APUSH
Jeremiad
Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century;
charter
a document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights
Nation-States
a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government
Shakers
a member of the Millennial Church, originating in England in the middle of the 18th century and brought to the U.S. in 1774, advocating celibacy, common ownership of property, and a strict and simple way of life: so called from their practice of shaking during religious services.
Gadsden Purchase
acquired additional land from Mexico for 10 million dollars to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad
Compromise of 1850
admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C. and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery
Three-Sister Farming
agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 CE; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.
"horizontal integration"
allying w/ competitors to monopolize a certain market (Rockefeller)
Robert R. Livingston
along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million, In 1801, President Jefferson appointed Robert Livingston resident minister at the court of Napoleon. It was he who negotiated the Louisiana Purchase from the French. He was also a patron of Robert Fulton, who refined the steam engine.
Crittenden amendments
amendments to the Constitution proposed by John J. Crittenden, designed to appease South, rejected by Lincoln
Ulysses S. Grant
an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States; achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War; defeated Lee
Hiawatha
an Iriqouis legend
Molasses Act
an act to prevent the American colonists from trading with the French West Indies.
franchise
an authorization to sell a company's goods or services in a particular place
Bleeding Kansas
civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War
John Cotton
clergyman in Massachusetts Bay Colony; defended government's duty to enforce religious rules
Lee's primary goal in invading the North in the summer of 1863 was to a) capture major Northern cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh b) deflect attention from "Stonewall" Jackson's movements against Washington c) strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention in the war d) cut off Northern supply lines and damage the Union's economic foundations e) drive through to Canada and thus split the North in two
c) strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention in the war
Booker T. Washington
champion of black education who in 1881 = head of Tuskegee Inst., using 'accommodationist' methods to not upset whites
Massasoit
chief of Plymouth area Wampanoag; signed treaty with Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621 and helped them celebrate first Thanksgiving
Great Migration
of the 70,000 who emigrated from England in 1630-1642, 20,000 went to New England while 48,000 went to the West Indies
Peter Stuyvesant
one Dutch directors-general in New Netherland (NY) who fought off Swedes and surrendered to English
French Huguenots
one group of Puritan American settlers who were Calvinists
Scottish Presbyterians
one group of Puritan American settlers who were Calvinists
Alexander Hamilton
one of the Founding Fathers, favored a strong central government with a weak legislature to unify the infant nation and encourage industry
Aaron Burr
one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made him Vice- President.
Hiram Revels
F. Black Republican senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction
Farewell Address
George Washington's address at the end of his presidency
Union commander who first made his mark with victories in the West.t
Ulysses S. Grant
Harlan. p. Halsey
One of the few prominent people that wrote short fiction adventurous stories called dime novels.
doctrine of a calling
Puritan belief that they are responsible to do God's work on earth
Achieving the right to vote encouraged southern black men to
C. Organize the Union League as a vehicle for political empowerment and self-defense.
(C/F) The Battle of Antietam
Enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation and blocked British and French intervention.
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states
George Rogers Clark
"Conquerer of the Old Northwest," from Virginia, was the highest ranking military officer in the NW frontier during American Revolutionary War. Best known for captures of Kaskaskia and Vincennes
Samuel Slater
"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791
John Burgoyne
"Gentleman Johnny" British general who surrendered to the Americans at Saratoga
Pequot War
(1636-1638): Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies. (54)
The Grange
"Patrons of Husbandry" pressuring legislatures to regulate the RR monopolies
Noche Triste
"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlan, killing hundreds. Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.
Noche Triste (6/30/1520)
"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds; Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule
Edward Everett Hale's fictional story of treason and banishment, inspired by the actual wartime banishing of Copperhead Clement Vallandigham.
"The Man Without a Country"
Oliver Hazard Perry
"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote
William Penn
( (O.S. 14 October 1644) 24 October 1644 - 30 July 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
John Winthrop
(12 January 1587/88 - 26 March 1649) was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony.
Aztecs
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
Henry VIII
(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
Elizabeth I
(1533- 1603) English queen who created a strong, centralized monarchy based on national unity and a sharing of power between monarchy and Parliament. Virginia was named after her.
Jacobus Arminius
(1560-1609)—Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect
Roanoke Island
(1585): Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina. (28)
John Rolfe
(1585-1622) was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.
Spanish Armada
(1588): Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. (29)
William Bradford
(1590-1657) was a founder and longtime governor of the Plymouth Colony settlement. Born in England, he migrated with the Separatist congregation to the Netherlands as a teenager.
Anne Hutchinson
(1591-1643), was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.
William Berkeley
(1606-1677) Royal governor of Virginia, with brief interruptions, from 1641 until his death. Berkeley, a member of Virginia's seaboard elite, drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks. This friction eventually led to Bacon's Rebellion.
William Berkeley
(1606-1677) Royal governor of Virginia, with brief interruptions, from 1641 until his death; He, a member of Virginia's seaboard elite, drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks. This friction eventually led to Bacon's Rebellion.
Jamestown
(1607): First permanent En glish settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company. (30)
First Anglo-Powhatan War
(1614): Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in En gland's campaigns against the Irish. (32)
Mayflower Compact
(1620): Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony. (47)
Great English Migration
(1630-1642): Migration of seventy thousand refugees from En gland to the North American colonies, primarily New En gland and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Mas sa chu setts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Chris tian settlement in the new world. (49)
Fundamental Orders
(1639): Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a dem o cratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution. (52)
English Civil War
(1642-1651): Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I. (54)
New England Confederation
(1643) Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and connecticut led by Puritans for the purpose of defense and organization; an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War (49)
Second Anglo-Powhatan War
(1644-1646): Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement. (33)
Nathaniel Bacon
(1647-1676) Young Virginia planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks.
Act of Toleration
(1649): Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period. (36
Barbados slave code
(1661): First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries. (37)
King Philip's war
(1675-1676): Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New En gland. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New En gland settlers for several decades. (54)
Dominion of New England
(1686-1689): Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New En gland, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in En gland demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control. (55)
Glorious or Bloodless Revolution
(1688): Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority. (55)
salutary neglect
(1688-1763): Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. (56)
John (Peter) Zenger
(1697-1746)—New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state's corrupt royal governor; his acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press
Protestant Reformation
(16th Century): Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in En gland in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.
Jonathan Edwards
(1703-1758)—New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening; emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God's grace alone
Tuscarora War
(1711-1713): Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Indians were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation. (40)
New York slave revolt
(1712)—Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks
George Whitefield
(1714-1770)—Iterant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening; his emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "Old Light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice
Great Awakening
(1730s and 1740s)—Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century
Poor Richard's Almanack
(1732-1758)—Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense
Zenger trial
(1734-1735)—New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel
Michel (-Gullaume Jean de) Crevecoeur
(1735-1813)—French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity—an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures
Molasses Act
(1737)—Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling
John (Singleton) Copley
(1738-1815)—Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere; loyalist during the Revolutionary war, he spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes from English history
South Carolina slave revolt
(1739)—Uprising also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than 50 South Carolina blacks along the Stono River; the slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia
John Trumbull
(1756-1843)—Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions; he was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence
Paxton Boys
(1764)—were frontiersmen of Scots-Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group to retaliate in 1763 against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion
John Quincy Adams
(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.
Regulator movement
(1768-1771)—Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite
Saratoga
(1777) , A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.
Sojourner Truth
(1797-1883) American evangelist and reformer, she was born an enslaved African but was later freed and became a speaker for abolition and women's suffrage
Cyrus McCormick
(1809-1884) American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat. Helped to commercialize agriculture
Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
Frederick Douglass
(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star
New Harmony
(1825-1827) Communal society of around 1,000 members, established by Robert Owen. Much diversity among inhabitants, only lasted 2 years.
Andrew Jackson
(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.
John C. Calhoun
(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.
"The American Scholar"
(1837) Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College. Declared intellectual independence from Europe
Amistad
(1839) Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard; the ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial; former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release
William Henry Harrison
(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Brook Farm
(1841-1846) Transcendentalist commune, founded by group of intellectuals, emphasized living simply, burned down in 1846
Commonwealth v. Hunt
(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers
Zachary Taylor
(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.
Millard Fillmore
(1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.
