APUSH Unit III
Patrick Henry
"Give me liberty, or give me death"
Reign of Terror
(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"
Treaty of Greenville
(1795) an agreement between Native American confederation leaders and the U.S. government that gave the United States Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed that U.S. citizens could safely travel through the region. Indians got $20,000 and annual immunity of 9000$
Alien and Sedition Acts
(1798) laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people, made it tougher for immigrants to cone into america. Anyone who critisized the government could be fined or jailed
Marbury v. Madison
(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review
Whiskey Rebellion
(GW) In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
McCulloch v. Maryland
(JMon) McCulloch, Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law
B. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
-Aug 1814 4,000 British troops landed in the Chesapeake Bay area.
Requirements for ratification by the Anti federalists
-Bill of rights -Samuel Adams -Patrick henry -Richard Henry Lee
3. William Henry Harrison
-Fall of 1811, governor of Indiana Territory gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh's headquarters at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers in present-day Indiana. Tecumseh was absent but the Prophet attacked with Harrison's army, with a small force of Shawnees. The Shawnees were routed and their settlement burned.
4. Battle of Tippecanoe
-Made Harrison a national hero. Discredited the Prophet and drove Tecumseh into an alliance with the British. When America's war with the British came, Tecumseh fought fiercely for the redcoats until his death in 1813 at the Battle of the Thames. With him perished the dream of an Indian confederacy.
1. Declaration of War
-Madison asked congress to declare war on June 1 1812. Congress obliged him 2 weeks later.
Consequences of the Re.War for America
-Other nations gained respect for America
Growing Paints America Circa 1790
-Population doubled every 25 yrs -90% of population lived on farms -Cities growing proportionally: Philadelphia, NY, Boston, Charleston, Baltimore New States: Vermont 1791, Kentucky 1792, Tennesse 1796, Ohio 1803 -Finances were precarious as public debt was enourmous and revenue had declined, and worthless paper money both state and national was in heavy circulation -Americans were trying to build a republic on an immense scale, it had overthrown 2 constitutions in 12 yrs, the British and Articles of Confederation -Foreign Policy challenges of Britain and Spain threatened the U.S.
Convincing Big v. Small states to ratify constitution
-Small states quickly accepted the constitution -Massachusets 2nd big state -Pennsylvania wanted the forcible seating of 2 members
1. British-Indian defeats of Americans
-The Americans invade Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain but were beaten in these 3 prolonged invasions in 1812. Then the British capture the American fort Michilimackinac which commanded the upper Great Lakes and the Indian inhabited area to the south and west. Americans had several land invasions of Canada and were hurled back in 1813. Then the Americans looked for success in the water because they had a better navy than the British and had better guns. Later during the American navy attack the British prepared in 1814 for a crushing blow into NY. Americans challenged the British. Sept 11 1814 the Americans won against the British and they were forced to retreat.
2. Fort McHenry and Francis Scott Key 1812
-The British hammered Fort McHenry wit their cannon but could not capture the city. FSK was inspired by the doughty defenders to write the words of the "Star Spangled Banner".
2. The Constitution and the Great Lakes importance
-The Constitution was an old American frigate that had thicker sides heavier firepower and larger cress and one sailor in 6 was black. The Great Lakes were vital because you could trade.
Efforts made to protect the government from the "mob"
-federal judges were elected -people voted for the president indirectly -house of representatives had a direct vote
What the delegats agreed on @ const. convention
-most favored a stronger government -3 branches of government -manhood suffrage democracy should be feared
Compromise of 1790
. Central to this was an agreement that several Southerners would change their votes and support the federal assumption of state debts in return for a bill locating the US capital on the Potomac River after a ten year temporary residence at Philadelphia
Impact of the French Revolution
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Era of Good Feelings
..., A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. There was strong sectionalism between the states which caused conflict , 1816-1824
Henry Clay
..., Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state, of Kentucky
Washington's Farewell
1) Do not get involved in foreign affairs 2) Do not make permanent alliances 3) Do not form political parties 4) Avoid sectionalism
D. Tecumseh and the Prophet
12th congress met 1811, many older "submission men" replaced with younger hotheads many from South and West
Jeffersons reelection
162 votes in 1804
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
Jay's Treaty
1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
1794 Battle between US and natives, supported by Brits. In Ohio. US wins, natives lose hope of holding onto land. British refused to shelter retreating indians
Pickney's Treaty
1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.
