APUSH Unit 8

kitchen debate

Debate between Nixon and Khrushechev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate --> he won the Rep nomination the next year

What role, if any, did decolonization play in the Cold War?

Decolonization led to a struggle in former colonies btwn US & USSR --> World War II devastated many former imperial powers and they withdrew from their colonies. Both the US and USSR attempted to gain influence in newly independent countries in order to gain access to resources and military allies. Some, but not all, former colonies opted to join the non-aligned movement.

What did Congress look like under Carter?

Democratic majorities in both houses of Congress

What influenced the 1952 elections?

Dems would likely not be successful bc of military deadlock in Korea, Truman's clash w/ MacArthur & war-bred inflation

What did the GHWB White House do regarding civil rights - U9

Dept of Educ challenged Affirmative Action & threatened to veto s=civil rights legislation that would make it easier to prove discrimination in hiring, but he eventually approved a watered-down version

Who was expected to be the 1948 winner? Why?

Dewey; Dems were divided 3 ways + Reps just won Congress;

Lavender Scare

Dimension of the red scare of the 1950s that targeted the homosexual community as loyalty and because of their perceived lack of morality and security risks because communist influences could use blackmailing threats of exposing closeted homosexuals for American intelligence

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea (DMZ)

A movement contributing to the rise of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s that was inspired by World War II was the _____

Double V movement

Who did liberal Democrats nominate for president in 1980?

Edward "Teddy" Kennedy of Massachusetts

Under _____, the Civil Rights movement starts gaining traction

Eisenhower

______ was very contradictory

Eisenhower

Explain the difference Eisenhower & Kennedy in terms of civil rights. COMPLEXITY?

Eisenhower did not do much, but Kennedy took a more direct role; Hoover v. FDR during GD

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending. there was an economic interest in investing in the military

What were the results of the 1952 election? What about Congress?

Eisenhower won 55 percent of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral college votes; the Republicans narrowly captured Congress on his coattails (coattail effect <3)

_____ promised his administration would upheld "dynamic conservatism" meaning _____. Significance?

Eisenhower; be liberal in things that involved people but w/ money & form of gov, be conservative; did not try to overturn major New Deal achievements

UN Trusteeship Council

Established to help former colonies to prepare for independence,

What was the significance of NATO?

European unification, increased militarization of Cold War

presidents in the unit

FDR (1933-1945), Truman (1945-1953), Eisenhower (1953 -1961 ), JFK (1961-1963), LBJ (1963-1969), Nixon (1969-1974), Ford (1974 - 1977), Carter (1977-1981), Reagan (1981-1989)

Explain the significance of the similarities/differences of MBB & Freedom Riders

FR got much more support; signified growing support

Operation Dixie

Failed effort (failed bc of failure to overcome white workers' lingering fears of racial mixing) by the CIO after World War II to unionize southern workers, especially in textile factories.

Federal Highway Act of 1956

Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense (allowing federal troops to mobilize anywhere in the country in the event of a Soviet invasion) Officially called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, this bill dramatically increased the move to the suburbs, as white middle-class people could more easily commute to urban jobs.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space ---> US feared Russia would be able to reach their missiles --> It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

Why was MacArthur fired? By who? What were the consequences?

For wanting total war (+ use of atomic weapons) in the Korean War; Truman; public approval turned against Truman

Who won the vote of white southerners in 1976?

Ford

What was the policy of boldness? What were its advantages? What else was happening at the time?

Foreign policy objective of Dwight Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who believed in changing the containment strategy to one that more directly engaged the Soviet Union and attempted to roll back communist influence around the world. This policy led to a build-up of America's nuclear arsenal to threaten "massive retaliation" against communist enemies, launching the Cold War's arms race; nuclear intimidation & pretty cheap; he tried to negotiate the end of the Cold War after Stalin died in 1953, but then U-2

What happened in Japan? Was it effective?

General Douglas MacArthur pushed for democratization of Japan (he occupied Japan) --> Japanese "war criminals" were charged & some executed; yes --> the Japanese pretty much obeyed the US because they thought that adopting democracy would cause the US to stop occupying Japan --> a MacArthur-dictated constitution was adopted in 1946: renounced militarism, provided for women's equality, & introduced Western-style dem gov, paving the way for a phenomenal economic recovery that made Japan of the mightiest industrial powers in a few decades

_____ was the most popular American of the time because of his _____, but _____

General Dwight D. Eisenhower; his non-partisan stance; his running mate was political --> he criticized Dems for corruption, caving in Korea, and coddling communists

Who won the 1988 Republican presidential nomination? What did he do before? Campaign? - U9

George H. W. Bush; RR's VP; tax cuts, strong defense policies

Who won the 1988 election? - U9

George H.W. Bush

______ = first president to become president solely by a vote in Congress

Gerald Ford

Bildungsroman Novel

German for coming of age story. Youth's struggle with identity and life's meaning.

What was the Checkers Speech? Why was it significant?

Given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency where he denied accusations of accepting illegal donations; Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal + represented that television was a mechanism for politicians to speak directly to the people --> could use public opinion to garner public support and shut down negative opinions toward themselves

What were the Pentagon Papers and whose administration did they effect? COMPLEXITY?

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam; Nixon; COMPLEXITY: Iran-Contra Affairs under Reagan

Nelson Rockefeller

Governor of NY and VP to Ford. Considered a moderate/liberal Republican

Who joined NATO after the US?

Greece, Turkey, W. Germany

Who were the freedom riders? What happened to them?

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation; a white mob torched down a Freedom Ride bus & Bobby Kennedy's personal rep was beaten unconscious in another riot in Montgomery --> S. officials did not care, so JFK sent federal marshals to protect Freeedom Riders

Gamal Abdel Nasser

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action --> sent 400 federal marshals & 300k troops, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Fulgencio Batista

He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets.

J. Strom Thurmond

He was nominated for president on a States' Rights Party (Dixiecrats) in the 1948 election. Split southern Democrats from the party due to Truman's stand in favor of Civil Rights for African American. He only got 39 electoral votes.

Mikhail Gorbachev - U9

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Explain JFK and civil rights

His campaign appealed to Black voters, but he was not that great at follow through bc he needed the support of S. legislators to pass his economic & social legislation, esp. medical & educ bills --> he thought that those bills would help Black Americans as much as civil rights legislation & he thought bold moves for racial justice would have to wait

Who led Northern Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh

What was the Hungarian uprising? How was US involved? Significance?

Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations against Soviet masters demanding non-communist parties be legalized; US did not help them & it was crushed; revealed that US's nuclear weapons were too large of a tool to use in small crises like this, which revealed the limitations of the "massive relation" doctrine

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Iranian hostage crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year --> news broadcasts in the US showed humiliating scenes of Iranian mobs burning the American flag & spitting on effigies of Uncle Sam --> the Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

"secondary boom"

In the 90s, the boom generation entered middle age and raised its own "secondary boom" of children

Reinhold Niebuhr

Influential liberal protestant clergyman who crusaded against what he perceived as the drift away from Christian foundations for over five decades after WWI.He was vehemently against fascism, communism, and pacifism, and divided the world into "children of light" and "children of darkness."

Paul Robeson and Josephine Baker

Informed Europe about horrible Jim Crowe laws

IBM

International Business Machines, was part of the historic shift to a mass consumer economy after World War II, and symbolized another momentous transformation to the fast-paced "Information Age."

Right away, the UN upheld peace in______ and created _____

Iran & Kashmir; Jewish state of Israel

Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlevi

Iran's ruler that favored the West. close ties with the US. Used oil 4 to build wealth. redistributed land to peasants. Gave women more rights. gave Iran's oil industry to Western control.

What happened in Iran

Iran, supposedly w/ Soviet influence, began to resist the power of Western companies that controlled Iranian petroleum, so CIA planned a coup in 1953 that installed the shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlevi, as a kind of dictator --> secured Iran oil for the West, but made many Iranians resent the US

What happened on Raegan's Inauguration Day?

Iranian hostages were set free after 444 days of captivity

What happened on November 4, 1979?

Iranian militants (citizens with guns) stormed the U.S. Embassy in tehran and took approximately 70 Americans captive. This was a terrorist act which triggered the most serious crisis of the Carter Presidency and began a struggle/problem for Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days.

Saddam Hussein - U9

Iraqi dictator

What happened in Israel under Reagen? - U9

Israel ruined its relationship w/ the US by continuing to allow new settlements to be established in the occupied territory of the Jordan River's West Bank, then Israel invaded Lebanon, seeking to suppress once & for all the guerilla baes from which Palestinian fighters harassed --> the Palestinians were subdued, but Lebanon was plunged into armed chaos, so Raegan sent American troops to Lebanon as part of an int'l peacekeeping force, but it did not bring peace A suicide bomber crashed an explosives-laden truck into a US Marine barracks on 10/23/83 killing more than 200 marines --> President Regan then withdrew the remaining American troops, while suffering no political damage from this horrifying and humiliating attack

What was the draft like in the Cold War?

It was brought back for men 19-25 yrs old

Cuban missile crisis

JFK rejected air force proposals for a surgical bombing strike against missle-launching sites --> then he ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba & demanded immediate removal of the threatening weaponry --> he told Khurshcev that any attack on the US from Cuba would trigger nuclear retaliation against Russia so Americans waited while Soviet ships approached the patrol line established by the US Navy off the island of Cuba --> then the Russians revealed that their ground forces in Cuba had operational nukes that were authorized to launch if attacked --> Russia eventually gave in & agreed to pull missiles out of Cuba IF US agreed to end quarantine & not invade island --> Am. also agreed it would removed missiles pointed @ USSR in Turkey

What happened on November 22, 1963?

JFK was assassinated

What caused the Korean war?

Japan collapsed and Soviet troops took the Japanese surrender of the 38th parallel on the Korean peninsula & US took Southern line; then, in 1949, the US & USSR withdrew their forces & two opposing regimes were eyeing each other Then, N. Korean armies got USSr tanks, so the S was pushed down S Then Truman got involved as part of containment Truman took advantage of Truman's short-term absence from UN Security Council to obtain unanimous condemnation of N. Korea as an aggressor Then, w/out consulting Congress (COMPLEXTIY: War Powers Resolution), he ordered Am. air & val units to support S. Korea --> then, he ordered General Douglas MacArthur's Japan-based occupation troops into action alongside S. Korea

Who was the Democratic nominee in 1976?

Jimmy Carter

Who was the liberal Republican candidate in 1980? How did he run? How much of the vote did he win?

John Anderson; independent; 7%

COMPLEXITY w/ Malcolm X

John Brown

____ was the youngest president elected.

John F. Kennedy

Who won the 1960 presidential election/

Kennedy

____ continues to increase military spending

Kennedy

New Frontier

Kennedy's plan -- supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wants to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military --> America still has areas to grow and improve (dealing with things like poverty, racism, further scientific advances

While ____ waited to pass civil rights legislation, ______ started right away

Kennedy; Johnson

Explain Kennedy-Russia negotiations

Khruschev threatened to make a treaty w/ E. Germany & cut off W. access to Berlin but Kennedy refused to back down --> the Soviets eenutally backed down but E. Germany created Berlin Wall

Who prevented WW3?

Khrushchev

What were the consequences of the Cuban missile crisis?

Khrushchev launched a program of military expansion & Kennedy pushed for a nuclear test-ban treaty w/ USSR --> a pact prohibiting trial nuclear explosions was signed in late 963 + Moscow-Washing "hot line" created permitting immediate teletype communication in case of crisis

Elvis Presley

King of Rock and Roll

Truman wanted to intervene in ______ to avoid what happened in China

Korea

Explain relations between USSR & West in late 1950's

Krushchev demanded that W. powers remove their forces from W. Berlin & sought a face-to-face meeting w/ Eisenhower, so Eisenhower invited him but then the night before a follow-up "summit conference," the USSr shot down an American U-2 spy plane in Russia so Ike took personal responsibility, but Krushchev stormed out & the confoerence failed to happen

What were the consequences of Operation Desert Storm? - U9

Kuwait was liberated but Saddam was still on the prowl

What were the US's relations like with Latin America during the Cold War?