Carrie Chapman Catt
(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920
Sir Edmund Andros
(6 December 1637 - 24 February 1714) was an English colonial administrator in North America. He was the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence.
Tariff of 1816
(7.1) proposed by Madison, a protective tariff, taxed imports in order to increase the price of foreign goods and thereby limit their price advantage. Northeasterners welcomed this, but Southerns and Westerns were reluctant
trail of tears
(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Henry Hudson
(Died 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. He made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay (today's China) via a route above the Arctic Circle.
John Brown
(FP) , Well-known abolitionist. used violence to stop slavery immediately, involved in the Pottawatomie Massacre, he ws tried, convicted of treason and hung... he became a martyr.
Grand Army of the Republic
(GAR) - fraternal organization of Union veterans of the Civil War who were very useful for Republican ballots
Tallmadge Amendment
(JMon) , This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) 1910 - co-founded by W E B DuBois; called for complete equality between whites & blacks, & to eliminate hatred
Women's Christian Temperance Union
(WCTU) 1874 - led by Frances E Willard; an organization against alcoholism 18th amendment in 1919 (later taken out) prohibiting alcohol
Phillis Wheatley
(ca. 1753-1784)—African-American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems; as a young girl, she lived in Boston, and was later taken to England where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work
Iroquois Confederacy
(late 1500s): Bound together five tribes — the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. (42)
15th Amendment
- 1870 - declared that citizens in the US = all allowed to vote w/o regard for race, color, or previous servitude (but no women); Congress had power to enforce this amendment w/ appropriate legislation
Plessy v. Ferguson
- 1896 - Supreme Court ruling that blacks should have access to separate but equal facilities Jim Crow Laws
Civil Rights Act of 1875
- guaranteed equal accommodations in public & prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection; Supreme Court declared much of the act as unconstitutional in Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Boss Tweed
- used bribery, graft, fraudulent elections, & intimidation to gain $200 mil jailed
Charles Darwin
-Evolution by "natural selection" (the weaker die out) wrote On the Origin of Species
Mary II
1662-1694. Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1694). The eldest daughter of James II, she ruled jointly with her husband, William III, the former William of Orange, at the behest of the Protestant opponents of her father.
Reign of Terror
10 month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced
Zachary Taylor
12th US President (1849-1850) was a general and hero of the Mexican-American war. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He was in office during the crisis of California's admittance to the Union but died in office before a compromise could be worked out, and left vice president Filmore to finalize a deal between the hostile north and south. Advocated admission of California and New Mexico to US.
The constitutional amendment granting civil rights to freed slaves and barring former Confederates from office
14th Amendment
John Calvin
1509-64, French theologian and reformer in Switzerland: leader in the Protestant Reformation
Francisco Coronado
1540-1542: searches through Arizona and New Mexico all the way to Kansas looking for gold and discovers the Grand Canyon + Herds of Bison
Constitutional amendment guaranteeing blacks the right to vote
15th Amendment
First Anglo- Powhatan War
1610- Lord De La Warr of the Virginia Company initiated war with the Indians, ended with the marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas
Pocahontas
1617. Powhatan princess who befriended the English colonists at Jamestown and is said to have saved Capt. John Smith from execution by her people. She married the colonist John Rolfe (1614) and later traveled to England, where she died. Pocahontas.
Charles II
1630-1685. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism.
Fundamental Orders
1639, constitution of Connecticut in which the regime was democratically controlled by citizens
Dominion of New England
1686, created by crown (included NY and East and West Jersey) for protection against Indians and to promote English Navigation Laws; inter-colonial alliance imposed by England
King William's War
1689-1697. mailnly a war between British and French, with Indians sometimes involved. Part of a series of wars between major powers fighting for control of the new World. Fought mainly with basic guerrilla warfare, as neither side had many troops.
Arminianism
16th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignity
Tuscarora War
1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.
Great Awakening
1730s to the 1740s, was a stage of religious revival. Main two preachers were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
Pontiac's War
1763 - , a 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area
Cheif Pontiac
1763, led several indian tribes, along with some french traders, in a violent campaign to drive the british out of ohio country. rebeliion crushed by smallpox.
Paxton Boys
1764; group of Scotts-Irish frontiersmen that led an armed march on Philadelphia protesting the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Indians; spearheaded the Regulator movement in North Carolina
Quartering Act
1765 Measure required that certain colonies provide food and quarters to the British troops.
Stamp Act
1765 George Grenville imposed this measure to raise revenue insupport of the new military force. The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of the tax.
Declaratory Act of 1766
1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and passed this act which reaffirmed Parliament's right to "bind" the colonies. Line in sand drawn.
First Continental Congress
1774, the first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts. The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention. The 1st Continental Congress was not a legislative body, but a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress. After 7 weeks of deliberation, the first Continental Congress drew up several papers. The papers included a Declaration of Rights and solemn appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people.
Articles of Confederation
1777 The original constitution of the United States, set up by the Continental Congress
Society of the Cinncinati
1783 The United States' oldest patriotic society.
Land Ordinance of 1785
1785 The setup of a systematic approach for surveying the western frontier.
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
1786 An attempt to separate church and state in Virginia.
Shay's Rebellion
1786-1787 Protest by American farmers over taxes collected by the state.
Three-fifths compromise
1787 A compromise between the Northern states and Southern states about how to count slaves when determining the number of delegates for each state.
Northwest Ordinance
1787 First organization of land west of the Appalachian mountains by the United States.
The federalist
1787 Papers written by Hamilton and Madison explaining the way which the government should be set up.
Virginia Plan
1787 Proposal by Virginian government to set up a bicameral legislature.
New Jersey Plan
1787 Proposal on a way to set up the government of the United States.
Old Northwest
1787 Territory of the United States, which contained modern day Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, and other Northwestern states.
Great Compromise
1787 The set up for representation of that each state of the US would have in the government.
Charles G. Finney
1792-1875, U.S. clergyman and educator of the Second Great Awakening
Lucretia Mott
1793-1880, U.S. social reformer: advocate of women's rights.
The Age of Reason
1794: Thomas Paine's pamphlet that accused churches of looking for power and profit. Condemning them
Horace Mann
1796-1859, U.S. educational reformer: instrumental in establishing the first normal school in the U.S. 1839.
Andrew Johnson
17th president of the US from 1865-69 - advocated the 10% allegiance for states to be readmitted into the Union; president during Black Codes, Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14th Amendment; vetoed almost every congressional measure
Chesapeake affair
1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
Macon's Bill No. 2
1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
Rush-Bagot Agreement
1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819, Chief justice john Marshall limits of the US Constitution and of the authority of the federal and state governments. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldn't interfere
Force Bill
1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
California gold rush
1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
Matthew C. Perry
1854 he succeeded in getting Japanese officials to sign a treaty at Kanagwa, which allowed US ships to refuel at two ports, by 1858 America and Japan had commenced trade and a US consul took up residence in th Japanese capital, Edo
Jane Addams
1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.
Pullman Palace Cars
1860s - travelling hotels, but were very dangerous due to flammability
Morrill Tariff
1861 - high protective tariff created by the free Rep govt during the Civil War (as most Dems. seceded w/ S)
Pacific Railroad Act
1862 Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds.
Pacific Railroad Act
1862 - began the plans for a Northern transcontinental railroad (RR) during Civil War because the S was no longer there to oppose the act
Union Pacific Railroad
1862 - commissioned by Congress to cross the continent, starting at Omaha, Nebraska; involved the Crédit Mobilier scandal; joined with the Central Pacific RR
10 percent Reconstruction plan
1863 Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.
Ten Percent Plan
1863 - originally Lincoln's Reconstruction plan that a state could be readmitted into the Union if 10% of its voters in the pres election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US & pledged to obey emancipation laws; Congress did not recognize these govts but Johnson admitted many back into the Union when he ascended to the presidency
Woman's Loyal League
1863-1865 Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.
13th Amendment
1865 - officially outlawed slavery as an extension of the Emancipation Proclamation
Black Codes
1865-1866 Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerner's criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.
Freedman's Bureau
1865-1872 Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.
Ex parte Milligan
1866 Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.
Civil Rights Bill
1866 Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.
Ex Parte Milligan
1866 - Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals = not able to try civilians (even during wartime) in areas where civil courts = still open
National Labor Union
1866-1872 This first national labor organization in U.S. history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. It devoted much of its energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872.
