung Pres. Adams' presidency - attempted to enact a plan for economic development by extending Henry Clay's American System, but blocked by Congress - succeeded in obtaining $ for the westward extension of the National Road - Southerners blocked Adams' desire to send American delegates to a conference in Panama called by the Latin American liberator Simon Bolviar (feared it would lead to a recognition of the black republic of Haiti; US lost chance to be an influencer in W. Hemisphere politics) - political opposition to Adams' presidency was an early sign of the re-emerging two-party system

Impact of Jackson

- his personality and policies alienated many leaders and led to the formation of America's second two-party system - the economic recession beginning at the end of the Jackson presidency hurt the Jacksonian Democrats under Van Buren - the anti-Jackson Whigs took advantage of these flaws to make a run at the presidency

examples of mudslinging

- if Jefferson was elected, wives and daughters would be victims of prostitution - Adams behaved neither like a man or a woman - Jefferson was dead

Tariff of 1828/ Tariff of Abominations

- imposed especially high tariffs on imported textiles and iron; 1/3 to 1/2 value of those products - southern opponents insisted this was a sectional law and only helped some groups & harmed others - SC called the tariff unconstitutional because it violated states' rights and if a tariff could be imposed could the national government later could go after slavery - issue of nullification (the right of a state to declare a federal law null and void and to refuse to enforce it within the state) once again became discussed in SC - VP elect Calhoun anonymously wrote a defense of nullification in 1828 trying to influence Jackson but did not - Jackson saw it as a threat to national unity "Our Federal Union, it must be preserved" - Calhoun responded: "The Union, next to our liberty most dear. May we always remember that it can only be preserved by distributing equally the benefits and burdens of the Union." - Calhoun resigned the VP and returned to the Senate - Martin Van Buren was elected VP when Jackson won his second term

McCulloch vs. Maryland

- in 1816. Congress charterd the Second Bank of the US - in 1818, the state of MD passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank - James W. McCulloch, the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the back, refused to pay the task Questions - Did Congress have the authority to establish the bank? - Did the MD law unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers? Impact: This case was extremely influential on the future of the USA because it demonstrated how the powers stated in the Constitution directly correlate with the Supreme Court's decisions, and how Constitutional Law overrides anything else. This also helped enhance the federal power and gave the federal government a way to carry out their responsibilities that they were given to in the Constitution.

Specie Circular

- issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in gold/silver. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. - Jackson's attempt to help with runaway paper currency, but caused panic/economic crash in 1837 because it slowed westward growth

Impact of the Cotton Gin on the economy

- led to the profitability of cotton - one cotton gin could clean 50 pounds of cotton per day - many plantations switched to growing cotton - new land was wanted because cotton growing rapidly depleted the soil - Profitability of cotton drew southern farmers to the black belt (fertile area from W. GA, AL, to MS)

Second Middle Passage

- most slaves were sold as individuals as teens or younger, separated from family to a new life far away - moving slaves from upper to lower south - slaves displayed the needed work of cutting trees and clearing land for cultivation - large plantation owners feared rebellion

Black Hawk War

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Jacksonian Democracy

"Age of the Common Man" - was no common; he was a military hero, rich slave owner, arrogant, & undemocratic personality - nicknamed "Old Hickory" (tough and unbending like the wood) - mass appeal w/ ordinary people - Jackson was still mourning his Wife, Rachel, when he took office (blamed her death on the slanders of the campaign; stressed her out)

Macon's Bill No. 2

(1810) This law was intended to persuade both French and Great Britain from illegal search and seizure practices during the Napoleonic Wars. Nathaniel Macon proposed that the United States continue trading with both belligerent but if one country lifted trade restrictions then the United States would trade with the other country. The bill, which replaced the Non-Intercourse Act (1809), did not stop the seizure of ships. The French informed the United States that they had lifted the Berlin and Milan Decrees. The Americans could see that there were strings attached but still restored nonintercourse with Britain.

Era of Good Feelings

(1817-23) A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. - time of political unity on the national agenda

Components of the American System and their goals

1. Second Bank of the United States - Chartered in 1816 for twenty years. - HQ located in Philadelphia, branches in other cities. - Bank had a capital of $35 million, of which the government contributed $7 million - A private corporation with public duties - Accountable to Congress and the U.S. Treasury. - 20% of its capital ($) was owned by the federal government, the bank's single largest stockholder. - Four thousand private investors held 80% of the bank's capital, including one thousand Europeans. - The bulk of the stocks were held by a few hundred wealthy Americans. - Largest monied corporation in the world. - Provided large-scale loans that the smaller state banks could not handle - Create a strong national currency. - Handle all fiscal transactions for the U.S. Government 2. The Tariff of 1816 - 1st substantial protective tariff in American history. - Caused by British manufacturers flooding the US market with their products following the War of 1812. - American manufacturers complained the British were selling goods below cost to prevent the growth of American industry. - Congress responded with a tariff on imported woolens and cottons, iron, leather, hats, paper, and sugar. - The measure had southern as well as northern support ***Later sectional differences over higher tariffs would become major issues in US politics. 3. Internal Improvements - Funding for roads and canals - Controversial - Monroe and Madison both supported genuinely national projects such as the National Road - Congressmen tried to direct funds to their districts and gain political advantage - Madison and Monroe vetoed spending federal money on local projects believing them unconstitutional. - Major projects such as the Erie Canal and the early railroads, had to be financed by state or private money since they were in one state. These later became a source of heated partisan politics