LA resented that the US gave billions of dollars to Europe, but only millions to them & were upset at US still intervening (ie. CIA-operated coup ousted leftist Guatemalan government) & US supported dictators that claimed to be opposed to communism

UN was a successor to ____, but different because

LON; it was less idealistic --> rather than give every party the opportunity to veto, it created the Security Council

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)

Leader of the Chinese Communists whose revolutionary army seized power in China in 1949

What was the Equal Pay Act? Who passed it?

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work; Kennedy

What decision did Truman make in the Middle East after WW2? Why?

ME oul was crucial to Eu recovery & US econ bc of finite oil reserves, but Arab oil countries opposed the creation of Jewish state of Israel in British mandate territory of Palestine BUT defying Arab sentiments & even his own State & Defense Departments & Eu allies, Truman officially recognized the state of Israel; Humanitarian sympathy for Jewish survivors of the Holocaust + wanted to preempt Soviet influence in Jewish state to maintain support of American Jewish voters

Tuman-MacArthur Conclift

MacArthur thiks we should use the atomic bomb in Korea & truman says "no we say what happened last time" so MacArthur was fired

What happened in China when Bush became president? How did US respond? - U9

Maoism loosened its grip and moved towards "capitalism w/ Chinese characteristics" as people in China began to demand democracy BUT the rulers shut that down; despite angry demands in Congress for punitive restrictions on trade w/ China, GHWB wanted us to maintain normal relations

Explain what happened in GB while Raegan was president - U9

Margaret Thatcher became prime minister & she had the same anti big government goals as Raegan --> she wanted to reduce the power of labor unions & gov involvement in business

Griswold v. Connecticut

Married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment

Second Red Scare

McCarthyism, fear of Communism, movies, Propaganda, and hearings contributed to it.

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries.

Who won the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination? - U9

Michael Dukakis

What happened in Iran in the late 70's?

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi's regime was overthrown in January 1979 --> violent revolution was started by Shia Muslim fundamentalists who resented the shah's campaign to westernize & secularize the country --> as Iranian oil stopped supplying the whole nation, shortages began & OPEC seized the opportunity to hike petroleum prices --> Americans then found themselves waiting impatiently in long lines @ gas stations or buying gasoline on specified days

"Teflon president" - U9

Name given to Reagan because of his ability to avoid blame even when things went wrong

What was created after the USSR detonated their first atomic bomb?

National Security Council + CIA

National Security Council Memorandum Number 68

National security council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peacetime armed forces to address Cold War tension. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy, but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity.

Republic of China

Nationalist government that the United States set up on the island of Taiwan

What is the New Right a reaction to?

New Deal liberalism + welfare state; Feminism; sexual revolution; affirmative action; gay rights

_____ were more populist than previous generations of political conservatives

New Right conservatives

_______ became the art capital of the world after WW2

New York

Who led Southern Vietnam? Explain.

Ngo Dinh Diem --> puppet gov --> got aid from US

rock 'n' roll

"Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country. Featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of the 1950s youth culture.

What happened in Yugoslavia under GHWB? - U9

"ethnic cleansing" campaigns against minority groups

How did Truman campaign in 1948?

"give 'em hell" speeches, lashed out against Taft-Harley "slave-labor" and "do-nothing" Republic Congress and gained support for civil rights, labor benefits, health insurance

Glasnot - U9

"openess", aimed to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberty, ending party censorship. This is a huge break with the past and very successful. (Basically is no longer communsim).

USSR's _____ conflicted with US's _____

"spheres of influence"; decolonized "open world"

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who HELPED third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America --> soft power (don't just send bombs)

What was the Alliance for Progress? What were the results?

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military; disappointing --> v. little alliance & v. little pgoress

Robert F. Kennedy

*Brother of JFK *Served as Attorney General under Kennedy *Elected as senator from New York in 1964 *Pushed for desegregation and election regulation & have the FBI address organized crime & civil rights, not just internal security work *Presidential candidate in 1968 *He was assassinated in California by Sirhan Sirhan in June 1968

Stop ERA Movement

-Campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Played a significant role in the fight against ratification of the ERA during the 1970's because it would lead to homosexual marriages, women in combat, taxpayer-funded abortions, unisex bathrooms and elimination of Social security benefits for widows. -Phyliss Schlafly organized an antifeminist opposition even though she appeared as the model of a liberated woman. She believed it would subject women to the military draft and let men "off the hook" by denying their responsibility to provide for their wives and kids. - Stop Taking our Privileges

Marilyn Monroe

-Popularized sensuous sexuality -posed for Playboy in its first issue in 1953

Gore Vidal

-Wrote historical novels and iconoclastic works -Wrote "Myra Breckinridge"

How were the Moral Majority similar to the left-wing protestors of the 1960s? - U9

1) Feminists in the 1960s said "the personal was political" & the religious right claimed that personal matters -- gender roles, homosexuality & prayer -- were grounds for political movements 2) used identity politics ---> rather than calling themselves Latinx voters or gay votes, they called themselves Xtian or pro-life voters 3) used language of "rights" (ie right to life) 4) used civil disobedience (ie. blocked entrances to abortion clinics)

Emmett Till

14 year old boy from Chicago came down to visit his uncle and cousins in the delta. While in line at a grocery store he whistled at the checkout lady. A few days later men came into his uncle's home, kidnapped him, and he was shot and dumped in a river. Men were arrested after the body was found and they were the husband and brother of the woman he whistled at. Plead not guilty, saying it wasn't Emitts body, uncle served as witness to the kidnapping but the men were acquitted by an all-white jury; The 2 men later admitted to a magazine that they had kidnapped and killed him.

Frontiero v. Richardson

14th amendment negates a federal law that allowed a woman in the armed forces to claim her husband as a dependent only if he depended on her for 50% + of his support, while a serviceman could claim dependent status for his wife regardless of actual dependency

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

"Voice of America"

1948; This government agency was created to make radio (and later TV) broadcasts of news and entertainment into foreign countries, especially into those controlled by communists.

What was the McCarran Internal Security Bill? What was its ultimate status? What was the country's reaction to it?

1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. during an "internal security emergency" Was a response to the onset of the Korean war; Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism --> Truman vetoed it BUT it was enacted over his veto; they protested that the bill was like a police-state concentration camp

Dennis v. United States

1951, made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or belong to an organization with this objective. (upheld the Smith Act of 1940 -- first antisedition law)

Malcolm X --> COMPLEXITY?

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality --> told Black poeple to claim their rights "by any means necessary" COMPLEXITY: same thing that happened during American Revolution --> being peaceful (Olive Branch Petition) was not working, so we had to completely separate

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities (the case was specifically about segregation in public schools) to other are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

What was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference? What made it strategic? COMPLEXITY

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to use the power of black churches to fight against segregation & protect Black rights using nonviolent means; churches were the largest & best-organized Black institutions that flourished in segregated society --> one of the few black organizations that could actually thrive in the Jim Crow South; COMPLEXITY: since colonial/slavery times, the teachings in the Bible had been a source of hope for Black people

Landrum-Griffin Act

1959 - Specially tailored to make labor officials responsible for the union's financial affairs, to prevent bully-boy tactics, ensure democratic voting practices within unions, outlaw secondary boycotts, and restrict picketing. --> expanded some anti-labor parts of Taft-Harley Act

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Legislation passed during _____ and ______ (under _____) was the most sweeping change to the US government since the New Deal

1965; 1966; LBJ

What was the My Lai Massacre, and why was it significant?

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the Vietnamese village of; led to more opposition to the war.

What was United States v. Wheeler? What were the consequences?

1978 -- Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes had "unique and limited" sovereignty and were subject to Congress but not states; Native Americans used their sovereignty to increasingly formed casinos all over the country

START II Treaty - U9

1993, signed by President Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin, cut both nation's nuclear arsenals by two-thirds

Dean Acheson

2nd term (for Truman) Secretary of State. Had a "defense perimeter speech" for the Korean War who McCarhty acccused of knowingly employing 205 Communists

How many states short of being ratified was the ERA?

3

Ella Baker

55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)

During the ____s, the economic gap between the richest and the poorest grew, while middle-class incomes stagnated - U9

80

brinkmanship

A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles (Eisenhower's Secretary of State) to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests --> go up to the very brink of war to roll back communism

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act

A U.S. federal law (1988) providing a legal basis for the operation and regulation of games to protect tribal revenue, encourage tribal economic development and protect the tribal economics from negative influences.

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

The Feminist Mystique

A best-selling book by Betty Friedan that was published in 1963. Launched the modern women's movement. about the boredom of suburban housewifery

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees (Republican Committee to Re-elect the president AKA Creep) Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to investigate alleged disloyal Americans & Communists

Counterculture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

containment doctrine

A foreign policy strategy advocated by diplomat and Soviet specialist George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary.

Henry A Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party (made of ex-New Dealers, pacifists, liberals, communist-fronters) for the 1948 election due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets (he did not approve of "dollar imperialism" and was more Soviet-friendly --> his supporters liked that he was a hopeful bloom in the depressing Cold War landscape) He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - U9

A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.

Southern Renaissance

A literary outpouring among mid-twentieth-century southern writers, begun by William Faulkner and marked by a new critical appreciation of the region's burdens of history, racism, and conservatism --> distancing themselves from "Lost Cause" literature of antebellum South --> movement of people to the South motivated them to shit away from S. culture & TV introduced them to new ideas

Moral Majority - U9

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism sexual permissiveness, feminism, gay rights

What wast the "tax revolt"? What were the consequences?

A movement to lower or eliminate taxes. California's Proposition 13, which rolled back property taxes, capped future increases for present owners, and required that all tax measures have a two-thirds majority in the legislature, was the result of one such revolt, inspiring similar movements across the country; new tax-cutting agenda for the conservative government nationwide

Native Son

A novel by Richard Wright about a young black man whose life is destroyed by poverty and racism.

Gideon v. Wainwright

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

What was Flexible Response? What were its consequences?

A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons --> Kennedy increased spending on conventional military forces & bolstered Special Forces specializing in anti-guerilla fighting; seemed reasonable, but it too was deadly --> it lowered the level at which diplomacy would gave way to shooting & provided a mechanism for stepping up the use of force --> proof: Vietnam

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII from W. Europe

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

What was "To Secure These Rights"? What caused it?

A report by the President's Committee on Civil Rights (under Truman), it was given a year after the Committee was formed, and helped pave the way for the civil rights era. It recommended that the government start an anti-lynching campaign and ensure that Blacks got to vote --> Truman desegregated armed forces & civil service ; Truman heard about the lynching of Black war veterans

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X * & Black Panthers . It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

What is the gender gap? What is its significance under GHWB? - U9

A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates. Women tend to be significantly less conservative than men and are more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending; agneder gap formed as pro-choice women increasingly abandoned the anti-abortion Rep party

"new look"

A term used to describe the shift in foreign policy from mere containment to massive retaliation under Eisenhower -> not just stop communism but "roll back" where it had already been instated; This was the new way to look at foreign policy and aimed to roll back communism BUT also promised to balance budget by cutting military spending

Jackson Pollock

A twentieth-century American painter, famous for creating abstract paintings by dripping or pouring paint on a canvas in complex swirls and spatters.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

How did changing demographics affect the Civil Rights movement?

A) Black people were left in urban areas --> made issues more pronounced --> association of urban life with negative stereotypes of Black people --> meant that segregation in some form B) migration of people S & W meant the old school southern racist view was beginning to disappear

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

Rocket Fever

After the USSR launched Sputnik into space in 1957, the race to put as many things in space as possible was on, and it was called this.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Agency of the Department of Justice charged with enforcing Civil Rights Act of 1964

What was the Green Revolution? What were the consequences?