Reconstruction Act
1867 Passed by newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.
Seward's Folly
1867 Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most American immediately after the Civil War.
Tenure of Office Act
1867 Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.
Seward's Folly
1867 - Sec of State Seward signed treaty w/ Russia purchasing AK for $7.2 mil - ridiculed by his countrymen, unknowing of AK's future productivity. didnt want to insult russia
Knights of Labor
1869 - sought to include all workers in one big union; only barred the "nonproducers" (liquor dealers, gamblers, lawyers, bankers, & stockbrokers); 1886's Haymarket Square incident tarnished the reputation of the Knights of Labor extinction
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould
1869 - tried to corner the gold market w/ Grant's (unintentional?) help (needed the Treasury to stop selling gold possibly Grant's doing)
Force Acts
1870-1871 Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.
Standard Oil Company
1870-1911 John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the U.S. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.
George Washington (1732-1799)
1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution
Credit Mobilier scandal
1872 A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices - and profits. In 1872 it erupted when journalists discovered that it had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue.
Crédit Mobilier
1872 - insiders of the Union Pacific RR formed the Crédit Mobilier construction company then hired themselves as workers 348% profit
Amnesty Act
1872 - removed political disabilities from all but 500 Conf. leaders
Chautauqua Movement
1874 - movement for adult education lectures across US & courses in home study
Whiskey Ring
1874-75 - robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues (the tax collectors didn't give all of the collections to the govt); incl. Grant's personal secretary
Alexander Graham Bell
1876 - produced the telephone giant communications networks; switchboards many women with decent jobs
Gilded Age
1877-1896 A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.
Bland-Allison Act
1878 - required Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver then put it into circulation as silver dollars
Salvation Army
1879 - aided the unemployed and destitute with practical good, e.g. free soup
Mary Baker Eddy
1879 - founded the Church of Christian Science, which offered relief from discord & disease through prayer (did not go to doctors, etc.)
Thomas Edison
1879 - invented the lightbulb changed human habits; also invented phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, & moving picture
Dumbbell Tenements
1879 - usually 7-8 stories tall w/ near useless air shafts; many people corralled into a single, barracks-like building w/ one toilet per floor
Tuskegee Institute
1881 - black school teaching agricultural practices & other useful trades; led by Booker T Washington at its founding; called for gradual acceptance of blacks
American Red Cross
1881 - founded by Clara Barton; provided emergency assistance, disaster relief, and education inside US
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 - prohibited all further immigration from China until 1843
Pendleton Act
1883 Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system.
Skyscrapers
1885 - first appeared as a 10-story building in Chicago, allowing more people to fit on a smaller piece of land; invented by Louis Sullivan
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois
1886 A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.
Haymarket Square
1886 A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.
American Federation of Labor
1886 - created by Samuel Gompers; an association of unified self-governing national unions (each still w/ its independence)
Wabash Case
1886 - individual states had no power to intervene in interstate commerce RR monopolies = not controlled by states, instead by fed govt
Walter Rauschenbusch
1886- became a pastor of a German Baptist church in NY. He was one of the many religious people that sought to apply Christianity and religion to slums and factories. Preached "Social Gospel" meaning the church should handle issues
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using it to achieve their own ends, but it gave the government an important means to regulate big business.
Hatch Act
1887 - extension of the Morrill Act; provided fed funds for est. agricultural experiment stations in connection w/ land-grant colleges (Morrill Act)
American Protective Association
1887 - nativist group which urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office & sponsored the publication of lustful runaway nun stories
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 - prohibited rebates & pools, & required railroads to publicly publish their rates; forbade unfair discrimination against shippers & outlawed charging more for short-distance shipping than long-distance
Hull House
1889 - most prominent American settlement house; in Chicago; helped immigrants assimilate into US culture (took care of their children, taught them English, etc.)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890 A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 it was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890 - forbade combinations in restraint of trade for trusts; very ineffective b/c of loopholes, but curbed labor unions restraining trade
National American Woman Suffrage Association
1890 - formed by militant suffragists; founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B Anthony; only included whites for fear that an integrated campaign would compromise its effort to get the vote
Gibson Girl
1890s - magazine image of an independent & athletic 'new woman' which became the ideal of the age
Homestead Strike
1892 A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, P.A., that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed "Pinkerton" detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. It was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers.
Ida B. Wells
1892 - led a protest against lynching in S, & promoted blacks rights in S; National Assoc. of Colored Women in 1896
World's Columbian Exposition
1893 Held in Chicago, Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini-city in which to host the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time. For many, this was the high point of the "City Beautiful" movement.
Henry Street Settlement
1893 - Lillian Wald's settlement house in NYC, following Addam's lead to help immigrants
Florence Kelley
1893 - leader of Hull House's operation to successfully lobby for an IL anti-sweatshop law protecting women workers & outlawing child labor
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.
Common Law
18th century Common law is set up in courts by judges, and the Americans inherited this process from the British.
Deism
18th century religious doctrine; emphasized science over religion and the search for knowledge, weren't Christian, but did believe in a Supreme Being
Civic Virtue
18th-19th century Democracy was dependent upon each person committing to the public good.
United States Steel Company
1901 - created by J P Morgan from Carnegie's steel company; the first billion dollar company in US
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th Pres. of US (1877-81) - oversaw the end of Reconstruction; became pres. only through the Compromise of 1877
Chester Arthur
21st president of the United States became president after the assassination of James A. Garfield passed the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Pendleton Act
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826).
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States- chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826) Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia., He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.,
James Monroe
5th president of the United States, Monroe Doctrine
Realism
A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
General Howe (1729-1814)
A British army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence. Howe was one of three brothers who enjoyed distinguished military careers.
Molasses Act
A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.
Pony Express
A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days
Haymarket Square
A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.
Hiawatha
A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.
Incas
A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.
General von Steuben (1730-1794)
A Prussian-born military officer who served as inspector general and Major General of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines.
Roger Williams
A Puritan religious leader of the seventeenth century, born in England. After he was expelled from Massachusetts for his tolerant religious views, he founded the colony of Rhode Island as a place of complete religious toleration.
Winslow Homer
A Realist painter known for his seascapes of New England.
Tecumseh
A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
American Colonization Society
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country
conquistador
A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. "Spanish conquistadores (conquerors) fanned out across . . . American continents."
Alamo
A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois
A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.
Liberia
A West African nation founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society to serve as a homeland for free blacks to settle
Battle of New Orleans
A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost
Nat Turner
A black preacher who in 1831, led a revolt on a summer night in Southampton County, Virginia. They killed 60 whites and 100+ blacks were executed.
Dred Scott
A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.
Impending Crisis of the South
A book written by abolitionist Hinton Helper arguing that slavery mostly affected whites without slaves in a negative way. It caused unrest in the South- a factor in the later secession.
Corbett v Sullivan
A boxing match between these two
Dred Scott Case
A case in the Supreme Court that ruled that blacks had no civil or human rights and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in territories.
Loyalist
A colonist who sided with Britain in the American Revolution
joint-stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
Crédit Mobilier scandal
A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices—and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue.
Ostend Manifesto
A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.
pragmatism
A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. They thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. Among the most well-known purveyors of it were John Dewey, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and William James.
Lecompton Constitution
A document that stated that people could not vote against the Constitution but either vote for it to be with slavery or against slavery. It was a trickery document in that if it was voted that the constitution was against slavery, the slaveholders would still be protected.
Peculiar Institution
A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War
John S. Copley
A famous Revolutionary era painter, traveled to England to finish his study of the arts. Only in the Old World could he find subjects with the leisure time required to be painted, and the money needed to pay him for it. was loyal to England during The Revolution.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"
ecosystem
A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment. "Two ecosystems . . . commingled and clashed when Columbus waded ashore."
Patric Henry
A fiery lawyer during revolutionary War times. Supporting a break from Great Britain, he is famous for the words, "give me liberty, or give me death!" which concluded a speech given to the Virginia Assembly in 1775. This quote is a symbol of American patriotism still today. After the American Revolution, he served two terms as governor of Virginia and was also instrumental in the development of the Bill of Rights.
Limited Liability
A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments
Civil Law
A form of legal system, first developed in Europe. It was used by the United States in developing the Constitution.