3. Chesapeake Affair
1807, a royal frigate overhauled a U.S. frigate, the Chesapeake about 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. British captain demanded the surrender of 4 alleged deserters. London had never claimed the right to seize sailors from a foreign war ship. American commander refused to give up the 4 people. British then fired from their ships, killed 3 Americans and hurt 18. 4 deserters were then carried away by the British.
Rush-Bagon Treaty
1817 Between Britain and the United States severely limited naval armament on the lakes.
John Jay
1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington
Excise tax of 1791
7 cents a gallon for liquor. Leads to Whiskey Rebellion
XYZ affair + Impact
A 1797 French attempt to bribe the United States by demanding money before discussing French seizure of neutral American ships. US wanted War more
4. New Orleans- in war of 1812
A 3rd British blow of 1814 aimed at New Orleans menaced the entire Mississippi Valley. Andrew Jacksons hodgepodge force consisted of 7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, and Frenchmen as well as militiamen from Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Among the defenders were 2 Louisiana regiments of free black volunteers (about 200). The overconfident British numbered 8000 blundered badly. Jan 8 1815 they launched a frontal assault on the entrenched American filament and canoers. Attackers suffered the most devastating defeat of the entire war. Battle of New Orleans struck the country "like a clap of thunder". Andrew Jackson became a national hero.
Citizen Genet
A French Ambassador who came to America and started to build up an Army of US Citizen without even going to see the US government. This was a challenge of the American authority
Peculiar Institution
A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.
The Monroe Doctrine
A key foreign policy made by President Monroe in 1823. It declared the western hemisphere off limits to new European colonization and in return, the US promised not to meddle in European affairs.
Judiciary Act of 1789
A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system.
The Federalist
A series of eighty-five political essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Strategy of Delay
A strategy implemented by Washington and agreed upon by Jefferson and Hamilton that said the US should wait to get involved in foreign affairs until it is a more stable and built up country
Convention of 1800
Adams sent new delegats to france to speak to napolean who wanted to end the mess with Americans. Stated the Franco-American alliance ewas over and the Americans had to pay damages to French shippers
Missouri Compromise
Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Broke Maine off Massachusetts and admitted it as a free state so there would be equal representation in Congress of slave states and free states.
impact of British and French War on American Commerce
America created the Embargo act which stopped trade between America and other countries. Was hoping it would vindicate the righs of neutral nations and point to a new way of conducting foreign affairs.
2. Impact on economy
American economy staggered under the effect. Forests of dead masts gradually filed New England, docs were deserted, and soup kitchens cared for some of the hungry unemployed. Jeffersonian Republicans probably hurt the commerce more than Britain and France were. Enormous illicit trade mushroomed in 1801, esp. along Canadian border, where bands of Armed Americans on loaded rafts overawed or overpowered federal agents.
The American System
An economic program promoted by Henry Clay; it included a strong banking system that could provide easy credit, protective tariff to allow eastern manufacturing to grow, and a network of federally financed canals and highways to knit the country together economically and politically.
Federalist #10
An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.
3. Horseshoe Bend war of 1812
Andrew Jackson combined Cherokee Indian and Tennessee militia massacre the Red Stick Creeks at Horseshoe bend, March 27 1814
Washington's Neutrality Proclamation
April 22, 1793 by president Washington. He wanted the U.S. to stay neutral within the war between Britain and France.
Land act of 1820
Authorized a buyer to purchase 80 acres of virgin land in the west at $1.25 an acre in cash.
2. Tecumseh and "The Prophet" (official name Tenskwatawa)
Both Shawnee Brothers, concluded the time had come to stem this onrushing tide. Began to weld together a far flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi, inspiring a vibrant movement of Indian unity and cultural renewal. Followers gave up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments. Warriors forswore alcohol. Tecumseh rejected the white's concept of ownership and urged his supporters never to cede land to whites unless all Indians agreed.
Harrison and Jakson
Both War heroes, both fought against Indians and were going to become presidents
1. Terms of the Treaty of Ghent
Both sides simply agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered land territory.
Impressment
British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service.
2. Impact of War of 1812 on nation
Coined the phrase "Not one Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost".
Common Law v. Civil Law
Common law- unncessary to provide specific details about every conceivable detail (this was constitution) Civil Law- format of legal codes like in England were every detail was needed to be written out.