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation + helped to support rising Asian populations + Third Agricultural Revolution; led to greater urbanization bc less people were needed in the agricultural secotr

Marshall Plan for Latin America

Alliance for Progress

What happened in the ME in 1985? How was Nicaragua involved? Why was this sketchy? Did the controversy ever go public? Explain. COMPLEXITY? - U9

American diplomats secretly arranged arms sales to Iran, which was ruined a territorial war w/ Iraq --> In return, the Iranians helped the US obtain the release at least one American hostage held by terrorists in the ME; the money Iran paid for Am. weapons was sent to the contras in Nicaragua; it violated the congressional ban on military aid to Nicaraguan rebels & went against RR's promise not to negotiate with terrorists; eventually new of the secret dealings broke out & RR claimed he was innocent of wrongdoing & ignorant of his subordinates' activitiy --> he was never found to have lied outright, but a congressional committee condemned the "secrecy, deception, and disdain for the law" demonstrated by the admin; COMPLEXITY: similar to the Watergate era in trying to discern "what the president knew and when he knew it"

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II & led UN troops in Korean war

Andy Warhol

An American commercial illustrator and artist famous for his Campbell's soup painting. He was the founder of the pop-art movement, which like all other art movements in history reflected something back on the present society.

Abstract Expressionism

An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal to make up for its limitations proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment, national health insurance, better farm price supports, new TVAs, extension of SS, increased aid to developing countries It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 (expanded social security ) + increased min. wages Expanded ND to include jobs for ppl that were previously ignored

What is supply-side economics? What was another name for it? COMPLEXITY? - U9

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government; Reaganomics/trickle-down economics; COMPLEXITY: Hoover had the same philosophy in the early 1920's, which led him not to do anything about the GD originally

John Kenneth Galbraith

An economist who attacked the prevailing notion that sustained economic growth would solve America's chronic social problems; wrote The Affluent Society --> most people did not listen to him bc everyone was affluent @ the time

What was the European Economic Community? What did it later become?

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members; COMPLEXITY: EU

Who was the 1952 Dem candidate? Reps? Rep running mate?

Andlai E. Stevenson; General Dwight D. Eisenhower; Nixon

Phyllis Schlafly

Anti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the american family

Federal Highway Act

Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of interstate highways over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.

International Style

Archetypal, post-World War II modernist architectural style, best known for its "curtain-wall" designs of steel-and-glass corporate high-rises (UN headquarters)

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union The only people in American history to be executed for espionage in peacetime

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Lee Harvey Oswald

Assassinated JFK

Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.

Atlanta-born Baptist minister, earned a Ph.D. at Boston University, the leader of the civil rights movement and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, advocated nonviolent resistance, was assassinated outside his hotel room in Memphis

Explain the conditions for Black people in the 1950s'. Consequences?

BAD! --> Jim Crow laws still intact + only about 20% of eligible S. Black people were registered to vote (less than 5% in the Deep South) + vigilante violence; ruined the US's international reputation --> used by Soviets for anti-American propaganda + AA performers traveled all over the world informing people of the horrors of Jim Crow + intellectuals criticized the US's treatment of Black people --> saying it was antithetical to our democratic ideals --> criticism led to movements for minorities in the North --> they won equal access to public accommodations in the N & Jackie Robinson became the first Black baseball player in the major league + repeal of Chinese Exclusion act + ban on court enforcement of racially restrictive housing convenants South saw little progress in the early post-war years, but as AAs increasingly spoke up, change came

What represented the initial rise of the conservative movement?

Barry Goldwater running for president

James Baldwin

Black novelist and essayist

What happened with King & JFK?

Bobby Kennedy was worried that King's advisers had communist affiliations, so he ordered FBI director, J Edgar Hoover to wiretap King's phone BUT for the most part htye hada good relationship

______ was a way Eisenhower tried to intervene while still trying to thaw out Cold War, in which ________ governments that were _____ in exchange for ____ that were ____

CIA intervention; democratic; leftist; dictatorships; not communist

President ______ supported deregulation & liberation of market forces

Carter

What happened during the second oil crisis?

Carter sensed the rising temperature of popular discontent --> he retreated to the presidential mountain hideaway @ Camp David where he remained largely out of public view for 10 days --> Carter then called in hundreds of leaders from all walks of lie to give him their views ---> the nation waited anxiously for the results of these extraordinary deliberations

Who did Democrats nominate in 1980? Explain.

Carter; Kennedy had lost a considerable amount of support when a woman drowned as his car plunged off a bridge

Who was Earl Warren? How did people feel about him?

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes; he shocked traditionalists for addressing previously taboo topics of civil rights + he addressed issues prez & Congress told him not to, so Eisenhower was against him and there was a movement to impeach him

What was China's role in the Korean War? Explain the US's response

China had publicly wanred they would not sit back and watch troops approach the strategic Yalu River btwn Korea & China, but MacArthur claimed that there would be no effective intervention by the Chinese --> he was wrong --> in 1950, tens of thousands of Chinese "volunteers" pushed the UN forces back down South & the fighting was back to a stalemate @ the 38th parallel MacArthur wanted a blockade of the Chinese coast & bombardment of Chinese bases in Manchuria --> he even suggested that the US use nuclear weapons on the advancing Chinese BUT Congress did not want to enlarge the already costly conflict & believed USSR >>> threatening than China MacArthur did not believe that we should have a "limited war" Truman refused the use of nuclear weapons & when MacArthur criticized him, MacArthur was removed from Truman's command

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976

Jiang Jieshi

Chinese nationalist leader that was against Mao; supported by the US; loss to Mao, so he and his followers fled to Taiwan

What is the religious beliefs that influenced the Cold War?

Christian people

______ = most comprehensive piece of civil rights legislation enacted in US history & the basis of all discrimination suits to this day

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Who did GHWB nominate to the Supreme Court? Reaction ? - U9

Clarence Thomas; NAACP + NOW did not approve --> Senate Judiciary Committee had a tied vote & forwarded the matter to the Senate w/out a recommendation --> had to reopen its hearings when CT was accused of sexual assault --> Senate eventually confirmed him --> women were upset about a) how he treated Anita Hill and b) his anti-abortion stance

People's Republic of China

Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

What was going on with organized labor during Ike's second term?

Congressional investigations produced ev of gansterism, fraud in many unions, esp. Teamsters --> so AFL-CIO expelled Teamsters for choose leaders, like mob-connected James R. Hoffa

New Right

Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

William Levitt

Created Levittown -- the first "cookie cutter" suburb -- was an American real estate dealer. His innovations of providing affordable housing popularized the type of planned community building later known as suburbia.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

What happened in Central American under Reagan? COMPLEXITY? - U9

Nicaragua: leftist revolution causes long-time dictator of Nicaragua to be removed ---> Carter tried to ignore the anti-American rhetoric of he Sandanistas, the Nicaraguan revolutionaries, and tried to establish positive diplomatic ties with them BUT Reagan accused them of turning their country into a new stop for Soviet & Cuban military penetration --> using photos taken on high-flying spy planes, his administration claimed that Nicaraguan leftists were shipping weapons to revolutionary forces in El Salvador El Salvador: Reagan sent military "advisers" to prop up the pro-American government in El Salvador --> he provided covert aid, including CIA-engineered mining of harbors to the rebel contras (anti-Sandinistas) Sent a heavy-firepower invasion force to Grenada (a military coup had killed the PM & brought Marxists to power) COMPLEXITY: showed US's determination to assert dominance in the Caribbean, like TR had done

The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness

Niebuhr divided the world into 2 polarized camps -- non-communists and communists

What presidents endorsed the ERA? How many states? How many needed?

Nixon & Ford; 27; 38

What did Nixon says at the Senate hearings about Watergate? Was that true?

Nixon denied any prior knowledge of the break-in & any involvement in legal proceedings against the burglars; a former White House aide revealed that.a secret taping system had recorded most of Nixon's Oval Office conversations --> at first, he only agreed to "relevant" portions of the tapes being published with sections missing, but the Supreme Court ruled "executive privilege" did not mean he could withhold evidence relevant to possible criminal activity, so he complied

How did Ford become president?

Nixon resigned

What important feminist victory was stopped in 1972? Why was it stopped?

Nixon vetoed a proposal to set up a nationwide public daycare; on the basis that it would weaken the American family

Who did Ford pardon? What were the consequences?

Nixon; Democrats were upset & it weakened his opportunities to be elected in 1976

Who was the 1960 Republican candidate for president? Democratic?

Nixon; JFK;

Milton Fried

Nobel prize-winning economist & critic of Keynesian economics & long-standing activist, who wrote the book "Free to Choose" which made a case for the superiority of free markets for solving social problems & protecting individual liberty

Black Monday - U9

October 19, 1987. Date of the largest single-day decline (plunged 508 pints in one day) in the Dow Jones Industrial Average until September 2001. The downturn indicated instability in the booming business culture of the 1980s but did not lead to a serious economic recession.

Trade Expansion Act (1962)

October, 1962 - The Act gave the President the power to reduce tariffs in order to promote trade. Kennedy could lower some tariffs by as much as 50%, and, in some cases, he could eliminate them.

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

Organization that formed in 1954. The organization was made up of the United States and many Asian nations like South Korea, Japan, India, and Australia. Its goal was to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

Levittowns? Limitations? What pattern did this represent?

Planned suburban communities of cheap, mass-produced houses ("cookie-cutter" housing) built by WIlliam Levitt all over the country during the 1950's; excluded Black people, so Black people were forced into the inner-city neighborhoods white people were feeling; suburbanization --> people started to move away from cities

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed by the Soviet Union and Western countries. It was an attempt to improve relations between the Communists and the West. One of the agreements officially wrote an end to WW2 by legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries of Poland & other E. Eu countries; Soviets signed a "third basket" of agreements, guaranteeing more liberal exchanges of people & info btwn E & W & protecting certain basic human rights; l

What was the Strategic Defense Initiative? Public response? Consequences? - U9

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced --> lazers from space stations are used to prevent against attacks; people criticized it; never actually happened

What is the Suez Crisis***? Why is it significant?

President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, an ardent Arab nationalist, wanted to build an immense damn on the upper Nile for irrigation & power --> US & GB offered to help, but then Nasser began to flirt with communists, so the US withdrew their offer, so Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, owned by British & French stockholders --> ruined W. Eu's oil supply --> Fr & GB kept US out of discussions & coordinated with Israel & then launched a joint assault on Egypt --> the invaders thought US would give them oil while ME supplies were disrupted, but Eisenhower refused to release emergency supplies --> oil-less allies withdrew their troops & UN police force was sent to maintain order Egypt wanted to nationalize Suez (have their own control of it), but GB was like "no" --> US wanted it to not became a war --> GB, France, & Israel were upset because they had a stake in the Suez Canal bc it cut off their access to oil --> E

Green Berets

President Kennedy gave enthusiastic support to the expansion of the Special Forces, soldiers who trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

What was Executive Order 9981? Why was it passed? What were the consequences?

President Truman desegregated armed forces; he wanted to further the progressive Democrat party that had flourished under the New Deal; Southern white people that had been Democrats no longer supported the Democratic party

Boris Yeltsin - U9

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.***

I.M. Pei

Pritzker Prize-winning Chinese-born American architect, known as the last master of high modernist architecture.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972.

Project Headstart

Provided early educational opportunities, such as subsidized preschool, to children from lower-income families.

_____ added more to the national debt than all his predecessors combined - U9

RR

What role did the courts play during RR's presidency? - U9

RR appointed a near-majority of all sitting federal judges ---> he named three conservative justices to the SC

What was happening with the contras? - U9

RR kept demanding that Congress sed money to the contras, but Congress repeatedly refused & RR's administration became more motivated to help the contras

What happened at the second summit meeting btwn RR & Gorbachev? - U9

RR stormed out because he believed that Gorbachev wanted him to end SDI

Who did Republicans nominate in 1980?

Raegan

Who won the 1980 election?

Raegan

______ approved a set of far-reaching tax reforms that lowered individual tax rates, reduced federal estate taxes & created new tax-free savings plans for small investors - U9

Raegan

______ condemned federal intervention in local affairs, favoritism for minorities, and elitism of bureaucrats - U9

Raegan

"prime rate"

Rate of interest banks charge on short-term loans to their best customers

Who said "Government is not the solution to our problem. Government is the problem." ? -U9

Reagan

Robert Bork - U9

Reagan appointee for judge, rejected by Dem Senate due to extreme views

What was the smoking gun tape? Consequences?