Jefferson Davis
A former senator who became the president of the Confederate States of America
Benjamin Wade
A founder of the Republican Party and Senator from Ohio from 1851 to 1869. A passionate abolitionist, he pressured Lincoln throughout the Civil War to pursue harsher policies toward the South. He co-sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864, which required 50% of the registered voters of a southern state to take a loyalty oath as a precondition for restoration to the Union, rather than the 10% proposed by Lincoln. As President Pro Tem of the Senate in 1868, he was next in line for the Presidency should Johnson be impeached, and the prospect that someone of such radical views could become president may have contributed to the failure of the effort to impeach Johnson.
David Walker
A free African American who urged blacks to take their freedom by force
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
A group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Catawba Nation
A group of the remains of several different Indian tribes that joined together in the late 1700's. This was in the Southern Piedmont region. Forced migration made the Indians join in this group.
Florence Kelly
A guerilla warrior that fought actively for anti-sweatshop laws and anti- child labor reforms. A female reformer like Wald and Addams
plantation
A largescale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. "They built up their own systematic traffic in slaves to work the sugar plantations. . . ."
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations.
William Randolph Hearst
A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."
Act of Toleration
A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.
saga
A lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heroes. ". . . their discovery was forgotten, except in Scandinavian saga and song."
Mercenaries
A person hired for service in the army of a foreign country. For example, in the late 1760's George III hired soldiers to fight in the British army against Americans.
Cotton Gin
A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
Nathanael Greene (1742-1786)
A major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. When the war began, Greene was a militia private, the lowest rank possible; he emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer.
Baron Haussmann
A master builder of Paris whose styles would be used in America.
trust
A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operation, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies.
trust
A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies.
province
A mediumsized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. "They proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico. . . ."
Albany Congress
A meeting in Albany, New York, in 1754, in which the British colonies attempted to make an alliance with the Iroquois tribe in order to end their differences. The Iroquois, however, rejected the offer.
mestizo
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. " . . . the new race of mestizos formed a cultural and biological bridge. . . ."
Constitutional Union Party
A middle-of-the-road party led by elderly politicians who wanted to reach a compromise in 1860, but it only held 3 border states.
William Lloyd Garrison
A militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession
Patriot
A person who supported the colonists during the American Revolution
Union general who repudiated his party's Copperhead platform and polled 45 percent of the popular vote in 1864.
George McClellan
Transcendentalism
A movement in nineteenth-century American literature and thought. It called on people to view the objects in the world as small versions of the whole universe and to trust their individual intuitions. The two most noted American transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
Era of Good Feelings
A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts
American Federation of Labor
A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1866. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, they sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions. Their membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the twentieth century.
American Federation of Labor
A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, it sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions. It's membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the twentieth century.
Pocahontas
A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.
Confederate States of America
A new nation formed by 7 states that seceeded from the Union and claimed independence. Its capital was in Birmingham, Alabama.
Compromise Tariff of 1833
A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.
Henry David Thoreau
A nineteenth-century American author and proponent of transcendentalism. He was a strong advocate of individual rights and an opponent of social conformity. His best-known works are the book Walden and the essay "Civil Disobedience."
Herman Melville
A nineteenth-century American author best known for Moby Dick. In his writing, he drew on several adventurous years spent at sea.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
A nineteenth-century American author known for his novels and short stories that explore themes of sin and guilt. His works include The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables .
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
A nineteenth-century American poet. Among his works are The Song of Hiawatha and " Paul Revere's Ride."
Walt Whitman
A nineteenth-century American poet. His principal work is Leaves of Grass, a collection of poems that celebrates nature, democracy, and individualism.
Brigham Young
A nineteenth-century American religious leader. He guided the Mormons after the death of their founder, Joseph Smith, and brought them to Utah, where they settled.
Stephen Foster
A nineteenth-century American songwriter. He wrote the words and music to some of the country's perennially favorite songs, including " Oh! Susanna," "The Old Folks at Home," "Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair," and "Beautiful Dreamer."
Naturalism
A nineteenth-century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was.
Tuskegee Institute
A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accomodationist."
Henry Clay
A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe showing the horrors of slavery. It was a proponent in beginning the Civil War and ending it.
Know Nothings
A party against immigrants led by Millard Fillmore.
Transportation Revolution
A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation
Pragmatism
A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations
Tammany Hall
A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
James Gadsden
A prominent South Carolina railroad man, appointed minister to Mexico. He negotiated a treaty in 1853 which ceded to the United States the Gadsden Purchase area for 10 million dollars.
William Walker
A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad magnate who made millions in steam-boating before beginning a business consolidating railroads and eliminating competition in industry.
regionalism
A recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or "local color," of America's various regions in the face of modernization and national standardization.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A reformer and feminist who joined with Lucretia Mott in issuing the call for the first women's rights convention in America, which was held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848; advocate for women suffrage
Susan B. Anthony
A reformer of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, known especially for her advocacy of women's suffrage. She was also active in the cause of abolitionism before the Civil War.
grandfather clause
A regulation established in many Southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literary tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that their ancestors ("grandfathers") had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.
grandfather clause
A regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that their ancestors ("grandfathers") had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.
Second Great Awakening
A religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed Arminian theology by which every person could be saved through revivals.
yellow journalism
A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards.
Molly Maguires
A secret Irish organization of coal miners in regions of western Pennsylvania and West Virgina in the mid to late 1800's. The miners worked together to achieve better working conditions, and when demands weren't met, they protested by destroying mining equipment and other activities. They were eventually brought down by a Pinkerton detective, and some alleged members had trials and were hanged
Goliad
A site where about 400 defeated, surrounded, and surrendered americans were slaughtered by santa anna. "remember goliad" became a war cry soon thereafter.
caravel
A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. ". . . they developed the caravel, a ship that could sail more closely into the wind. . . ."
American Temperance Society
A society that benefited from, and contributed to, a reform sentiment in much of the country promoting the abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, temperance, and the improvement of society.
Homestead Strike
A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, P.A., that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed "Pinkerton" detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers
Harriet Beecher Stowe
A white abolitionist woman who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, which is said to have begun the Civil War.
San Jacinto
A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.
Edgar Allan Poe
A surrealist, gothic writer and poet
Tweed Ring
A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.
Spoils System
A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
Underground Railroad
A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
Bleeding Kansas
A term describing the parairie territory where a small civil war in Kansas broke out in 1856.
Gilded Age
A term given to the period from 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.
Pet Banks
A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.
Duke of York
A title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually been given to the second son of English (later British) monarchs. The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany.
City Beautiful movement
A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation's new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings.
Andrew Carnegie
A tycoon who came to dominate the burgeoning steel industry. His company, later named US Steel, was the biggest corporation in US history in 1901. After he retired, he donated most of his fortune to public libraries, universities, arts organizations, and other charitable causes.
closed shop
A union organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating these agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members.
closed shop
A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating these agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members.
Francis Scott Key
A washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem
Jane Addams
A woman born into a rich family. She renovated the Hull House (a famous settlement home). Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Her Hull House gave counseling, day care, cultural activities etc
Carrie Nation
A woman that was so pro- temperance that she used a hatchet and went into saloons and destroyed beer bottles and liquor barrels
Panic of 1873
A world wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
panic of 1873
A world-wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. It intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
Louis Agassiz
A zoologist of Harvard. Held fast to the religious doctrine of "special creations" rejected Darwin's theory
The major long-term effect of white terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan was to
A. Disempower blacks politically and restore white supremacy.
In contrast to Radical Republicans, moderate Republicans generally
A. Favored states' rights and opposed direct federal involvement in individuals' lives.
"swing around the circle"
A. President Andrew Johnson's angry, disastrous political trip attacking Congress in the campaign of 1866
Besides putting the South under the rule of federal soldiers, the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 required that all of the reconstructed southern states must
A. Southern states give blacks the vote as a condition of readmittance to the Union.
Theodore Dwight Weld
Abolitionist author of The Bible Against Slavery
New england Emigrant Aid Company
Abolitionist group that sent settlers and Beecher's Bibles to oppose slavery in Kansas.
American Anti-Slavery Society
Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters
John Brown
Abolitionist who was admired in the North and hated in the South. He killed five proslavery men
Embargo Act
Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war. Signed by Jefferson in 1807.
Alien Laws
Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace
Bunker Hill
Actually known as Breed's Hill, a hill where colonists seized in June 1775.
