APUSH WEEK 8

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Def: A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816. HS: Avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

Def: A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws HS: The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.

Trail of Tears (1838)

Def: Andrew Jackson favored pushing all Amerindians west of the MS River. HS: The Indian Removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay.

Bank War (1832)

Def: Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers. HS: The most major effect of the Bank War of 1832 was inflation throughout the United States.

Whig Party (1833-1856)

Def: Formed in opposition to the policies of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. HS: Supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. ( important leaders were Henry Clay and Daniel Webster)

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Def: Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty. HS: ignored by the Jackson administration.

Independent Treasury Act

Def: In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. HS: The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Def: Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. HS: It changed how the government dealt with Native Americans inside state boundaries and reversed the policy of respecting their rights.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)

Def: Supreme Court ruled that a charter granted by a State to a company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. A State could not make laws infringing on the charters of private organizations. The Charles River Bridge Company protested when the Warren Bridge Company was authorized in 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. The court ruled that the Charles River Company was not granted a monopoly right in their charter, and the Warren Company could build its bridge. HS: Began the legal concept that private companies cannot injure the public welfare.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Def: The Supreme Court ruled that Indians were not independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. HS: From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government.

Second Seminole War (1835-1842)

Def: This followed the refusal of most Seminoles to abandon the reservation that had been specifically established for them and to relocate west of the Mississippi River. White Americans wanted this land and sought to remove the Seminoles under the Indian Removal Act. HS: t was the longest of the wars of Indian removal. The Seminole peoples were defeated, and many were forced to move west.

Nullification Crisis of 1832

Def: Under Jackson. Caused by the Tariff of 1828 (taxing rate was 48%). South Carolina is not going to pay that tax. Jackson supported states rights but sends troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff of 1828. Nullified the Force act - congress allows Jackson to send troops to South Carolina. HS: This is the first time tensions between state and federal authority almost led to a civil war.

John Calhoun and Henry Clay

Def: organized a behind the scenes compromise that lowered the Tariff of 1832 and defused tensions

Spoils System & kitchen cabinet

Def: the idea that the President's friends could be employed in his "board of advisors" as long as they agreed with him (Andrew Jackson). HS: the spoils system allowed those with political influence to ascend to powerful positions within the government, regardless of their level of experience or skill.

Panic of 1837

def: When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. HS: A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.