Recording made in the Oval Office in June 1972 that proved conclusively that Nixon knew about the Watergate break-in and endeavored to cover it up --> Nixon gave CIA orders 6 days after the break-in to hold back an inquiry by the FBI; Led to a complete breakdown in congressional support for Nixon after the Supreme Court ordered he hand the tape to investigators --> the House Judiciary Committee drew up articles of impeachment for obstruction of justice + abuse of powers + contempt of Congress --< Congress informed the president that impeachment & removal from office were p. much inevitable, so Nixon announced his resignation

Who were the 1956 presidential candidates? Who won? How did voting demographics shift?

Rep: Eisenhower; Dem: Adlai Stevenson; Eisenhower; Eisenhower got even more of the traditional Southern democrats than he had in 1952, BUT he lost Reps both houses of Congress (first time this happened since 1848)

How did people feel about the Fair Deal?

Reps and S. Dems opposed it

What happened to the Senate in 1986? - U9

Reps lost control of the Senate

What happened to Congress in 1980? Why was this significant?

Republicans got control of the Senate for the first time in 26 years

What was the American response to Communism taking place in China?

Republicans were mad at Truman for "losing China" and claimed that Democratic agencies had deliberately supported the communists & withheld aid from Jiang Jieshi to let communism succeed

What happened in the 1946 Congressional elections?

Republicans won Congress

Who led new right movement?

Ronal Reagan + any people that had previously been part of Barry Goldwater's failed 1964 presidential campaign

What did FDR's opponents claim? HIs supporters?

Roosevelt betrayed China by giving Manchuria to Soviets; Stlain could have gotten more of China, but the Yalta conference stopped him + if Stalin had kept his promise of free elections in E. Europe (ie. Poland and Balkans) it would not have been unthinkable to kick them out***

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq Iran, Venezuela

What was SALT II? What did critics?

Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty; critics still saw the USSR as very dangerous

_____ was spontaneous action

Sit in Movement

Quemoy and Matsu

Small islands off the coast of China occupied by the nationalists and claimed by the People's Republic. Late in 1954, the U.S. hinted at defending them because they were considered vital to the defense of Formosa, even though they were not expressly covered by the mutual defense treaty.

Although Reagan opposed government spending, _____ remained popular with voters - U9

Social Security & Medicare

Nikia Khrushchev

Soviet premier who came to power in 1953 when Stalin died

Explain what Stalin did about Iran

Stalin broke an agreement to remove his troops from Iran (which USSR had occupied during WW2) bc he wanted oil concessions --> he sent troops to aid a rebel mvmt --> Truman proteested --> USSR backed down

Explain arms race

Stalin gets A-bomb in 1949; US Gets H-Bomb in 1952

Iran Crisis of 1946

Stalin refuses to leave Iran after WWII for drilling; Iran calls upon help from UN; Britain and US fed up w/ Stalin

At the Yalta Conference _____ agreed that Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania should have _____ government but _____

Stalin; representative gov w/free elections; broke that pledge soon

Allan Blake

Sued Medical university of California in 1978 claiming reverse discrimination had taken place --> SCOTUS upheld that his application had been denied because of an admissions policy that favored minority applications --> the Court forced UC Davis medical school to admit him & declared that preference in admissions could not be given to members of any group, minority, or majority on the basis of ethnic or racial identity aline BUT ALSO held that racial factors could be taken into account in a school's overall admissions policy for purposes of assembling a diverse student body

What were the consequences of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Supreme Court eventually desegregated them

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Sweatt was denied admittance to Texas Law School because of his race. Result: SC ruled that the school had to let him in because the separate facility for negroes was not even close to equal. - 14th A.

Gunnar Myrdal

Swede who called out the fact that the United States claimed to

What were some of the limitations of post-WW2 organized labor

Taft-Harley slowed the growth of organized labor in post-WW2 America; anti-communist purges removed active organizers out of their orgs; service sector workers were difficult to organize than the assembly-line workers

What was the Economic Miracle? What caused it?

Term contemporaries used to describe rapid economic growth, often based on the consumer sector, in post-World War II western Europe; Marshall Plan

Boll weevils - U9

Term for conservative southern Democrats who voted increasingly for Republican issues during the Carter and Reagan administrations.

"open skies"

The Soviets rejected this proposal for open aerial photography of eachothers territory in order to eliminate surprise nuclear attacks.

What were the Army-McCarthy Hearings? What were the consequences?

The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthy's irresponsibility and meanness; the Senate condemned McCarthy

Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis one of the MOST important events of John Kennedy's presidency?

The US and the USSR almost started a nuclear war.

Why did the US amend the US-Soviet trade bill? How did they amend it? How did the general public feel? President?

The USSR continued its human rights violations, including restrictions on Jewish emigration; adding punitive restrictions; the American public's faith in detente decreased because of their political fury over USR's actions, especially motivated by conservatives; he still wanted detente, but he became less adamant about it as public discontent grew

National Defense Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

What was Berlin Blockade? Why did it occur?

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies (by cutting off railway and highway access in Berlin) in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift; USSR wanted to cut off Western nation's access to East Germany (Berlin = in E. Germany)

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union forces of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps, and Vietnamese Viet Minh communist revolutionary forces. The battle occurred between March and May 1954, and culminated in a massive French defeat that effectively ended the war bc Vietnam was halved ---> point in which the French lost

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea USSR controlled N. part of Korea and US controlled S. Korea, so N. attacks and takes over most of Korea, so then MacArthur pushes back the communists, so then the communists get help from China and ultimately the armistice ends just like they started

J. Edgar Hoover

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals --> rejected Bobby Kennedy's proposed reforms

Bretton Woods System

The economic order negotiated among allied nations at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, which led to a series of cooperative arrangements involving a commitment to relatively low barriers to international trade and investment.

George C. Marshall

The head of allied forces in World War II; Truman's Secretary of State; proposed economic aid to to rebuild Western Europe -> Marshall Plan

Reed v. Reed

The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination.

Long Telegram

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.

Boland Amendment - U9

The name given to three U.S. legislative amendments passed by Congress between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the rebel Contras in Nicaragua.

Rust Belt**

The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

was the new frontier successful

The only successful thing was increase minimum wage because a lot of things are blocked by Congress & overshadowed. by concerns over foreign affairs

Perestrioka - U9

The restructuring of the failing Soviet economy, which allowed for limited free market practices, such as the profit motive & an end to subsidized prices --> started under leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee

How did the US respond to finding out that the Soviets had missiles in Cuba?

They placed a naval blockade around Cuba

General Assembly

This is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions.

"action paintings"

This type of Abstract Expressionist painting involved dramatic brushstrokes or dripping paint.

Who was the Republican 1948 presidential candidate?

Thomas E. Dewey

Who got rid of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1943?

Truman

What was the President's Committee on Civil Rights? What was the response?

Truman issued a report calling for an end to segregation and poll taxes, and for more aggressive enforcement of anti lynching laws; S. Dems did not like it

Explain how Truman & Eisenhower felt about civil rights. Congress? SCOTUS?

Truman was for it, but Eisenhower showed no real care; Reps & S. Dems in Congress refused to pass civil rights legislation; they led the way because no other branch would

What were the results of the 1948 presidential election? What was the reaction? Congress election? Whose support was key for this?

Truman won; it was shocking; Dems regained control of Congress; Republican-wary farmers, workers, and African Americans

Truman Doctrine

Truman's "get-tough-with-Russia" policy --> he asked for $400 from Congress million to protect Greece & Turkey from communist encroachment, which Congress granted --> he said the US should "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure" --> intervene to stop the spread of communism --> note: he did not send troops

What was the "get-tough-with-Russia" policy? What inspired it? What was it eventually called?

Truman's policy to reduce Russian advancements; containment doctrine + Britain could no longer take on the financial & military pressures of protecting Greece from increasing communist movements --> if Greece fell, Turkey would collapse & the Med would become Soviet; Truman doctrine

What is the significance of the 1948 election

Truman's upset victory; split between Democratic party (Dixiecrats start to not like Truman)

Joseph R. McCarthy

U.S. Senator who falsely accused Americans of having communist ties

What was the Sun Belt migration? Why did it happen?

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states (VA through FL & TX to AZ & CA) , which has grown most dramatically since World War II; people were moving away from the N & E

What organization was formed to pursue world peace in 1945?

UN

What were the consequences of Communism taking place in China?

US & its allies were at a disadvantage the Cold War --> 500 million people swept into the communist camp

Bernard Baruch

US delegate in UN that called for a UN agency free from great-power veto, with worldwide authority over atomic energy, weapons, & research with authority over atomic research

What happened in 1952? 1953?

US exploded its first H-bomb; Soviets did it

Why were people worried about the future of US-USSR relations?

US refused to officially recognize the Bolshevik government for 16 years; allies delayed opening a second front against Germany while USSR lost a lot of soldiers; USSR was excluded from atomic weapons project; US abruptly stopped lend-lease aid to USSR and declined USSR's request for a reconstruction loan, but promising one to GB

Reagan Doctrine - U9

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes anyway and everywhere; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan

______ took a leading role in shaping the UN, and in contrast to _____, _____ also wanted to be a key participant in this body

US; economic institutions; USR

What happened in 1949? What were the consequences?

USSR exploded an atomic bomb; now the US did not have an advantage in the arms race

What was the response to Bernard Baruch's proposal?

USSR said possession of nukes should be outlawed by every nation but Truman said it would be stupid to do so because it would leave us vulnerable to others' attacks

What were Buffer states? consqeuences?

USSR were very reluctant to follow through with free elections in buffer states; Western countries became fearful of the USSR spreading

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) --> she was arrested -->and so triggered the national civil rights movement __> MBB

______ War divided the nation more than any other war had

Vietnam

Who was the Democratic candidate in the Election of 1984? Why was his campaign significant? What did he do before? Why was this significant? - U9

Walter Mondale; he head the first ever female VP nominee; VP for Carter; tainted his reputation

Why/how did South Vietnam collapse? COMPLEXITY?

Why: the N. Vietnamese really commited themselves to pushing South & President Ford begged Congress to vote 4 more weapons to Vietnam, but they did not & the S. Vietnamese collapsed w/out Am. aid How: the US had to be evacuated by helicopter & rescued ~140k S. Vietnamese that would have been targeted by communists --> Ford let them in & then 500k of them came to America COMPLEXITY: like US rapidly leaving Afghanistan & leaving them helpless

David Riesman

Wrote "The Lonely Crowd", a sociological study of modern conformity, which postulates the existence of the "inner-directed" and "other-directed" personalities. Riesman argues that the character of post WWII American society impels individuals to "other-directedness", the preeminent example being modern suburbia, where individuals seek their neighbors' approval and fear being outcast from their community.

"yuppies" - U9

Young urban professional that began to appear in the 1980s

What was Proposition 13? What was the other name for it?

a Californian ballot measure in 1978 that slashed property taxes and forced deep cuts in government services; "tax revolt"

Before the US joined NATO, it was _____

a European organization

U-2 Incident

a U.S. spy plane was shut down in Russia, which ruined US-USSR relations that were getting better @ that time

What metaphor did Raegan use to describe the US in regards to the federal budget? What did he think was responsible for this? - U9

a baby as a creature that was all appetite at one end with no sense of responsibility at the other; New Deal style tax-and-spend programs

US and Russia were only "friends" because of ______

a common enemy

What was redlining? What were the consequences?

a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas (that were primarily populated by Black & minority populations), especially inner-city neighborhoods; limited the mobility of AAs out of inner cities & drove them to public housing projects --> fed the wealth gap btwn yt & Black people --> prevented Black people from gaining generational wealth because homeownership is often a very valuable asset

Stonewall Riots

a group of riots in new york by homosexuals, marked the beginning of the gay rights movement

Economic Opportunity Act

a law, enacted in 1964, that provided funds for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training

How did people react to the Great Society?

a lot of people especially in the South did not like it & he began to lose support

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong (communists) on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

"beat" writers

a name given to authors and poets such as Jack Kerouac, William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg who gained notoriety in the 1950s and espoused a philosophy of existentialism and a rejection of materialism --> rejected middle-class conformist life --> kinda like Feminine Mystique in rjecting the borniness

Seven Dwarfs

a pack of Democrats who ran for president in 1980 & hoped to use the ethical and economic anxieties of the time against the Republicans

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

American University Speech

a speech given by JFK at a college graduation where he talked about attempting to reduce cold war tensions and a change in US foreign policy --> tried to lay the foundation for a realistic policy of peaceful coexistence w/the USSR

____ replaced realism

abstract expressionism

What did MacArthur do after being fired?

accused Truman of appeasing communism

Raegan was a ______ before. Then, _____ and then president - U9

actor; governor of California

A notable 1974 Na tie Americans case _____

affirmed the rights secured in the 1850s treaties that entitled Native Americans to half the annual salmon harvest

Employment Act of 1946

aimed at better labor conditions & preventing another Great Depression; made it gov policy to "promote maximum employment, production & purchasing power"; created a three-member Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with the data & recommendations to make that policy a reality

International Monetary Fund

aimed at encouraging world trade by regulating currency exchange rates

What water bill did GHWB sign? - U9

aimed to reform the distribution of subsidized federal water in the arid West --> it sought to put the interests of the environment on par w/ those of ag & to provide more water to the W.