Amelia Bloomer
Advocate for women's rights and accredited with creating bloomers
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality
Responsorial
African religious practice in which the congregation punctuated a minister's remark with "amens", an adaptation of an African ringshout dance
Southern officer whose failed charge at Gettysburg marked "the high water mark of the Confederacy"
George Pickett
Half-Way Covenant
Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second- and third-generation Puritans.
Convention of 1800
Agreement to formally dissolve the United States treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War
Gadsden Purchase
Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.
Three-Sister Farming
Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.
Dwight Lyman Moody
Allied with the liberal protestants. He captivated audiences with his message of forgiveness.
Robert Fulton
Along with Robert R Livingston, put the first steamboats into service in 1807
Metacom (King Philip)
Also Known as Phil·ip Died 1676. He was the Wampanoag leader who waged King Philip's War (1675-1676) with New England colonists who had encroached on Native American territory
Tariff Of Abominations
Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.
blue laws
Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. These were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New En gland and Quaker Pennsylvania. (62)
Declaration of Independence
Amendment formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. (by Thomas Jefferson).
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
America's first female physician; helped organize the U.S. Sanitary commission to assist the Union armies in the field; commission work helped many women acquire the skills and self-confidence that would propel the women's rights movement after the war
Land of Opportunity
America, new people could own land that previously couldn't - even poor people. New beginnings. So much land - started slavery
Iroquois League
American Indian alliance in the Northeast. Member tribes included the Seneca.
Peter Cartwright
American Methodist revivalist in the Midwest, as well as twice an elected legislator in Illinois. Cartwright, a Methodist missionary, helped start the Second Great Awakening, personally baptizing twelve thousand converts. Opposed to slavery, elected to the lower house of the Illinois General Assembly in 1828 and 1832.
Harriet Tubman
American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.
Daniel Burnham
American architect and planner who helped bring French Baron Haussman's City Beautiful movement to the United States.
Hudson River School
American artistic movement that produced romantic, local landscapes
John Deere
American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster. Helped to commercialize agriculture
Clipper Ships
American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers. Mainly used to carry high value cargo
Cyrus Field
American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa
Patriots
American citizens who wanted freedom from the British
Charles Francis Adams
American envoy whose shrewd diplomacy helped keep Britain neutral during the Civil War; persuaded Britain not to build any more ships for the Confederacy, since they might someday be used against England
Nathanael Greene
American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army, used geography of land. He was a colonial general who fought the English in the late eighteenth century-- used fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue for miles. Historical Significance: Cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.
Francis Parkman
American historian, professor of horticulture at Harvard, wrote The Oregon Trail
Isaac Singer
American inventor and manufacturer, who made his fortune by improving on Elias Howe's sewing machine. His machine fueled the ready-made clothing industry in New England
Elias Howe
American inventor whose sewing machine helped revolutionize garment manufacture in the factory and in the home
George Rogers Clark
American military officer during the American Revolutionary War served as leader of Kentucky militia throughout much of the war.
John Paul Jones
American naval commander in the American Revolution. First well-known naval fighter.
Louisa May Alcott
American novelist and poet who wrote Little Women
John J. Audubon
American ornithologist and artist. His effort to catalog every species of bird in the United States resulted in the publication of The Birds of America (1827-1838), a collection of 1,065 life-size engravings of birds found in eastern North America. It is considered a classic work in ornithology and in American art.
John Singleton Copley
American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)
Emily Dickinson
American poet whose poems weren't published during her lifetime
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
American political philosopher and author: he urged an immediate declaration of independence from England in his anonymously and simply written pamphlet, Common Sense.
Samuel Adams (1722-1803)
American revolutionary who led the agitation that resulted in The Boston Tea Party.
Paul Revere (1735-1818)
American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming
Jay Gould
American speculator who manipulated the gold market — convinced Grant to stop the federal Treasury from selling gold ➝ led to extreme inflation
Richard Henry Lee
American statesman best known for the motion in the second Continental Congress calling for the colonies independence from Great Britain.
Richard Henry Lee (1732-1794)
American statesman from Virginia best known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain.
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
American statesman: he was member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration main author and one of its signers, and the third president of the Untied States.
Jonathan Edwards
American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758), preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell.
Plessy v. Ferguson
An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.
Eli Whitney
An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
An American sculptor. He got a Robert Gould Shaw Memorial. He had an urge to commemorate the civil war
Captain John Smith
An English adventurer and explorer of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Smith was one of the original settlers of Jamestown in 1607. He was taken prisoner by the braves of the Native American chief Powhatan.
Sir Walter Raleigh
An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."
Sir Walter Raleigh
An English explorer of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. He is best known for his expeditions to the Americas and for introducing tobacco and the potato, two products of the New World, into England
Stephen A. Douglas
An Illinois Senator who ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Breckenridge in the 1860 presidential election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery, He also authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate
Pope's Rebellion
An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.
Phillis Wheatley
An african slave-girl who at the age of twenty went to London and printed a book of verses.
Ecological Imperialism
An aggressive and often heedless exploitation of the west. settlers often killed species to the point of extinction, and they farmed the lands dry. it was a hard land to live on, and ecological imperialism was sometimes the only way to survive and make a profit
sharecropping
An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain portion of each year's crop. It was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.
sharecropping
An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. It was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.
Iroquois Confederacy
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)
confederacy
An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. "The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organizational skills. . . ."
The Liberator
An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed
Women's Rights Convention
An early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848.Stanton and the Quaker women presented two prepared documents, the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions, to be debated and modified before being put forward for signatures.
Panic of 1857
An economic decline which convinced southerners that the North was economically vulnerable. The agricultural South was hardly affected by this depression.
American System
An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power
capitalism
An economic system characterized by private property, free trade, and open and accessible markets. ". . . the fuel that fed the growth of the economic system known as capitalism."
Turnpike
An expressway on which tolls are collected
Ku Klux Klan
An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootleggers, but pro-Anglo Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.
Ku Klux Klan
An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, their style of violence and Democratic legislature succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.
naturalism
An offshoot of mainstream realism, this late-nineteenth-century literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate heredity and extreme or sordid social environments.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. It argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process. During World War I, it supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment.
Chaco canyon
An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.
Southern War Democrat who ran as Lincoln's Union party vice-presidential candidate in 1864.
Andrew Johnson
Tories
Another name for Loyalists
Pueblo
Another name for the Anasazi Indians of the American Southeast
Crucial battle in Maryland that staved off European recognition of the Confederacy.
Antietam
Virginia site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865
Appomattox Court House
Frederick Law Olmstead
Architect of New York's Central Park, first major public park in the United States. Helped harmonize the city and bring rural beauty. Influenced the behavior of lawless and unfortunate people. Built in the 1850s.
Land-Grant Colleges
Are institutions of higher education in the United States that have been designated by each state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890
Leisler's Rebellion
Armed conflict between aspiring merchants and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to re-create European social structures in the New World.
Leisler's Rebellion
Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to re-create European social structures in the New World.
George city captured and burned by Sherman just before the election of 1864.
Atlanta
Stephen Austin
Austin, Texas was named after him; he was the man the brought the first Americans into Texas because he was granted permission by the Mexicans
Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.
Key battle of 1862 that forestalled European intervention to aid the Confederacy and led to the Emancipation Proclamation.
Battle of Antietam
Malinche (Dona Marina)
Aztec slave; traitor; helps Hernan Cortes to conquer the aztecs
Pennsylvania battle that ended Lee's last hopes of achieving victory through an invasion of the North.
Battle of Gettysburg
antinomianism
Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson. (51)
Loose Construction
Belief that the government can do anything that the Constitution does not prohibit
Social Darwinists
Believers in the idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some of them also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for U.S. imperial ventures like the Spanish-American war.
Social Darwinists
Believers in the idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some of these people also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for US imperial ventures like the Spanish-American War.
Poor Richard's Almanack
Benjamin Franklin's book, the almanac emphasized on thrift, industry,morality, and common sense.
The harsh Southern state laws of 1865 that limited black rights and imposed harsh restrictions to ensure a stable black labor supply
Black Codes
Martin Delany
Black abolitionist who visited West Africa in 1859 to examine sites where African Americans might relocate
William T. Johnson
Black who owned his own slaves and whipped them. Known as the "barber of Natchez"
Charles Chesnutt
Black writer that wrote short stories in Atlantic Monthly.