How Hamilton Proposed we repaid debt
Customs duties Tariff revenues LOOK AT READING GUIDE WITH PICTURE
2. Product of the convention
Demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted or war declared,. Most of the demands reflected Federalists fears that a one-proud New England was falling subvert to an agrarian South and West. Wanted to abolish the 3.5ths compromise lit presidents to a single term and to prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state.
James Madison
Determined to draft the amendments himself and guide them through congress
how delegates for constitutional convention were chosen
Each state except Rhode Island chose representatives and they were all apointed by legislatures.
C. The Treaty of Ghent
Ended the war 2 weeks before the battle of New Orleans. 1814. Signed on Christmas Eve.
Requirements for ratification by the federalists
Favored a stronger government, no bill of rights, Had: -George Washignton -Benjamin Franklin -Wealthier -Organized and Educated -Controlled Press
Jefferson and Madison v. Hamilton
First organized political parties in the united states, disagreed with Hamiltons POV
1. Impact of British and French war on American Commerce
First two years of war a maritime United states (number one neutral carrier since 1793) enjoyed plentiful commerce pickings. A setback came in 1805. At the Battle of Trafalgar, one eyed Horatio Lord Nelson achieved immortality by smashing the combined French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain, thereby ensuring Britain's supremacy on the seas. At the Battle of Austerlitz in Australia (The Battle of Three Emperors) Napoleon crushed the combined Austrian and Russian armies, thereby ensuring his mastery of the land. France and Britain now reigned supreme in their chosen elements. The two antagonists were force to strike indirect blows. Britain ruled seas. Beginning in 1806, Britain issued a series of Orders In Council closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels first stopped at a British port. Napoleon then ordered a seizure of all merchant ships (including American) that entered British ports. (No way to trade with either nation without facing the other's guns).
Impact of Jay's Treaty
French thought it was a step closer to an alliance with England
Who was elected chairman at const. convention?
George Washington Unanimaously elected
Assumption
Hamilton wanted federal government to take on state debts, State debts could be regarded as proper national obligation chain so that states were more connected to the "federal government chariot"
2. Division in the Republic for the war
House 79 for 49 against, Senate 19 to 13.
Hamilton's objective
Immediately correct the economic vexations that had crippled the articles of confederation
Andrew Jackson and Florida
In 1819 he went to Florida supposedly to get fugitive slaves and hostile Indians but instead, he hung some Indians and seized important Spanish posts
Jefferson and the military
Jefferson didn't want a large standing but prefered militia, downsized to only 2500 and almost completely depleted the navy
Compact Theory
Jefferson feared that the federalists would remove constitutional gauruntees and his political party would seize to exist. Compact theory said that the US had entered a compat when to obey the federal government, but states created the federal government so they have the power to shoot down laws.
C. Madison's Gamble
Jefferson left the presidency after 2 terms, happy to escape what he called the "splendid misery". Madison took the presidential oath on March 4, 1809 as the conflict in Europe was roaring to its climax. Unable to dominate Congress as Jefferson had done, Madison often found himself holding the bag for risky foreign policies not of his own making.
A. A precarious Neutrality
Jefferson triumphantly reelected in 1804, with 162 electoral votes to only 14 votes for his Federalist opponent. After unloading Louisiana in 1803, Napoleon deliberately provoked a renewal of his war with Britain which raged on for 11 years.
Gallatin
Jefferson's Secretary oft he Treasury
Aaron Burr
Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel
Loose Construction
John Marshals ruling that the constitution could be interpreted loosely.
Impact on Federalist Party-
Last time the federalists gathered for a successful gathering.
D. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
Late in 1814 when the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent Massachusetts issued a call for a convention at Hartford Connecticut.
Corps of Discovery
Lewis and Clarks discovery of the new Land
1. Who attended hartford convention
Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island dispatched full delegations; neighboring New Hampshire and Vermont sent partial representation. Met in complete secrecy for about 3 weeks Decem 15 1814
Impact of Expansion on Sectionalism
Most commonwealths had been admitted alternatively, free or slave state.
2. Result
Napoleon took advantage of the opportunity. Since 1806, Britain had justified its Orders In Council as retaliation to Napoleons actions implying that trade restrictions would be lifted if the French decrees disappeared. Around 1810 word came out from Napoleon's foreign minister that French decrees might be repealed if Britain also lifted its Orders in Council. Napoleon had no intention of permitting unrestricted trade between America and Britain, rather, he hoped to maneuver the U.S. into resuming its embargo against the British, thus creating a partial blockade against this enemy that he would not have to raise a finger to enforce. Maddison accepted the French offer as evidence of repeal. The terms of Macon's Bill gave the British three months to live up to their implied promise by revoking the Orders of Council and reopening the Atlantic neutral trade. President had to close ships only to British which changed their neutral Status.