Berlin and Milan Decrees

1806 and 1807- Berlin decree- Napoleon declared his own paper blockade of the British Isle and barred British ships from ports under French control. The Milan decree ruled that neutral ships that complied with the British orders in council were subject to seizure when they reached continental ports. This was Napoleon's "Continental system." This helped lead to the War of 1812. IT was harassment of US neutrality. Put the US in an awkward spot, either orders/decrees they followed they would be in trouble with the other.

British invasion of Washington D.C.

1814; British burned Washington and the white house. Americans rallied at Ft. McHenry in Baltimore. Americans resisted the British attack at the fort all night which led to the national anthem being written. Bombs bursting in air was what happened. The guy who wrote the song saw the flag when morning came and thats what inspired "gave proof thru the night that our flag was still there"

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson - Jackson then signed the treaty of New Echota with a group of Cherokee from the minority political party. Principal Chief of the Cherokee, John Ross, wrote Congress in protest of this shady treaty

Market Revolution

A period in Antebellum (pre-civil war) America which encompassed - industrial/transportation revolutions - the change from subsistence farming to large-scale commercial farming (grow in size or start specializing in a certain crop to make money) - mass immigration - westward migration - growth of cities, - wage labor - regional specialization (the North industrializing), less skilled factory work, etc

Hamilton-Burr duel

After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York. When he lost, he blamed Hamilton (a successful Federalist politician) of making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed on July 11, 1804. - Hamilton lost bc he shot high. Some suspect that he was using a hair trigger pistol to cheat, and that he didn't really know how to use it, and that is why he lost.

Impact of "Alabama Fever" on whites, African slaves, and natives

Alabama Fever: one of the swiftest migrations in American history, white southerners and their slaves flooded into the region - African salves cleared the forests, drained the swamps, broke the ground, built homes and barns, and planted the first crops - white Pop. of MS doubled to 74,448 and AL grew x16 to 144,317 bet. 1810 & 1820; acquired land further west - land booms led many to leave the original states (half of white SC eventually left the state, usually to move west) - one by one, the Five Civilized Tribes were forced to give up their lands and move to Indian Territory - several later land booms carried cotton in LA and deep into TX

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Court held that Indian tribes could not sue in federal courts but he did say that they were under the jurisdiction of the United States and could only give up their lands voluntarily.

What event ended the Era of Good Feelings?

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. (controversial events of the time all played a part)

Who invented the cotton gin and why?

Eli Whitney - Short-staple cotton was the ideal crop for southern soils and climate - however, the seeds were so difficult to remove from the lint that it took an entire day to hand-clean a single pound of cotton

Three general types of slaves

House Servants - ⅓ of female slaves in Virginia worked as house servants by 1800. - Less physical, often better fed and clothed, more access to information. - Were under constant supervision & exposed to the tempers of whites. - Some slept in the "big house" and rarely saw their own families. - Forced to act grateful and ingratiating Artisan/Skilled workers - ex: weavers, seamstresses, carpenters, blacksmiths - black people worked as lumberjacks, miners, deckhands, factory workers, etc - wages of slaves belonged to the owner - these jobs were performed by white workers (immigrants) in the North, but Southern cities offered enslaved and free blacks opportunities in skilled jobs Field workers - 75% of slaves - Gang labor system (slaves groups of 20 to 25 supervised by overseers with whips). - Worked from sunup to sundown. 18hr. days were common during harvest. - A "prime field hand"—worth at least $1,000 to the master. - Slaves aged fast due to poor diet and heavy labor. - When slaves were too old to work they took on other tasks such as caring for young children. - Elderly slaves were tolerated by white owners, who continued to feed and clothe them until their deaths.

"Firebell in the Night"

In response to the Missouri Compromise (1820). Thomas Jefferson writes a letter to Adams saying that the mood of the American people was so disturbed that it could be compared to a towns participation in a fire in the middle of the night where no one could go back to sleep afterwards (because everyone would have to participate in putting the fire out after someone rang a bell alerting everyone).

Impact of the diplomacy of John Q Adams

In twenty years, the US's position in North American was drastically improved. - Much larger (Louisiana Purchase, Florida, and co-occupying Oregon) - Spanish were removed - Russian expansion ended on the West coast. - Peace with Britain and solid borders with Canada. - John Quincy Adams, showed the power of diplomacy.