Paul Dunbar
Black writer. Wrote Lyrics of Lowly Life.
Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper
John Burgoyne (1722-1792)
British army officer, politician and dramatist. He first saw action during the Seven Years' War when he participated in several battles, mostly notably during the Portugal Campaign of 1762. He captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the Battle of Saratoga
Merantilism
British authorites supported the this theory that justified their control over the colonies. Mercantilists believed that wealth was power and that a country's economic wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver inits treaturey. They wanted to possess colonies to supply the mother country with raw materials and provide a market for exports.
Charles Darwin
British biologist whose theories of human and animal evolution by means of natural selection created religious and intellectual controversy
George Canning
British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics
Lord Cornwallis (1738-1805)
British general and commander of the British army at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. After the defeat of the British army he was forced to surrender to the Americans, ending the American Revolution.
John (Gentleman Johnny) Burgoyne
British general is best remembered for his defeat by superior American forces in the Saratoga campaign during the American Revolution in 1777.
Isaac Brock
British general known for his brilliant defensive tactics, captured Detroit in the War of 1812. Killed by American sharpshooters at the Battle of Queenston Heights
Thomas Hutchinson
British governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston tea Party First Continental Congress - Body led by John Adams that issued a Declaration of Rights and organized The Association to boycott all British
Orders in Council
British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.
Impressment
British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
West Africa Squadron
British royal navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans
William Wilberforce
British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807
Battle of Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)
British troops planned to destroy American ammunition at Concord. Committee of Safety gathered the Minute men and they fought with the British troops at Lexington (outside Boston).
CSS Alabama
British warship used to aid the Confederates by looting and sinking many Union vessels; never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South
John C. Breckinridge
Buchanan's vice president who was nominated for president. He supported the expansion of slavery.
Site of two important Civil War battles, the first a Union defeat in very early days of the war.
Bull Run
Which of the following was NOT among the critical questions that faced the United States during Reconstruction?
C. "Would the South be granted some kind of regional autonomy short of independence?" The four questions that loomed large were "would the president, Congress, or the states direct Reconstruction?", "how would liberated blacks manage as free men and women?", "how would the economically and socially devastated South be rebuilt?", and "how would the Southern states be reintegrated into the Union?"
The congressional elections of 1866 resulted in a
C. A decisive defeat for Johnson and a veto-proof Republican Congress.
predestination
Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect." (47)
Myles Standish
Captain on the Mayflower; he later rendered indispensable service as an Indian fighter and negotiator
Portuguese made what boat?
Caravel. (ice cream ship)
Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie's opinion that the wealthy were rich so that they could produce the most beneficial results for the community
Derogatory term for Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction and sometimes took part in Republican state governments
Carpetbaggers
Market Revolution
Change in the way Americans made, bought, and sold goods. Brought about by the Transportation Revolution
Bank of the United States
Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional
Louis Sullivan
Chicago-based architect whose high-rise innovation allowed people to crowd into limited urban space
Roger B. Taney
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made
Powhatan
Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death.
Puritans
Christian denomination that broke away from the Catholic church during the Protestant Reformation; wanted to revive Catholic church
Saratoga
City where Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command on October 17,1777. To the American general Horatio Gates.
Trenton
City where Washington captured by surprised a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off the effects of their Christmas Celebration.
Ex parte Milligan
Civil War Era case in the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.
Notorious Copperhead, convicted of treason, who ran for governor of Ohio while exiled to Canada.
Clement Vallandigham
land-grant colleges
Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century, and many of today's public universities derive from these grants.
Loyalists
Colonial loyal to the king.
Royal colonies
Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.
royal colonies
Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.
proprietary colonies
Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.
proprietary colonies
Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors
Non-importation agreements
Colonists adopted these agreements against British goods. Colonists made their own homespun garments and this further unified the American people for the first time in a common action.
Stamp Act Congress of 1765
Colonists outcried against the stamp tax. In 1765 there formed a Stamp Act Congress which gathered in New York City, 27 delegates from nine colonies. The members debated and then drew up a statement of their rights and grievences and asked the king and Parliament to repeal the offensive legislation. Beginning of the steps toward intercolonial unity.
Comte de Rochambeau
Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.
Admiral de Grasse (1722-1788)
Commanded the French fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake, which led directly to the British surrender at Yorktown
William Howe
Commander in Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence. He became known for his capture of Quebec in 1759.
William Howe
Commander in chief of British Army. General who commanded troops at the battle of bunker hill.
Sam Houston
Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas
Committe of Correspondence
Committees of Correspondance were created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the decade before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential.
premeval
Concerning the earliest origin of things. ". . . the whispering, primeval forests. . . ."
demographic
Concerning the general characteristics of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on. ". . . a demographic catastrophe without parallel in human history."
Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)
Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petitioned proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.
Trent Affair
Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition in 1861; Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisoners; British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release
Interstate Commerce Act
Congressional legislating that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.
Pendleton Act
Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system.
Fourteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited States from taking away such rights without due process.
Henry George
Controversial reformer whose book, Progress and Poverty, advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land
Second Continental Congress
Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.
Northern Democrats who openly opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South.
Copperheads
Boss Tweed
Corrupt rich guy (see chapter 24) but he funded the city's immigrants and gave them jobs and supplies in return of them voting for him.
Thomas Eakins
Created a art catalogue of his hometown stuff
Armed Neutrality
Created by Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead to create a lineup of almost all the remaining European neutrals in an attitude of passive hostility toward Britain
Armed Neutrality
Created by Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead to create a lineup of almost all the remaining European neutrals in an attitude of passive hostility toward Britain. She also called it Armed Nullity.
John Jacob Astor
Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him
Freedmen's Bureau
Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.
Robert Owen
Creator of New Harmony the utopian society
William Seward
D. Secretary of state who arranged an initially unpopular but valuable land deal in 1867
The skeptical public finally accepted Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska partly because it
D. Was grateful to Russia as the only great power friendly to the Union during the Civil War. (Also, Russia wanted the United States to be strong against Russia's enemy, Britain.)
Seventh of March speech
Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Declaration officially born thirteen years later after the Declaration of Independence.
Monroe Doctrine
Declared that the era of the colonization of America was over
Yamasee Indians
Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. Their defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies. (40)
Yamasee Indians
Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies. (40)
Russo-American Treaty
Defined Russian claims to the Oregon territory, fixing the southernmost border of present-day Alaska
Tammany Hall
Dem political organization helping (esp.) Irish immigrants to rise in politics; had great influence in NY corruption during the time of "Boss" Tweed
Franklin Pierce
Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart.
Grover Cleveland
Democrat who won the election of 1884 against James Blain. 22nd president of the United States supported laissez-faire policy extremely honest -- vetoed hundreds of pension bills for undeserving veterans
Lewis Cass
Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s.
Compromise of 1877
Dems reluctantly allowed Hayes to take office in return for withdrawing federal troops from LA & SC
(C/F) The assassination of Lincoln
Deprived the nation of experienced leadership during Reconstruction.
Republicanism
Derived from Greek and Romans republics. Meant a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfihs interest to the common good. Stability of the society was then dependant on the virtue of its citizens and it was opposed to hierarchical and authoriatrian institutions such as a monarchy
scalawags
Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.
XYZ Affair
Diplomatic conflict between France and the US the American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting w the French foreign minister
Christopher Columbus
Discovered the New World, Hispaniola
Henry Clay
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
Calvinism
Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation. (46)
The Black Codes, passed by many of the Johnson-approved Southern state governments in late 1865, aimed to
E. Ensure a stable and subservient labor force under white control.
James Whistler
Drew a portrait of his mother. West Point drop out
Winslow Homer
Drew pictures of the ocean- very real. Painted and drew amazingly.
Force Acts of 1870 and 1871
E. Laws designed to stamp out Ku Klux Klan terrorism in the South
Poor Richard's Almanak
Edited by Benjamin Franklin, emphasizes virtues such as thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.
Horace Greeley
Editor of the New York Tribune and was nominated by the Liberal Republican Party for the 1872 election.
Jacobus Arminius
Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609)
Jacobus Arminius
Dutch theologian who preached that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a persons eternal fate, and that all humans, not just the "elect," could be saved.