A. On to Canada over Land and Lakes
On the eve of 1812 the arm was ill-trained, ill-disciplines, and widely scattered. It had to be supplemented by the even more poorly trained militias, which h were sometimes distinguished by their speed of foot in leaving a battlefield. Canada became an important battleground in the War of 1812 because British forces were the weakest there.
Anglo-American Convention
Pact with Britain, also know as the Treaty of 1818; permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, fixed the northern limits of Louisiana along the 49th parallel, and provided for a joint occupation of the Oregon terrritory.
1. Embargo Act of Late 1807 and "Peaceful Coercion"
Passed hastily by congress. The Law forbade the export of all goods from the United States, whether in American or Foreign ships. More than just a compromise between submission and shooting, the embargo embodied Jefferson's idea of "peaceful coercion". If it worked, the embargo would vindicate the rights of neutral nations and point to a new way of conducting foreign affairs. If failed, the republic would die either by European powers or sucked into war.
Patronage
People that paid Jeffersons campaign were promised spots in office however few got them because few federalists left the cabinet
Bank of the United States
Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.
Tallmadge Amendment
Provided that no more slaves could be brought int Missouri and the gradual emancipation for children born to slave parents already there.
4. Non-Importation Act
Replaced the embargo act on March first 1809, 3 days before Jefferson's retirement. This formally reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except Britain and France. Economic coercion continued to be a policy of the Jeffersonian from 1809 - 1812 (when the nation went to war). Due to expire on 1810.
The Hartford Resolutions
Require 1 two thirds vote of congress to declare war, impose restrictions, admit new states. 2 omit slaves from the census. 3 restrict presidents to a single term and prohibit successive presidents from the same state.
10th amendment
Reserves all rights not exxplicitly delegated/ prohibited by the government to the people
3. Impact on politics
Revive the moribund Federalist party. Its leaders hurled their nullification of the embargo into the teeth of "Virginia lording's" in Washington. 1804 - Federalists polled 14 electoral votes out of 176, 1808 - Polled 47/175
Finances after the war of 1812
Revived Bank of the United states was voted by Congress in 1816. More handsome national capital began to rise. Army expanded and navy was better.
John Adams becomes president
Rise of factions, Jeffersonians vs. Democratic- republicans
John Quincey Adams
Secretary of State under Monroe
3/5ths compromise
Slaves could count as 3/5ths of a person for representation in the house
E. Mr. Madison's War
Spring 1812, Madison believed war with Britain to be inevitable. The British arming of hostile Indians pushed him towards this decision as did the whoops of the war hawks in his own party. The Republicans had tried to steer between the warring European powers and to set a course between submission and battle but it had brought them only international derision and internal strife. People thought that the only way to test the government was to go to war and see if the government worked.
How the war of 1812 affected nationalism
Stronger sense of nationalism, America emerged as a nation
a. For and Against? Why? War of 1812
Support for the war came from the South and West but also from Republicans in populous middle states like PA and VA. Pro-Births Federalists in the northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans sympathy with Napoleon whom they regarded as the "Corsican butcher" and the anti-Christ of the age". The Federalists also opposed the acquisition of Canada bc it would just make the U.S. bigger. New Englanders tried to help the British by giving more gold to the British Exchequer than to the Federal treasury and sent huge quantities of supplies to Canada and NE governors refused to permit their militias to serve outside their own states.
Federalists
Supported by the upper middle classes, led by hamilton, pro-british, liked a strong federal government
Midnight Judges
The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
Slave States v. Free States
The 3/5ths compromise for representation
Who attended the const. Convention?
The 55 delegates were a conservative, well to do body of Lawyers, merchants, shippers, land speculators, and money lenders. None of them were from the poorer debtor groups. The average age was 22. All nationlists/ young republicans
Tariff of 1816
The American industry needed to be protected because the British competitors were selling things at lower prices than the Americans could ever compete with. They created the tariff (1st tariff in American history instituted primarily for protection and not revenue. Taxed 20-25% of importable goods.
B. The Hated Embargo
The Americans did not want to permit "slavish submission" to British or to the mistreatment by the French. The Americans were not powerful and did not have a strong navy or army because of Jefferson's antinavalism. Jefferson recognized that the other countries were dependent on America for their raw materials so he decided to stop giving raw materials to the countries that did not want to listen to America as a way to hurt their economy. He thought that the "offending powers would be forced to bow, hat in hand, and agree to respect its rights."