Berlin Airlift

airlifts in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

_____ was the price America paid for low casualty rates from WW2

allowing the USSR to get a a lot of E. & central Europe by leaving the E. front in Russia's hans

What important event in 1981 increased support for Raegan? - U9

an assassination attempt against him

Reverend Jerry Falwell - U9

an evangelical minister, founded a political organization called the Moral Majority

What had actually been the cause of the "Reagan Recession"? What did people think was the cause of it? What people thought this? How did they react? - U9

anti-inflationary "tight money" policies that had been launched by Carter's Federal Reserve Board; Reagan; Democrats; they got very mad at him

How did Carter first try to respond to the Iranian hostage crisis? Did it work? What happened next? What were the consequences of this?

applying economic sanctions & pressure of world public opinion against Iranians, while hoping for the emergence of a stable gov with which to negotiate; no --> the turmoil in Iran continued & Carter's frustration grew; Carter ordered a rescue mission --> a highly trained commando team penetrated deep into Iran' --> their plan required perfect planning to succeed & when equipment failures prevented some members of the team from reaching their destination, the mission had to be scrapped ==> two of the aircraft collided, killing 8 of the would-be rescuers; the disastrous failure of the rescue raid proved anguishing for Americans --> underscored the nation's helplessness & incompetence in the face of a mortifying insult to the national honor --> the stalemate with Iran dragged on through out the rest of Carter's term, providing an embarrassing backdrop to the embattled president's struggle for reflection

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services - U9

approved a MS law that imposed certain restrictions on abortions ---> more leeway for states in regulating abortion, though no overturning of Roe v. Wade

Who did the Democrats nominate in 1948?

at first people didn't want Truman, but when Eisenhower refused to be nominated, ppl went back to Truman despite southern delegates (upset @ his pro - civil rights stance) opposing this --> southern democrats (Dixiecrats) from 13 states met in AL to nominate J. Strom Thurmond on a States' Rights platform

What was the economy like under GHWB? Consequences? - U9

bad --> unemployment exceeded 7% + federal debt continued to grow & Bush signed a budget increase that included $133 billion in new taxes to hold off communists --> he had broken his campaign promise not to provide new taxes --> divided his party & many congressional Reps voted against his agreement --> Republicanism became congruent w/anti-tax increases

Eisenhower wanted to _____ federal budget meaning ____to ____, so he ____

balance; halt further expansion of gov programs; prevent creeping socialism; slowed down military buildup + endorsed transfer of control over offshore oil fields from fed gov to the states (won S. support) & tried to curb TVA by encouraging a private compete to compete w/ massive public utility

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty - U9

banned all INF missles from Europe

Why was the GI Bill enacted?

bc of fear employment markets would not be able to absorb 15 million returning veterans at wars' end,

"sit-in" movement

began in Greensboro, North Carolina when four students sat at a "whites only" lunch counter --> more students kept doing it all over the south

What were some similarities between US & USSR? Why was this significant?

both largely isolated from world affairs pre-WW@ + "missionary" diplomacy (trying to make other nations either more democratic or more communist); made a confrontation unavoidable

The turn to the market in the 70s garnered support from which party?

both!

What were the political consequences of the economic failure under RR? Social consequences? - U9

budget deficits allowed the growth of the gov bc it made social spending practically & politically impossible for the foreseeable future; reversed the shift towards more equitable distribution of income

Black authors _____

built on earlier achievements from Harlem Renaissance

Explain the funding of the Marshall Plan

called for $12.5 billion over 4 years in 16 countries --> at first, the US was not happy about having to pay this esp. after they had already contributed to Europe with the United Nations Relief & Rehad Admin (UNRRA) & w/out contributions to UN, IMF & World Bank, but a communist coup in Czech made them realize how importance this was & they moved forward with it

What were the phases of the Civil Rights Movement? When did they shift?

civil (bus boycotts) + radical; after CRA + MLK's assassination

What happened in China post ww2? Consequences?

civil war btwn Nationalists (gov in power) & communists (US supported Nationalists) --> ineptitude & corruption within in Jiang Jieshi's regime reduced people's confidence in him --> Communist armies swept S & Jiang was forced to flee to Taiwan (Nationalists lost)

New Deal Coalition

coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

The most controversial Yalta decision was _____. (Explain)

concerning the Far East; it seemed highly desirable that Stalin would enter the Asian war and attack Japanese troops in Manchuria & Korea --> Stalin agreed to attack Japan w/in 3 mths of Germany's fall in exchange for the S. half of Sakhalin Island (lost to Japan in 1915), Japan's Kurile Islands & control over the railroads & two key seaports in Manchuria

What were the CIS like? - U9

condemned communism & embraced democratic reforms & free-market capitalism

When Hitler fell, _______

conflict between communist Russia and democratic US became inevitable because they no longer had a common enemy

Poets were often critical of _____

conformity of midcentury American life

What were Eisenhower's goals as president? Was he successful?

conservatism: balance the budget, cut federal spending, ease gov regulation of business; not really ---> military buildup due to Cold War prevented him from cutting the military budget, but he reduced troops under the New Look, though it was not enough to reduce the deficit as much as he wanted + popularity of New Deal programs made it hard to get rid of them (he actually had to increase spending on Social Security) + Interstate Highway Act was rlly expensive

How did Barry Goldwater's 1964 platform reflect the social & economic changes of the era?

conservatives were done with having had so many social programs in the past decades - political realignment in the South --> growing conservatism --> less. government intervention

What were the consequences of expanding suburbs?

construction industry boomed to meet the demand

Who benefitted from the Federal Highway Act of 1956? Who was hurt?

construction jobs + trucking, automobile, oil & travel industries; railroads, esp. passenger trains; railroads + led to poor air quality and problems for energy consumption which hurt cities

What is the impact of the Korean war?

containment = successful

What did Kennedy do about Vietnam?

corrupt right-wing Diem gov was ruling shakily, despite Ameican aid & protestors were trying to collapse it, so JFK ordered more troops to S. Veitnam to protect Diem from communists, but then they launched a coup against him

National Security Council

council to advise the president on security maagers

National Security Act

created Department of Defense, National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); streamlined Department of Defense

What did the New Right organizers do?

created advocacy groups, PACS, & think tanks

How did the church feel about abortion?

created grassroots movements to oppose the legalization of abortion

What did Raegan say about Carter during his campaign?

critiqued his foreign policy + big-governmentism of the Democratic party

What were the consequences of McCarthyism?

damaged the effectiveness of the State Department --> for ex: deprived the gov of a number of Asian specialists who may have helped with a better course of action in Japan + damaged US's reputation as a fair democracy

What general trend were the Nuremberg Trials indicative of?

de-Nazification in Germany

What happened to Union membership in the 80s? Why? - U9

declined; loss of manufacturing jobs, anti-union policies

From 1960 to 1980, the federal budget had shifted from ____ to _____. In 1973, the budget of the Department of ______, ____, and ____ surpassed that of Department of _____. People were ___

defense; entitlement programs; Health; Education; Welfare; Defense; upset that they had to pay so many taxes

What was the main reason for inflation in the 1970s?

deficit spending in the 60s, especially LBJ's insistence on fighting the war in Vietnam & funding Great Society programs @ home all w/out a tax increase or finance added expenditures ---> both military spending & welfare spending were inflationary bc they put dollars into people's hands w/out adding to the supply of civilian goods those dollars could buy

What did the world look like under GHWB? - U9

democracy was thriving again --> S. Af. abandoned the apartheid & Mandela was elected prez --> free elections in Nicaragua --> El Salvador gained peace

Explain Castro-US relations

denounced American imperialists & began to seize valuable American properties while pursuing a land-distribution program --> US cut off heavy US imports of Cuban sugar ---> Castro retaliated w/ wholesale confiscation of US property & made his left-wing dictatorship in economic & military satellite of Moscow --> anti-Castro Cubans left to US, esp. to Florida --> US put an embargo on Cuba --> COMPLEXITY: exists to this day

"Martial Plan"

derogatory name given to Marshall plan by the Russians who claimed it was "just a capitalist trick" when they refused to join it

What were the Helsinki Accords an expansion of? What were the consequences?

detente; kindled small dissident mvmts in E. Eu that USSR had tried to shut down

In spring of 1963, MLK launched a campaign against _____, which led to ____ so _____

discrimination in Birmingham, AL, the most segregated big city in America; peaceful, civil rights protestors being attacked by dogs & electric cable prods; JFK delivered a televised speech where he called racial injustice a "moral issue" & committed to finding a solution & called for new civil rights legislation to protect Black citizens

What did some Americans want to do to Germany post -WW2?

dismantle Germany's factories because they believed Germany's industrialization made them such a threat

How did Thurgood Marshall feel about the Blake decision? What was his reasoning?

dissented; he feared that the denial of racial preferences might deteriorate years of progress for the civil rights movement

What is the similarity between the Marshall Plan and another historical act?

dollar diplomacy

Kennedy was more ____ focused than Eisenhower

domestic

What was happening to productivity during the 1970s? median income? standard of living? Causes? What did some economist argue?

during the entire decade there was not a productivity advance equivalent to one year's progress in the preceding two decades; median income of the average American family stagnated in the decades after 1970 & only didn't decline because of the addition of wives' wages; lower for baby boomers than it had been for their parents; 1) increasing presence of women & teenagers in the workforce, who typically had fewer skills than adult male workers & were less likely to take the full-time, long-term jobs where skills might be developed 2) declining investment in new machinery 3) heavy costs of compliance w/gov-impose safety & healthy regulations 4) shift of American economy from manufacturing to services, where productivity gains were allegedly more difficult to achieve & measure; this was the end of the US's economic growth & rising living standards

Though unsuccessful in the White House, Carter ______

earned much admiration in later years for his humanitarian & human rights activities & received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002

Explain the economic state of the nation in the late 1960s

economic boom was slowly fading

What happened alongside Glasnot & Perestroika? - U9

end of the Cold War --> Gorbachev announced in April 1985 that the USSR would stop deploying nuclear forces in W. Eu & met w RR @ 4 summits in Geneva in 1985

What were some of the reasons for stagflation?

end to postwar order: Keynesian economics, expanding welfare state, shared prosperity,

Where did the political emphasis shift to in the 1980's? - U9

energy & promise of the free market & burdens & dangers of "big government"

Explain the significance of the Korean war on the American military

expanded military; + created National Security Council Memorandum Number 68

What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion? what caused it? What were the consequences? What else caused these consequences?