Henry Hudson
Dutch-hired English explorer who ventured into Delaware and NY bay and Hudson River in 1609
The radical Republicans' impeachment of President Andrew Johnson resulted in
E. A failure to convict and remove Johnson from the presidency by a margin of only one vote.
Which of the following was not among the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment?
E. Elimination of one senator from each southern state until Reconstruction was complete
Federal Style
Early style of national architecture, neoclassical, emphasized structure, symmetry, balance, included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe
Panic of 1819
Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings
Capitalism
Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism.
Headright System
Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.
William Jennings Bryan
Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free silver" in the early 1890s.
Document that proclaimed slaves in territories in rebellion to be free and guaranteed a fight to the finish
Emancipation Proclamation
Fugitive Slave Law
Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.
Sedition Act
Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine
(C/F) The Battle of Gettysburg
Ended the South's effort to win the war by aggressive invasion.
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812
Puritans
English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of En gland of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout members of this group believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership. (47)
English law under which Britain became a modern democracy, influenced by the Union victory in the Civil War
English Reform Bill of 1867
Pilgrims
English Separatists who left Holland for America and landed in Plymouth Bay
Roanoke Island
English colony that Raleigh planted on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 1590
John Cabot
English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage
Sir Francis Drake
English explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold
Royal African Company
English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.
Virginia Company
English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony. (28)
Navigation Laws
English laws that ended legal trade between colonies and non-English countries; resulted in resentment and smuggling
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
Sir Edmund Andros
English-placed leader of the Dominion of New England; despised for affiliation with Chruch of England and for heavy restrictions (taxation without representation); sent back to England by Boston mob
J.P. Morgan
Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger.
(C/F) A series of Union military victories in late 1864
Ensured Lincoln's reelection and ended the South's last hope of achieving independence by political means.
barbados slave code
Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.
Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals could not try civilians when the civil courts were open
Ex parte Milligan
Ferdinand Magellan
Explorer who led the voyage to circumnavigate the world. The trip took three years, with only 18 of 270 men returning.
During Reconstruction, blacks controlled most of the Southern state legislatures.
FALSE. Elite whites still controlled the vast majority of the Southern state legislatures, due to popular support from the people.
Patent Office
Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years
Chinese Exclusion Act
Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history.
(T/F) At the Democratic party convention of 1864, the openly antiwar Copperheads enjoyed little influence.
False
(T/F) In terms of percentage of soldiers killed, the Civil War was the second deadliest war in American history after World War II.
False
(T/F) Lincoln's decision to turn the Civil War into a war to abolish slavery greatly enhanced his political standing in the North.
False
(T/F) The South's victory in the First Battle of Bull Run gave it a great advantage in morale during the first year of the Civil War.
False
Black Legend
False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.
William Dean Howells
Father of American realism. Wrote a ton in realism settings and views. Wrote The rise of Silas Lapham
Kate Chopin
Feminist author that wrote about adulterer suicide etc in The Awakening
Preston S. Brooks
Fiery SC Congressman who senselessly caned Charles Sumner on the Senate Floor in 1856. His violent temper was flared in response to Sumners speech insulting a relative
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments of the constitution, secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the state all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution
Phillis Wheatley
First African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published.
Hiram Revels
First African-American Senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, Revels worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African Americans males.
First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington.
First Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas)
Anti-Masonic Party
First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.
Sugar Act of 1764
First law passed by Parliament that raised tax revenues in the colonies for the crown. It increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.
Canadian Shield
First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level.
triangular trade
First: take rum to Africa coast to barter with the african chiefs for slaves. Second: Take the slaves to the West Indies and trade them for molasses. third: take the molasses to New England to be distilled into more rum Repeat the process.
(C/F) Grant's final brutal campaign in Virginia
Forced Lee to surrender at Appomattox.
Washington site where Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865
Ford's Theater
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.
Declaration of Independence
Formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. This "shout heard round the world" has been a source of inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority. The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority.
Free Soil party
Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.
Booker T. Washington
Former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks
Fort Duquesne
Fort Duquesne became one of the principal French outposts in the northern Ohio Valley, and, in 1754 the French troops in Fort Dusquesne destroyed nearby British Fort Necessity, after Washington and the colonial army surrendered it to them. The British rebuilt Fort Necessity as Fort Pitt in 1758.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Fought alcohol because it destroys the family life
Acoma, Battle of
Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the PUeblo peopls and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.
James Oglethorpe
Founded Georgia; competent military leader who repelled the spanish
Lord Baltimore
Founded Maryland in order to create a haven for people who believed in Christ. Passed the act of toleration
Mary Baker Eddy
Founded a faith called Christian Science/ Church of Christ, Scientist. She preached that Christianity heals sickness. Got several 100K worshippers. She wrote Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.
Charles Darwin
Founded evolution and natural selection. Basically rejected many religious views. But in the end there were more religious people that follows him and less that didn't.
Woman's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU)
Founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, it went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women.
Lord Baltimore
Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.
James Oglethorpe
Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.
Federal agency that greatly assisted blacks educationally but failed in other aid efforts
Freedmen's Bureau
Admiral de Grasse
French Admiral whose efforts led to a great victory of the Yorktown campaign
Admiral de Grasse
French admiral known for his command of the French fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake which led directly to the British surrender at Yorktown.
Edmond Genet
French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution
Marques de Montcalm
French army leader against Wolfe in Quebec
New France
French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489) - extinct the beaver population
Comte de Rochambeau
French command the French Army and help Washington to won in Yorktown.
Samuel De Chaplain
French explorer who was part of an expedition to explore the St. Lawrence River in 1603. His expedition was searching for the Northwest Passage. He also founded Quebec, Canada. Mapped Atlantic Sea board, spread Christianity
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
French foreign minister
Napoleon Bonaparte
French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)
Count de Rochambeau (1738-1805)
French general who led troops against the British Army during the Revolutionary War.
Michel-Guillame de Crevecour
French settler on America in the 1770's; he posed the question of what "American" is after seeing people in America like he had never seen before. American really became a mixture of many nationalities.
Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur
French settler who noticed and wrote about the mixing of blood that created the American people
Marquis de Lafayette
French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834)
Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834)
French statesman officer who viewed the American Revolution as important to the world: he helped finance the Revolution and served as major general.
Robert de La Salle
Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
Antoine Cadillac
Frenchman who founded Detroit in 1701 to thwart English settlers making a play for the Ohio Valley.
Henry James
From NY. Wrote the Wings of the Dove. Frequently made women central characters.
squatters
Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more in de pen dent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors. (40)
Land Act of 1820
Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819
Ku Klux Klan
G. Secret organization that intimidated blacks and worked to restore white supremacy
Andrew Carnegie - what he did to help libraries
Gave millions of dollars to fund and build 1000's of public libraries in the US and some in other countries.
"Mad Anthony" Wayne
General who routed the Miamis at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
Georgia Buffer
Georgia was started as a barrier to keep out, French, Spanish and Indians from the other colonies
Hessians
German mercenaries hired by George III to fight the American revolutionaries
Martin Luther
German monk who said that the Bible alone was the source of God's word; started Protestant Reformation; nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Catholic church
Hessians
German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve of American colonists, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters.
Site where Lee's last major invasion of the North was turned back.
Gettysburg
Emily Dickinson
Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were published posthumously
DeWitt Clinton
Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson
Virtual representation
Grenville's position that Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member in Parliament.
(C/F) The Emancipation Proclamation
Guaranteed that the South would fight to the end to try to save slavery.
Exodusters
H. Blacks who left the South for Kansas and elsewhere during Reconstruction
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. it heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict
William James
Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy
W. E. B. Du boise
Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a talented tenth
Benedict Arnold
He fight as general in the American side and then was change to the British Army, after his plan of surrender it to the British forces was known.
Benjamin Franklin
He owned a successful printing and publishing company in Philadelphia. He conducted studies of electricity, invented bifocal glasses, the lighting rod, and the stove. He was a important diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.
George Washington
He pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed (1754) by the French. He was the commander of Virginia's frontier troops as a colonel and left the army in 1758. Also the first President of the United States. Took office (Apr.30, 1789) in New York City.
George Whitefield
He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.
John Dewey
He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."
Benjamin Franklin
He was a wealthy businessman, a journalist, an inventor, a scientist, a legislator and preeminently a statesman-diplomat.
Jonathon Edwards
He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.