Economic Panic of 1819
The Economic Panic of 1819 is the first major financial crisis in the United States, and was particularly shocking because it occurred during the "Era of Good Feelings." Was a result of the end of the economic expansion in the United States after the creation of the Second Bank of the United States and subsequent financial boom. The Economic Panic of 1819 was significant because it brought about new financial policies that shaped the Economic development of the Country moving forward.
Product of the Hartford convention
The Hartford Resolutions
5. Impact on industry of America
The New Englanders reopened old factories and erected new ones, which laid the real foundations of modern America's industry.
Cooper and Irving
The first American writers that attained international recognition in the 1820's as the 1st writers of importance to use American scenes and themes.
2. Impressment
The forcible enlistment of sailors (used by the British) LOOOK UPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
1. Burning of DC
The invaders entered the capital and set fire to most of the public buildings including the Capitol and the White house.
Barbary Pirates
The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. U.S. payed them off to not bother the US ships until Tripoli cut down an american flag. Jefferson sent over navy and recaptured their ship. They then got a treaty formed fixing the problem.
The French Acquisition
They wanted Spain to ceded to France for the trans-mississippi area of Louisiana
Gibbons v. Ogden
This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.
Goals of the const. convention
To crystallize the last evaporating pools of revolutionary idealism into a stable political structure. Wanted a firm, dignified, respected government. Wanted power with the government especially to make treaties and tariffs with other countries.
Russo- American Treaty
Treaty establishing the border between the Oregon Country and Russian America at 54 ْ 40' N. (1824)
Adams-Onis Treaty
US gets Florida in exchange for not invading Texas or Cuba
Washington for President
Unanimously drafted as President of the u.S. by the electoral college in 1789, only time its ever happened
Virginia's Unrest
Virginia didn't want to be part of the US but it could not live without it
a. Who? Goals?
Wanted war with the British, yearned to wipe out a renewed Indian threat to the pioneer settlers who were streaming into the trans-Allegheny wilderness.
Manufacturing after the War of 1812
War bread America Independence. Industries stipulated by fighting made America less dependent on European workshops
Election of 1796
Was going to be Hamilton but he had to much of an opinion so role went to adams
Cabinet
Was not "in" the constitution, eventually washington got a modern day cabinet
1. Macon's Bill No. 2
When congress dismantled the embargo completely with a bargaining measure known as Macon's Bill No. 2. While reopening American trade with all the world, Macon's bill dangled what Congress hoped was an attractive lure. If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the nonrepealing nation. Madison thought that the Bill was a shameful capitulation and practically admitted that the United States could not survive without one of the belligerents as a commercial ally, but it left determination of who that ally would be to the potentates of London and Paris.
Crushing the Native Resistance
Whites crushed the indians of the northwest and south pacified the frontier and opened up vast virgin traits of land.
1. War Hawks-
Younger hot heads now in office, anti-federalists, on fire for a new war with the old enemy.
Funding at Par
an economic plan devised in 1790 by Hamilton in order to "bolster the nation's credit" and strengthen the central government. It was a plan to exchange old bonds for new bonds at face value. This would take on the dents of all the states and reinforce faith in the government bonds. (168)
The Purchase
bought the whole louisiana for 15 mill
what they did at the const.. convention
changed the articles had the great compromise taking the virginia and the new jersey plans together
Orders in council
edicts that closed European ports under french control to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port.
What the 10 amendments protect
freedom of religion, right to bear arms and militia, no quarting of soldiers, no search and seizure, right to trial, right to a jury, right to jury in civil cases, no cruel and unusual punishment, you have rights other than those merely expressed, all rights not given to the federal government are given to the states.
Jeffersons effect on the alien and sedation acts
had expired but let free everyone in jail and moved back requirement from 14 years to 5 years
Francois Toussaint L'Overture
leader of an uprising in Haiti made the french realize that the troubles in america weren't worth it
Jeffersonian democrats
led by Jefferson, common man, mostly farmers, pro french "we are all republicans, we are all Federalists" -Jefferson
Basis for the bill of rights
many anti federalists had sharply criticized constitution to provide guarantees of individual rights.
Napoleans "Orders in council"
ordered a seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports
Where the const convention took place
philadelphia
Excise tax + Jefferson
removed whiskey tax