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs; JFK wanted to get Castro out of power; Castro was more willing to ally w/ USSR & even USSR installed nuclear-tripped missiles in Cuba; US tried to assassinate Castro

Vanguard Missle

failure missile launched by US that blew up just a few feet off the ground

What were the consequences of population redistribution?

families + friendships were hard to sustain --> loneliness & isolation

Why did the war remain cold?

fear mutual destruction (global annihilation)

Mark Rotho

figurative representation, enveloping whole canvases with bold, shimmering swaths of color

What happened in 1957?

first Civil Rights Act since Reconstruction --> v. modest --> set up Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights & authorize federal injunctions to protect voting rights

1955 Geneva Summit

first face-to-face meeting between a Soviet Premier (Khrushchev) and a U.S. President (Eisenhower) meeting to discuss ways to stop nuclear arms race

Clean Air Act of 1955

first law to control the use of airborne contaminants

What does the Berlin Blockade/Airlift signify?

first time US + USSR start butting heads

Sandra Day O'Connor - U9

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

What was the effect of television on the Civil Rights Movement?

focused on making the movement "easily digestible"

What are some things LBJ did?

food stamps, Clean Air & Water Act, Medicare & Medicaid, Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act,

What were the consequences of the end of the Cold War? - U9

forced the US to redefine its role in the world (ie. after 9/11, their focus becomes fighting terrorism)

Where did we get loans from under RR? Consequences? - U9

foreign leaders, ie. Japan; future generations would have to work harder than their parents + have lower standards of living to pay off these debts

What was Reagen's main goal in his second term? - U9

foreign policy issues

What other "dirty tricks" did Nixon take part in?

forging documents to discredit Democrats, using the IRS to harass innocent citizens named on a White House "enemies list", burglarizing the office of the psychiatrist who treated the leaker of the pentagon papers, perverting FBI & CIA to cover their tracks

neoconservatives

former liberals appalled by what they regarded as the excesses of the 1960's that took part in a conservative revival; they championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints & sharply questioned the efficacy of welfare programs spawned by LBJ's Great Society initiatives ---> called for restoration of traditional values @ home & took tough, harshly anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy

What was Congress like when Kennedy came to power? What were the consequences?

fragile Democratic majority; S. Dems threatened to team up w/ Reps & end New Fronteir proposals --> Kennedy was able to expand House Rules Committee, which was dominated by conservatives who could have bottled up his entire legislative program BUT the New Frontier did not pass quickly --> medical & education bills stayed stalled in Congress --> they voted down a bill reducing income & corporate tax rates to boost the economy

How did US expand under Eisenhower?

gained AK and HI

Title IX generation

generation of women in athletics and schools and colleges that helped professionalize women's sports

What did people blame the 70s sagflation on? Consequences?

gov regulations; deregulatory movement in transportation, communications & banking

Economic inequality and political polarization ______ after 1980 - U9

grew

What was the affect of the budding feminist movement on American life?

growing numbers of divorced, single-parent & daul-income households

What did Raegan think about the Democratic party? - U9

he claimed they were the party of big government & the tools for its minority constituents

Newt Gingrich - U9

he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget & led a line of conservative congressmen that opposed GHWB's tax increases

How did Raegan engage in politics before officially beginning his political career?

he helped purge suspected communists from the film industry then he became a spokesperson at General Electric & abandoned his previous New Deal views & began to preach of anti-government conservatism

What was Carter's response to what happened in Iran in 1979? What were the Soviets doing @ that time?

he placed an embargo on the export of rain & high technology machinery to the USR & called for a boycott of the upcoming Olympic Games in Moscow; he proposed the creation of "Rapid Deployment Force" to respond to suddenly developing crises in faraway places & requested that young people (including women) be made to register for a possible military draft --> he proclaimed the US would "use any means necessary, including force" to protect the Persian Gulf against Soviet incursions --> he conceded that he had misguided the Soviets & the SALT II treaty died in the Senate; the Soviet army met intense resistance in Afghanistan & were involved in a decade long guerilla war

What happened in Panama under GHWB? ME? - U9

he sent airborne troops to Panama to capture dictator & drug lord Manuel Noreiga; Hussein (ruler of Iraq) sent his armers to overrun Kuwait --> Iraq needed Kuwait's oil to pay for its debt after their war w/Iran --> Hussein wanted to control oil supply to industrial nations & destroy Israel --> the US & their allies gave tools of aggression to Sadd bc they were mad at Islamic Iran & Hussein was anti-Iran --> eventually Saddam entered Kuwait & the UN Security Council condemned it & demanded the immediate & unconditional withdrawal of Iraq's troops --> an economic embargo did not work, so the Security Council sent Saddam an ultimatum to leave Kuwait or UN forces would "use all necessary means" to expel his troops --> the US sent military deployment to the Persian GUlf --. on Jan. 12th Congress approved the use of force ---> there were lots of air attacks & Iraq responded with short-range ballistic missiles against miilitary & civilian targets in Saudi Arbia & Israel

What was RR's view of Saddam Hussein? - U9

he still supported him

How did Raegan feel about the federal budget? - U9

he thought it was too large

Ronal Reagan

he was moderate & appointed a liberal Republican, Nelson Rockefeller as his VP

Why did LBJ withdraw from the 1968 presidential race?

he was not well liked because of his involvement in the Vietnam War

What was unique about JFK? How did people respond? How did he respond?

he was the first Roman Catholic to be nom-ed for prez since 1928; Protestants, esp. in Bible Belt South condemned him but northern Dems still supported him --> ; he rebutted & asked if 40 million Catholic Americans should be given second-class status

Why did Ho Chi Minh agree to divide Vietnam? Did his desired actions happen? Why? Reponse?

he was told that there would be Vietnam-wide elections held within 2 years; No!; Americans worried that communists would win; guerillas increasingly protested against Diem

How did Raegan deal with the Democratic House? - U9

he wooed the boll weevils into voting for him

Explain the structure of the Department of Defense

headed by new cabinet officer, secretary of defense & then secretaries of navy, army, and air force below him (not cabinet positions) --> the heads of each service were brought together as Joint Chefs of Staff

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

What were some benefits of the Cold War military budget?

helped with economic growth + funded R and D + helped high-tech industries

Why was Carter on the defensive in 1980?

high inflation + high interest rates + deteriorating economy

What did RR do in the Philippines? Libya? - U9

his admin backed Corazon Aquino's outser of dictator, Ferdinand Marcos, in the Philippines; ordered a lightning air raid against Libya as a retaliation for alleged Libyan sponsorship of terrorist attacks, including a bomb blast in W. Berlin

What was the response to the Truman Doctrine?

his critics were upset bc they felt he had promised unlimited support to dictators who would claim to be "resisting Communist aggression" & complained that it unnecessarily divided the world in pro-Soviet & pro-American camps & made the Soviet threat seem military in nature; his supporters claimed that his fear of revived isolationism caused him to overexaggerate the threat of communism

What made people not so supportive of Carter's presidency?

his inability to control inflation

Military goals of US?

hold off the Soviets

_____ was an effective tool of segregation & destruction of economic independence

housing discrimination

What was the ultimate consequence of the Berlin airlift?

in 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade & the two Germanys: E & W were established

How was the Great Society paid for?

increased tax revenues + quickly expanding economy

What was the reaction to the labor movement under Truman's presidency?

increasing anti-unionism --> Americans were particularly upset when workers in essential industries went on strike, like when the United Mine Workers, went on strike --> Truman also ordered government seizure of mines when a settlement could not be reached --> in one railroad strike, Truman threatened to draft into the military strikers who held out for too long ---> Truman alienated labor, which the Democrats grew angry with, so anti-Truman Democrats helped the Republicans take control of Congress in the 1946 midterms

Where did JFK get a lot of supporters?

industrial centers --> workers, Catholics, African Americans

What were Blacklists during the Red Scare? COMPLEXITY?

industries created lists of those tainted by charges of subversion/communism, which prevented them from working; COMPLEXITY: similar blacklists had been uses against union organizers in early 20th century

What happened with southern universities?

integrating southern universities was a challenge --> University of MS was difficult

Marshall Plan

invited Europeans to work on a joint plan for economic recovery & explained if they joined they would get substantial financial assistance from US

What was the effects of television on politics?

it allowed people to go around Congress and get directly to the people

How did the courts rule regarding affirmative action? Congress? - U9

it decided that job security could outweigh affirmative action concerns + made it more difficult to prove than an employer practiced racial discrimination in hiring & made it easier for white males to argue they were victims of reverse discrimination bc of AA; in 1991, Congress partially reversed those decisions

What happened when Carter proposed energy conservation?

it ignited indifference among the American people

What was the significance of NSC-68?

it meant the US was willing to spend whatever they wanted for their military

What happened to the federal deficit in the 80s? Why? Consequences? - U9

it rose; military budget; kept interest rates high which elevated the value of the dollar to record altitudes in the int'l markets + int'l trade deficit reached a record $152 billion ---> the US became the world's heaviest borrowers in the global economy of the 1980s

What were the results of the Marshall Plan?

it was a success! --> W. European nations were reaching higher than their pre-war economic gains & communist parties in Italy + France lost their strength

What happened in Germany following WW2? What were the consequences?

it was clear that Germany would remain divided, so West Germany became an independent country, married to the Western nations + East Germany, along with other Soviet E. Eu countries such as Poland and Hungary, became independent "satellite" states, bound to the Soviet Union; the division of Europe endured for more than four decades

How did the Interstate Highway Act relate to Cold War tensions?

it was created for both civilian use AND to facilitate national defense

What happened to Berlin following WW2? What eventually happened?

it was divided into 4 sections; the USSR choked of the railway access & highway access to Berlin (which was in E. Germany)

What happened to the Civil Rights Movement after King died?

it was fragmented --> some people wanted integration & peace, but others wanted separatism & aggression

What was the post-WW2 economy like? What were the consequences?

it would revert back to the Great Depression era -__> economy was not doing so great in the initial postwar years --> real gross national product decreases & prices increased due to the removal of wartime price controls; epidemic of strikes

What were three main components of NATO's purpose?

keep Russians out, Germans down, Americans in

What were some conservative actions in the 1970s?

killed 2 labor law reform bills, min. wage hike & establishment of Consumer Protection Agency

Explain the US economy in the 1950's

large economic growth that maintained until 1970 --> national income nearly doubled in the 50's and again in the 60's; middle-class doubled and included 60% of Americans by the mid-1950's 60% of Am's owned their own homes by 1960

What was MacArthur's action in Korea? Was it successful?

launched an amphibious landing behind the enemy's line at Inchon; yes! --> w/in 2 weeks, N. Korea was back to the 38th parallel The UN General Assembly authorized a crossing of the 38th parallel by General MacArthur, who Truman ordered Northward, provided there was no armed intervention by the Chinese or USSR

What was the GI Bill? What were some limitations?

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes, farms, and small businesses and pay for higher educations + healthcare through VA; excluded Black people

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb." + chair of Atomic Energy Commission Led an initiative to oppose the program to design thermonuclear weapons on the ground that it approached genocide

Margaret Thatcher - U9

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

What were the consequences of the Sputnik scare?

led to a comparison of American educational system & USSR's --> Congress passed National Defense Education Act to promote research & teach science, engineering & foreign languages

What was the effect of Eisenhower's response to the Civil Rights Moveement?

led to more grassroots action

What were some effects of economic growth from 1950-1970?

led to social ombility, paved way for success of civil rights mvmt, funded welfare programs (ie. Medicare), gave US unprecedented int'l leadership in Cold War

Explain some feminist victories in the 1970s

legislative and judicial victories --> Title IX & ERA

What happened at Camp David? Who conducted this interaction?

location in which the President Anwar Sadat of Egypt & Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel held a summit conference in which he convinced both of them to sign a form an accord where Israel agreed in principle to withdraw from territory conquered in the 1967 war & Egypt promised to respect Israel's borders --> they both agreed to sign a formal peace treaty w/in 3 months

What were the consequences of the loss in the Vietnam War?

lots of resources (soldiers + money) in vain, loss of global prestige, lost confidence in political leadership + military prowess + lost economic muscle hat had given them strength in WW1

How did Congress feel about the Taft-Harley Act? Why? President? How did others feel?

loved it; wanted revenge against labor's New Deal gains, especially as strikes increased in the post-WW2 era; he (Truman) vetoed it; labor leaders called it a "slave-labor law"

What was USSR's goal post-WW2? Why?

maintain friendly governments (spheres of influence) along the coast of the USSR (esp. Poland_, so it could protect itself & become the leading communist nation; Stalin had been stabbed in the back twice, so he wanted to protect USSR first

While the structure of the UN _____, it ______

makes it difficult to act because 5 actors can always reject anything; can do things like help people in Turkey

What was the significance of the Suez crisis?

marked the last time the US could wave its "oil weapon" --> by 1948 the ME began to grow as an important oil region represented the United States' willingness to intervene

What did some economists think was the reason for economic success in the 1980s? - U9

massive military expenditures --> Reagan said the Pentagon needed to close its "window of vulnerability" in the arms race w/ the USSR