Heartford Convention

Meeting of 26 delegates from the Federalist Party in Hartford, CT discussing: - opposition to the War of 1812 - financial reimbursement for trade embargo - prevention of election of presidents from the same state twice in a row - one term for presidents - requirement of 2/3 majority vote to declare war - ending of the 3/5 compromise for representation - notoriously the delegates did bring up the concept of seceding from the nation - results announced after the war turned more in favor of the US - led to the discrediting of the Federalist party, and many labeled the convention as treason

Major supporter of the American System

Monroe supported The American System, a program of national economic development attributed to Henry Clay (KY) House Speaker

Myths of Slave owners

Myth 1- Slavery was a benevolent institution Myth 2- Slave owners only sold slaves and separated families in times of economic distress.

National Bank and Jackson's Opposition

NATIONAL BANK - US gov deposits $ there - produced stable 'notes' - stable source of credit - run by Nicholas Biddle (had a lot of power, zero accountability to voters) JACKSON'S OPPOSITION - bias against bank since Panic of 1819 - bank foreclosed on many western farms, drew money from west and east - didn't like how 'un-democratic' it was, not run by elected officials

Was the American System a Jeffersonian policy?

No this was not because the south felt the American System was unfair and some ideas were a rebirth of what Hamilton believed/proposed

Pattern of Settlement in Old Northwest vs. Old Southwest

Old Northwest - Northerners migrated here, especially groups of New Englanders - Brought there societal customs - very little contact between regional cultures Old Southwest - people cleared land to create plantations for slave owners - even before War of 1812, Natchez, Mississippi made fortunes growing cotton - Post war Cotton Boom caused many eastern plantation owners to move west bringing their slaves - most white settlers were small farm families (did not won slaves but wanted to as a means to wealth) - 50% of migrants were slaves --- the West did not form a third unified political region. The Old NW sided with the North and the Old SW sided with the South

Administration during the Era of Good Feelings

President: James Monroe Sec. of State: John Quincy Adams (MA a former Federalist, virtually assuring that Adams would become president) Sec. of War: John C. Calhoun (DR from SC and former War Hawk)

Gag rule

Prevented congressional consideration of abolitionist petitions; often debate about slavery was stifled within the South, so dissenters were pressured to remain silent or leave

Results of the election of 1800

Republicans win the presidency, winning the South and West, however due to strict party discipline an issue occurred when Jefferson and Burr tied in the Electoral college.With no candidate holding a majority, the Federalist controlled Congress would decide the presidency, since the new Congress would not take their seats until March. Burr neither accepts Federalist offers or withdraws his name from consideration, after 35 ballots and the urging of Hamilton, Jefferson is elected President. Controversy led to 12th amendment

Seminoles

Seminole bands mount a series of successful resistance wars for years in the FL Everglades. Eventually most of the Seminoles are killed or removed.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land (Louisiana Purchase Territory) and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase; many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

What event led to the Christianizing of African slaves?

The Great Awakening of the 1760s - free African Americans founded their own independent churches and denominations. - African American Baptist (Reverend Absalom Jones) and Methodist (Reverend Richard Allen) churches were founded in Philadelphia in 1794 - 1816 Reverend Allen joined other ministers to form the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) denomination. - 1830s, free ministers & enslaved black preachers worked sometimes secretly with slaves. - African Americans found in Christianity a powerful vehicle to express their longings for freedom & justice.

Sectionalism

The Tariff of 1816 -created disputes among the north and south over internal taxes which were to help the northern industrial economy - Southerners felt this was unfair, as they chose not to industrialize the south Missouri Compromise - Northern politicians did not want to admit another slave state and lose balance in the Senate - Southerners wanted advantage in the senate and slavery to continue - The south believed that Congress did not have the power to limit expansion of slavery

Whigs v Democrats

Whigs - Anti-Jackson coalition in 1834 - heirs to Hamiltonian Federalists - strong central gov, urban industry & commercial growth - national & state-directed economy - supported by NE, NW, merchants, and some planters Democrats: - Pro-Jackson coalition in 1824 - Heirs to Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans - States' rights, agrarian farming, & Western expansion - Laissez-faire & opposition to banks - Supported by rural South & West, some urban workers

Democratization

White male suffrage increased, more common men had power, and since Jackson was the common man's president, he had a lot of support

Women's Rights Movement

an organized effort to improve political, legal and economic status of women in American society - legal rights, marriage, occupational, children, health, suffrage

Population growth of slaves

due to fertility rather than better treatment - Adopting shorter breastfeeding schedules led to higher birth rate. - Slave owners wanted slave women to work hard while still having children. - Every slave baby increased the wealth of the owners. malaria, yellow fever, etc was always a health issue for slaves; struggled with poor housing, disease, poor diet, and constant work

Twelfth Amendment

fixes the issue and electors then after cast separate ballots for President and Vice President

5 civilized tribes

the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles

The goal of interdependence was to curb

the economy

Manumission

the freeing of a slave (rare)

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power