What new industries did women start to enter in the 1970s?

medicine, law, higher education

____ class expanded in the 1950's which flourished ____ culture, as exemplified by ____. This new culture was made possible because of ____ since ____. Explain how religion was involved in this. Sports? Credit card? Complexity?

middle; consumer; fast-food production; rapid rise of new technology of television; TVs were used for advertisements; celebrity preachers used the airwaves to spread the gospel; sports were greater commercialized because now more people could watch them from the comfort of their homes; people could just spend & spend; GD

Southern Manifesto (aka Declaration of Constitutional Principles)

more than a hundred southern congressional representatives and senators signed this in 1956, pledging their unyielding resistance to desegregation

deindustrialization

moving away from factory work to more technological production --> office life became a thing

mirror image perception

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and by default views the other side as evil and aggressive

What was happening in Southeast Asia at this time

nationalist movements had been fighting to stop French colonial rule & Woordrow WIlson's 14 points + FDR made them think they could one day be free BUT Cold War destroyed that because their leadrs became communist , while the US became anti-communist, so they defended France's colonial rule in Frenh Indo China in exchange for France's approval of W. Germ's rearmament BUT France was failing in response to Ho Chi Minh guerilla forces --> Dulles, Nixon, and Joint Chiefs of Staff wanted the US to intervene.& implement "boldness" but Eisenhower held bakck

What was the closest US & USSR get to actual nuclear war?

naval blockade of Cuba where US pressures USSR to remove missiles in Cuba

What was the deficit like in 1980? What were the consequences? Who was affected?

nearly $60 billion; worsened the US's inflation; people living on fixed incomes suffered from inflation, but people with money to lend pushed interest rates even higher

How did Reagan believe relations with Soviets should ;ook? - U9

negotiation but only from a position of overwhelming strength --> he wanted to enormously expand US military capabilities to threaten the Soviets w/ an expensive new round of the arms race, so the US could better handle their new financial burden that the USSR could, so the USSR would try to bargain w/ Raegan to avoid economic ruin

New Left

new political movement of the late 1960s that called for radical changes to fight poverty and racism and opposed the Vietnam War

What made King so successful?

non-violence (inspired by Gandhi)

Why was "new look" instated?

nuclear weapons could not be used in smaller conflicts (ie. Vietnam), so it required that the US not use nuclear weapons all the time

Why was oil so important under Eisenhower?

oil was used for everything

Which of the following did NOT grow during the 1950's? middle class, opposition to Vietnam War, suburbs, nuclear arsenal, counterculture

opposition to Vietnam War

Taft-Hartley Act

outlawed "closed" (all-unions) shops, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves & required union leaders to take a non-communist oath; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

What were the consequences of the Iran-Contra affair? - U9

overshadowed the president's achievements in foreign policy, like his new relationship w/the Soviets --> a new image of RR as lazy emerged --> his critics used it as an opportunity to claim that he was just an actor who could not play the part BUT he was still a very beloved president

How did Border Staes feel about Brown v. Board? Deep South? President?

p. much listened to it; resisted it: Declaration of Constitutional Principles, made private schools so desegregation would not have to happen --> in the first decade, less than 2% of Black people went to integrated schools; Eisenhower was weary to promote integration & complained BvB upset the customs of Americans & refused to endorse SCOTUS's decision BUT he was forced to act eventually

What was the US's official stance in the Korean War? Global involvement? Change and/or continuity?

part of UN "police action"; participating nations, GB, Canda, & Phil made significant troop contributions --> US provided 88% of UN contingents & General MacArthur, UN commander of the operation, took his orders directly from Washington, not Security Council; abandonment of isolationism

How did TV affect the civil rights movement? COMPLEXITY?

people could now see the violent oppression of Black people in the South with their own two eyes; same thing happens now with social media being used as a tool for promoting social justice w/ BLM

What were some criticisms of Helinski Accord? Who liked it?

people in the US were upset that grain & tech went to the USSR, but nothing was really given back; W. Eu, esp. W. Germans liked the expansion of detente

Why was Eisenhower able to win his election?

people wanted a change --> Dems had held the presidency for 20 years

Albert Einstein

physicists whose theories gave birth to the atomic bomb & discouraged its continued use

What was American Dilemma? What greater pattern did tis represent? Consequences?

points out paradoxical view of war, wanted fed gov't to take lead in outlawing discrimination, combined an account of America's racial past with hope that "American Creed" (equality and freedom) would help to draw awareness to issue; the int'l community began to not like the US because of the blatant racism they were hearing about; gave Soviets the opportunity to take advantage of this to present the US in a negative light

What were the reasons for the end of the Cold War? - U9

political & economic changes in the Soviet Union & E. Eu; increased US military spending (made it impossible for Soviet Union to compete); Reagan's diplomatic initiatives

What was one goal of Truman's administration economically?

prevent economic downturn

What were the effects of inflation in the 1970s?

prices increased; cost of living tripled

What was productivity like post-WW2? Why? What were the consequences?

productivity increased by over 3% every year; rising education level of the workforce --> by 1970, they were twice as productive as in 1950 ; 90% of school-age Americans were in school; k--> prosperity --> income growth bc of productivity growth

Job Corps

program under President Johnson that offered work-training programs for unemployed youth

What was the Voter Education Project? Who supported it?

project of the SNCC where volunteers went to rural areas in the Deep South to register African Americans to vote; Bobby Kennedy & Kennedy-prodded private foundations

What was the significance of the American Enterprise Institute & Heritage Foundation? - U9

prominent conservative thinktanks that began to pour out well-researched policy proposals

What was the significance of the Watergate scandal?

proved that impeachment process does actually work when the public demanded it; proved that nobody is above the law

National Security Council Paper NSC-68 (NSC-68)

quadrupled the military debt --> claimed the US should invest more money into military spending bc they couldn't trust other countries to help protect them against communism

How did the Cold War influence domestic politics & society?

radical voices in institutions ranging from unions & universities to churches & civic orgs were muzzled such as the advocates for racial justice --> civil rights advocates were accused of being communists BUT also helped the civil rights caused because the US had to prove its democratic ideals were being upheld

How did the "born again" Christains get their fan base? - U9

radio, direct-mail marketing, cable TV --> dubbed "televangelists"

What did anti-feminists blame the feminist movement for?

raising divorce rates, which tripped between 1960-1976

What was a main aspect of Carter's campaign? What was his campaign pitch?

ran against the memory of Nixon & Watergate + wanted to clean "big government"; "I'll never to lie to you"

Explain post-war literature

realism characterized the earliest novels that portrayed soldierly life in WW2, but then realistic war writing fell out of fashing & people started to exaggerate the war (ie. Catch-22 & Kurt Vonnegut, such as Slaughterhouse Five)

What was W. Eu like after WW2? How did US respond? Consequences? How did this relate to E. Europe?

recovering from war (hunger, economic collapse) & were at risk of being taking over by Communists that could exploit econ hardships (esp. France, Italy, & Germany); Truman's Sec of State (George C. Marshall) invited Europeans to work on a joint plan for economic recover & explained if they joined they would get substantial financial assistance; forced cooperation was a stepping stone towards the creation of the European Community (EC); Offered aid to USSR & allies if they made the desired political reforms & accepted outside controls, but to prevent them from accepting, he made the terms difficult for them to accept so they walked out

Main economic goals after WW2?

recovery

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

reduced trade barriers among member nations and helped form he basis for economic globalization in latter half of the century

How do sports relate to population shifts?

reflected population shift towards S & W (CONTINUITY/COMPLEXITY: --> like Manifest Destiny) NY Giants moved to San Fan & Brooklyn Dodgers moved to LA

What was the New Right's approach to foreign policy?

rejected detente and int'l treaties

Tax Reform Act of 1986 - U9

restricted the federal income tax exemption of interest for municipal bonds to public purpose bonds, which are bonds issued to finance projects that benefit citizens in general rather than particular private interests

Explain Raegan's relationship with China -U9

resumed full diplomatic relations with China after a 33 year break

What happened in E. Eu when Bush became president? Germany? USSR? - U9

revolutions began in 1989 --> Poland overthrew its communist government --> same in Hungary, Czech.., E. Germ, Romania; Berlin Wall fell & the 2 Germany's united in 1990; the stringent communists tried to overthrow increasingly anti-communist Gorbachev q/ a military coup, but w/ the support of the president of the Russian Republic, Boris Yeltsin, they failed ---> eventually he resigned as president --> Soviet Union dissovled into 15 republics loosely confederated in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) w/ Russia as the most powerful state & Yeltsin as the dominant leader

What were the economic concerns after WW2?

rocky shift from war industrial economy to post-war economy; people losing jobs from war manufacturing + veterans coming back from war

Milliken v. Bradley

ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school-district lines

What was Carter's farewell address about? Explain one of his last acts in office

scaling own deadly arms race, promoting human rights & protecting the environments; signing a bill preserving some 100 million acres of Alaska for national parks, forests, and wildlife refuges

Iran-Contra Affair - U9

scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected

What did Reagan do in Afghanistan? - U9

sent arms, including v. effective "Stinger" anti-aircraft missiles to the Afghan forces battling the Soviets

What were the consequences of the GI Bill?

set foundation for 1940's econ expansion

Most _______ deteriorated in the 1970s except _____ and ____

social movements; anti-war movement; feminists

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Explain the status of women in the 1950's. Make sure to identify continuity & change

special opportunities in white-collar work; After WW2, "cult of domesticity" returned to celebrate traditionally feminine roles, such as mother and homemaker --> CONTINUITY from "cult of domesticity" of past eras*** BUT as the 1950's there was a growing movement to transform women's roles --> women filled many of the clerical & service work jobs that made up 75% of the new jobs --> CONTINUITY: having men & women both in the workplace was like what the US had been like when the nation was an agricultural nation (also represents a CHANGE because the nation was not that way anymore so it had to change to revert back to how it was) + CHANGE: women now served as worker AND homemaker which brought new questions about what family life would look like

Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to communism through: - U9

speeches, diplomatic efforts, limited military interventions (ie. Grenada), diplomatic efforts, (his relationship with Gorbachev led to a relaxation of tensions), military spending increased (SDI)

What was the decision regarding Germany? When was it decided?

split into 4 parts; YC

How did the Korean War end? COMPLEXITY?

stalemate (things were back to how they started); COMPLEXITY: N & S Korea still in armistice

What were the impacts of the Second Re Scare?

state and local-level conservative politicians discovered that all manner of social changes (sexual freedom & civil rights) were communist -->

"tax quake"

states aiming to cut taxes

Complexity of racial housing discrimination?

still exists to this day --> "Black" names

John Lewis

student leader of SNCC who organized sit-ins, spoke in Washington, & marched in Selma; first to be attacked

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Explain what was happening in the suburbs at the time

suburbs were flourishing + gov policy encouraged mvmt away from urban areas to the suburbs (ie. FHA and VA home-loan guarantees made it more economically attractive to own a home in the suburbs than rent an apartment in the city) + tax deductions for interest payments on home mortgages provided additional financial incentive --> 1/4 of Americans lived in suburbs in 1960

What does the US do in Vietnam at the beginning? Why?

supports France, not the Vietnamese people pushing for indepcenece; Marshall Plan --> France was their ally

What were the consequences of the "oil shocks"?

taught Americans that they could never again consider a policy of economic isolation as they had done in the decade between the two world wars --> the world became more dependent on foreign trade --> the US had to learn foreign languages & study foreign cultures to thrive

Why could RR not balance the budget? - U9

tax reductions & huge increases in military spending

What was the most politically explosive aspect of new antigovernment politics of the lates 70s and early 80s? - U9

taxes

"pink-collar ghetto"

term given to the jobs assumed by women in roles such as clerical workers and service work

Explain the status of aerospace industries in post-WW2 America. Explain the greater significance.

thanks to Strategic Air Command (SAC) & robustly expanding passenger airline business -- as well as connections btwn military & civilian aircraft production + In 1957, Boeing bought the first large passenger jet, the 707; A lot of advancements at these time expand past the military and affect civilian life

What did Carter try to say about Raegan during Raegan's campaign? Was it effective?

that he was a trigger-happy cold warrior who could push the nation into nuclear war; no!

What did critics say about SDI? - U9

that it was an impossible goal

1991 Russian Caucasus - U9

the Chechnyan minority tried to declare its independence from Russia, prompting President Yeltsin to send in Russian troops

What is considered a "child of necessity"?

the Grand Alliance

The scale of suburban growth would have been impossible without ______

the Interstate Highway Act

What was the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing? Consequences?

the Ku Klux Klan bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four girls; motivated CRM to gain more strength

"loyalty" program

the Loyalty Review Board investigated 3 million federal employees + loyalty oaths demanded of emoloyyes

Warren Court

the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech

Nixon Doctrine

the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, but will provide aid through alliances

Why could the US experience such an economic boom?

the US had used WW2 as an opportunity to expand its factories & rebuild from GD + large military budgets (Korean War) + cheap energy --> Am & Eu co's controlled the flow of abundant petroleum from the sandy expanses of the ME & kept prices low --> Am's doubled their consumption of cheap oil --> 6-fold increase in the country's electricity-generating capacity + changes to economic structure --> workforce left ag --> productivity gains --> formation of agribusinesses with better machinery --> productivity --> ag workers made up only 2% of Americans by 2000

What is Operation Desert Storm? What is another name for it? - U9

the United States and its UN allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991) --> Kuwait was liberated; Persian Gulf War

Department of Housing and Urban Development

the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal --> created under Johnson

Why did Vietnam became communist?

the Western democracies of the world had hurt them, so they were distrustful

The United Nations was first planned at _____

the Yalta Conference

Grand Alliance

the alliance between the United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany during World War II

What did Reagan's presidential campaign highlight?

the change in the American political system --> use of of primary elections

_____ cleared the air between USSR & US.a bit, but _____

the conference at Tehran in 1943, where FDR first met Stalin; a lot remained unresolved especially about the post-war fates of Germany, E. Eu, and Asia

What were the initial consequences of supply-side economics? Automobile industry specifically? What eventually happened in 1983? - U9

the economy slid into its deepest recession since the 1930's --> unemployment reached 11%, businesses collapsed & bank failures ruined the nation's entire financial system; it fell apart; there was some economic recovery

What was the economic state of the nation under Carter? Explain the continuity or change. What caused it?

the economy was failing; a recession under Ford's presidency brought the inflation rate down to under 6%, but when Carter took over, prices started rising gain, driving inflation rates above 13%; the soaring bill for imported oil plunged America into debt

What did the EEC, Trade Expansion Act & Kennedy Round signify?

the emergence of int'l commerce --> globalization

What is the Department of Energy? Why was it created?

the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States; to address the problems resulting from the increased cost of petroleum

What worsened US-Soviet relations in the early 1980s? What else? Consequences? - U9

the government of Poland imposed martial law when a popular movement of working people organized into a massive union called "Solidarity" --> Reagan saw the heavy first of the USSR in Poland & imposed economic sanctions on Poland & the USSR; a Korean passenger airliner had inexplicably violated Soviet airspace --> millions of civilians, including Americans were killed; all arms-controlled negotiations w/ the Soviets were broken off --> USSR athletes boycotted the LA Olympic Games

What happened to the construction industry?

the high cost of borrowing money shoved small businesses to the wall & strangled the construction industry, which depended heavily on loans to finance new housing & other projects

H-bomb

the hydrogen bomb - a thermonuclear weapon 1k times more powerful than the Atomic bomb

What was the baby boom? What caused it? Consequences? Complexity?

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II; a lot of people got married after the war + it meant the population could be maintained w/out immigration; distorted diff aspects of American lives --> A) school enrollment swelled, but then millions of teachers became unemployed + schools closed when those kids were no longer school-age B) lucrative market for canned food & other baby products C) in the 1980's, these babies joined the workforce but it was v crowed COMPLEXITY: the strain on American life from baby boomers at that time exists to this day because as they start to retire in large numbers, they place large strains on Social Security

What was the Baby Boom? Causes? Consequences? COMPLEXITY?

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II; people got married --> extended families separating --> information about childrearing is not being spread down generations + GI Bill gave people financial security, so they were more comfortable starting families; baby care industry really thrived + new people went into schools; COMPLEXITY: the effects of the baby boom generation still exist to this day with Social Security being so valued & such a large part of the budget bc of how many baby boomers there are

What was white flight? What enabled it?

the move of white city-dwellers to the suburbs to escape the influx of minorities; Milliken v. Bradley

ABC Movement

the movement that started in the democratic party to nominate "anyone but Carter" for president in 1980

What did Carter think the main reason for the US's economic failures were?

the nation's dependence on foreign oil

miniaturization

the process of making technology smaller and more lightweight

Kennedy Round

the sixth round of trade talks under which across-the-board trade negotiations took place, reducing tariffs by an average of 35 percent

What was the Malaise Speech? What were the consequences? What did critics say?

the speech Carter delivered in response to the energy crisis where he criticized his fellow citizens for falling into a "moral & spiritual crisis" & for being too concerned with "material goods"; he hired 4 cabinet secretaries & circled the wagons of his GA advisers more tightly about the White House by reorganizing & expanding the power of his personal staff; they began to wonder whether Carter was losing touch with the popular mood of the country

What was the status of the cold war under Carter?

there was a reheating of the cold war; Detente fell into dispute bc Cuba deployed thousands of troops, assisted by Soviet advisers in Angola, Ethiopia, & in Africa to support revolutionary factions --> Arms control negotiations stalled in the face of this Soviet military meddling as well as the aggressive opposition of domestic hawks

Explain the relationship between GB & US under Reagan - U9

there was a stronger Anglo-American alliance due the similar views of Reagan & Thatcher --> their foreign policy became more allied in aims of preventing the triumh of communism

How did religion relate to the Cold War?

there was an emphasis on religious belief being a distinguishing part of "American War" that should be protected against atheistic communism --> Congress inserted the words "under God" into the Pledge of Allegiance

What was the public's response to the Watergate scandal? Consequences?

they became distrustful of Nixon & did not like him; pushed Congress to pursue impeachment & removal

What was the state of Native Americans during the 1970s?

they made progress through the courts & using civil disobedience to assert their status as separate sovereign bodies

How did the public feel about McCarthyism?

they supported it until the McCarthy-Army trials

Why was the New Right opposed to entitlement spending? - U9

they thought it made people too dependent on the gov & didn't stimulate economic growth

Why was USSR not involved in economic international agreements?

they were communist

How did conservatives feel about the Blake decision?

they were happy

Apollo mission

this sent the first man to the moon; organized by JFK; restored nationalism after the Sputnik Crisis

How did people feel about Nixon v. Kennedy's presidential debates?

thought Kennedy did better

What was the relation between Kennedy and big busines?

thought his support of tax cutting would gain him support from businessmen worried of big-gov liberals BUT he also could be tough negotiator with big business & created 1962 noninflationary wage agreement

Why did the Soviet Union build the Berlin Wall?

to keep East Germans from going to West Germany

What was a last-minute pledge of Eisenhower? Did he stick to his pledge? Explain.

to personally end the Korean war; yes --> he flew to Korea for 3 days in Dec. 1952 & 7 mths later an armistice was signed

What was the goal of the World Bank?

to promote economic growth in war-ravaged and underdeveloped areas

Why was Nixon on Eisenhower's ticket?

to prove to the Republican party that they had an oppositional stance to communism

Why was the Berlin Wall created?

to stop East Berliners from escaping to the West

In contrast to WW1, the US ______ after WW2

took a lead in creating international bodies and supplied funding

What were the effects of the Vietnam War on the American economy?

took tax dollars from education, scientific skill & manufacturing capacity from civilian sector --> inflation

Explain some scientific/technological advancements of post-WW2. What was the significance of scientific/technological advancements?

transitor --> improved computer speed, IBM; helped with the economic boom

The Crucible

treated the Salem witch trials as a dark parable warning against McCarthyism

What did Carter do regarding Panama? Public Response?

turned Panama Canal over to Panamanians; conservatives (ie. Raegan) launched a huge campaign against the Panama Canal treaties (22 senators that voted in favor of the treaties lost their seats) --> Raegan specifically argued that because the US had purchased the traty, it should belong to them

What were the consequences of the Soviet threat on Western Europe? How did the US relate to all of this?

unity --> GB, France, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg signed path-breaking treaty of defensive alliances; US was invited to join them --> US was in an interesting position bc they had historically not gotten involved in alliances (esp. not in peacetimes) BUT Am. involvement would strengthen containment, help reintegrate Germany into Europe & prove to Eu that US would not use isolationism to leave them vulnerable to Russian aggression

What was Eisenhower's greatest asset? What did critics think about this?

unpolitical/affection; he did not use it for good (ie. not standing up to McCarthyist demagoguery in the Rep party)

Explain how the status of women changed post-WW2

urban offices & shops provided unprecedented jobs for women --> the majority of post-war jobs went to women bc the service sector of the econ. outgrew the old industrial & manufacturing sectors Women accounted for 1/4 of Am. workforce post-WW2 & 1/2 50 yrs later BUT popular culture glorified the traditional feminine roles of homemaker & mother --> the clash of the ideals of women to be housewives and their hopes of entering the workforce led to the eventual 1960's feminist revolt

New look\

use nuclear weapons as a form of deterrent, maintain allyship w/nations

Reegan had _____ opposition for his re=election - U9

very little

What new ideas about Germany did the Western Allies uphold? How did USSR feel?

wanted a reunited Germany; tightened their grip on their Eastern areas

Explain Eisenhower's approach to immigration. Why was it instated? Explain the enforcement of the program.

wanted to address illegal Mexican immigration --> massive roundup of illegal immigrants (called Operation Wetback) & up to 1 million Mexicans were returned to Mexico ; bc of domestic pressure & bc Mex gov worried illegal immigration would deteriorate legal Bracero program; did not actually

What was Eisenhower's approach to Native Americans? Response? Ultimate result?

wanted to end tribal preservation policies of the "Indian New Deal" --> wanted to terminate tribes as legal entities & revert to assimilationist goals of Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; NAs resisted; abandoned in 1961

What were Kennedy's space plans?

wanted to put the first man on the moon

How did Soviets feel about Germany post -WW2?

wanted to rebuild their economy with reparations from Germans (bc US refused to give them econ assistance)

What balancing act was Eisenhower playing?

wanted to stop communism but also not

Robert S. McNamara

was the secretary of defense under Kennedy. He helped develop the flexible response policy. He was against the war in Vietnam and was removed from office because of this.

What happened in Cuba under Eisenhower? Consequences?

we propped up a Cuban dictator; people preferred communist, Fidel Castro, to the W. new

What were some global reasons for American economic failures in the 1970s? Significance?

while the US had no incentive to modernize production because of their competitive advantage after WW2, Germany & Japan built new factories w/new technology to recover from the war (ie. Toyota from Japan in 1957) --> Japan started to dominate industries like automobiles, steel, electronics that the US had once seen as unchallengeable; represented the start of the era of global economic competition

What was the reaction to affirmative action?

white workers who were denied advancement & white students who were denied access to colleges claimed that they were victims of of "reverse discrimination" because decisions were being made on the basis of race & not merit

Explain how the workforce changed in the 50's.

white-collar workers (administrative/office work) outnumbered blue-collar workers (manual labor) for the first time + union membership declined; women increasingly joined the workforce in "pink collar" jobs like clerical jobs

Most New Left groups left out _____

women

White Flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

What was The Common Sense Book of Baby & Child Care? Why was it written?

written by Dr. Benjamin Spock; instructed millions of parents during the ensuing decades in the kind of homely wisdom that was once transmitted naturally from grandparent to parent but no longer could be because people were constantly moving; people were constantly moving (30 million ppl move ever year)

John Cheever

wrote about suburban manners and morals in short stories ("The Swimmer") and novels ("The Wapshot Chronicle")

John Updike

wrote about suburban, middle-class infelidity in Couples

Did US support the creation of the state of Israel?

yes

Did the US join the UN? Why or why not?

yes; it had safeguards for American sovereignty & freedom of action

Cold War years

~1949-1989

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) - U9

~ruled that states could restrict access to abortion as long as they did not place an "undue burden" on women