Charles Sumner
He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South.
John Peter Zenger Case
He was jailed for questioning the governor of New York. His case influenced freedom of speech and freedom of press.
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
Crispus Attucks (1723-1770)
He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.
William Cody
Headed Wild West Shows
Pacific Railroad Act
Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with he use of land grants and government bonds.
(C/F) The growing Union manpower shortage in 1863
Helped lead to the enlistment of black fighting men in the Union Army.
Molly Pitcher (1754-1832)
Heroine of the American Revolution who carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat
Incas
Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains..
Preston Brooks
His bloody attack on Charles Sumner fueled sectional hatred.
New Immigrants
Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe
Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
I. Congressional law that imposed military rule on the South and demanded harsh conditions for readmission of the seceded states
Cult of Domesticity
Idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
Louis Sullivan
Identified with the first designs of the skyscraper which became popular in US cities
New Immigrants
Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. They congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate.
British East India Company
In 1773, the British East India Company was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.
Florida Purchase Treaty
In 1819 Spain ceded Florida and other claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas. This gave land to Mexico but later caused Americans to fight against Mexicans for their old land
buffer
In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory. (41)
Old and New Lights
In the early 1700's, olds were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary. New´s were the more modern- thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening. These conflicting opinions changed certain denominations, helped popularize missionary work and assisted in the founding educational centers now known as Ivy League schools.
middlemen
In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. "Muslim middlemen exacted a heavy toll en route."
Middlemen
In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.
1492
In what year did Columbus "discover" America?
Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Indians last effort to dislodge Virginians, they were defeated. Peace treaty of 1646 stopped any hope of creating native peoples into Virginia society or peace with coexisting.
Spice islands
Indonesia, China,India
Ida B. wells
Inspired black women to mount a nationwide antilynching crusade which led into the formation of the National Association of Colored Women.
Greek Revival
Inspired by contemporary Greek architecture, search of democratic architectural vernacular
Settlement Houses
Institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people
Astrolabe
Instrument used by sailors to locate their Latitude
conversion
Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation. (47)
"10 Percent" Reconstruction plan
Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.
Samuel F. B. Morse
Invented the telegraph and Morse code
Richard Montgomery
Irish born soldier who served in the British Army during the American Revolution war. He became Major General.
Neutrality Proclamation
Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians
Regulator Movement
It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.
Disestablished
Late 18th century The Anglican church was no longer supported by United States tax dollars.
Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)
Italian, sent by the English, exporers the northeastern coast, kind of responsible for the Spanish's establishment of forts
Bank War
Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong
Republican Motherhood
Late 18th century is when it started. The elevation of the role of women in republicanism.
Albert Gallatin
Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury who was a financial wizard - reduced govt. spending through careful management , He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and Gallatin believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors.
Revolution of 1800
Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.
Standard Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the US. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court order it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.
John Trumbull
John Trumbull was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War famous for his historical paintings including his Declaration of Independence. Significance- His declaration of independence picture appears on the reverse of the $2 dollar bill.
Fanatical actor whose act of violence actually harmed the South.
John Wilkes Booth
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
John Peter Zenger
Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.
14th Amendment
June 1866 - conferred civil rights (incl. citizenship) on the freedmen; reduced the representation of a state in Congress/ Electoral College if denying blacks the ballot; disqualified former Confs. from fed/state offices; guaranteed fed debt, repudiating Conf. debt
Oliver O. Howard
K. Pro-black general who led an agency that tried to assist the Freedmen.
Federalists
Late 18th to early 19th century Those who wanted to ratify the Constitution, eventually developed into a political party.
Henry Viii
King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
Louis XVI
King of France from 1774 until his deposition in 1792,
Ferdinand of Aragon
King of Spain, helped support Columbus' exploration of the New World
William III
Known as "William of Orange." 1650-1702. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1702), Dutch stadholder (1672-1702), and prince of Orange.
White supremacist organization that created a reign of terror against blacks until it was largely suppressed by federal troops
Ku Klux Klan
Union League
L. Leading black political organization during Reconstruction
War of Jenkin's Ear (1739)
Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border. The name comes from a British captain named Jenkin, whose ear was cut off by the Spanish.
King George's War
Land squabble between France and Britain. France tried to retake Nova Scotia (which it had lost to Britain in Queen Anne's War). The war ended with a treaty restoring the status quo, so that Britain kept Nova Scotia).
Plantation
Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. European settlers established plantations in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and the American south.
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered onOctober 19, 1781.
Antifederalists
Late 18th century A group who opposed the United States Constitution.
Calhoun
Later made into senator of south Carolina and with lawyer roofus Bailey tried to find a way to make tariff of 1832 unconstitutional through state nullification
Black Codes (1865-1866)
Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.
Carrie Chapman Catt
Leader of women suffrage matter. She stressed that women need the voting rights because they were becoming more independent.
Walter Rauschenbusch
Leading Protestant advocate of the social gospel who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems
Jane Addams
Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered forms of activism for women
Francis E. Willard
Leading spirit of Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
(C/F) The Battle of Bull Run
Led some southerners to believe they would win an easy victory.
Daniel Shays
Led the Shay's rebellion in 1786.
charter
Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of En glishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. (30)
primogeniture
Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas. (30)
John Sargent
Liked British nobility and American riche
Papal Line of Demarcation
Line drawn in 1493 dividing Spanish and Portuguese land claims
Armed Neutrality (1780)
Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence.
Phineas Barnum and James Bailey
Made "Greatest Show on Earth" it was an amusing show for the public
Walter C Champ
Made All American team for football
Lillian Wald
Made Henry Street Settlement in NY.
Olmsted
Made NY central Park
Tennessee Claflin
Made Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly.
William Randolph Hearst
Made a powerful chain of newspapers starting from San Francisco Examiner
Naismith
Made basketball
(C/F) Political dissent by Copperheads and jealous Republicans
Made it difficult for Lincoln to prosecute the war effectively.
Nathanael Greene
Major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. Known for his successful command forcing British Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis to abandon the Carolinas and head for Virginia.
Reconstruction Act
March 2, 1867 - divided S into 5 military districts each ruled by a Union general; strict readmission policies = had to ratify 14th Amendment & give full suffrage to slaves
Freedmen's Bureau
March 3, 1865 - intended to provide food, clothing, medical care, & education to blacks; headed by General Oliver O Howard; very corrupt = forty acre tracts of land were supposed to be confiscated from Confs. & given to blacks local officials kept land & expelled blacks; the bureau = quite effective in education, however (200,000 blacks = educated)
Marquis de Lafayette
Marquis de Lafayette- French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.
Caleb Cushing
Massachusetts lawyer who was sent by Tyler to secure comparable concession for the US in China, got treaty of Wanghia
Haymarket Square
May 4, 1886 - dynamite bomb killed several dozen people (incl. police) accusations against Knights of Labor (they had a rally at the same time) disbanded
McCormick Reaper
Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest
Rendezvous
Meeting of fur trappers
liberal Protestants
Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth. Many of them became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era.
Santa Anna
Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.
realism
Mid-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its unvarnished detail. Adherents eschewed the idealism and nostalgia of the earlier romantic sensibility.
Mark Twain
Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor
Indentured Servants
Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement.
Cahokia
Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans.
Cahokia
Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as twenty-five thousand Native Americans
Border States
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland were crucial for both sides, as they would have almost doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South and increased its supply of horses and mules by half
Joseph Brant
Mohawk chief led Indian frontier and kiss the hand of the queen, King George III wife.
Joseph Brant
Mohawk chief who was closely tied with Britain before and after the American Reovilution.
Joseph Brant (1743-1807)
Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.
settlement houses
Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, those in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent.
Cahokia
Mound Builders city located near St. Louis which had a population of 20,000 in 1,100 BCE
Romanticism
Movement in American and European literature and the arts in the reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment. Emphasized imagination over logic, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and self over society.
Benjamin Wade
N. he president pro tempore of the Senate who hoped to become president of the United States after Johnson's impeachment conviction
Whigs
Name given to party of patriots of the new land resisting England prior to the Declaration of Independence. Were originally colonists supporting independence who promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. Reaching its height of popularity in the 1830s, the Whigs disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s.
Townshend Act of 1767
Named for Charles Townshend, head of British ministry. Persuaded Parliament to pass these regulations with an import duty on glass, while lead, paper and paint and tea. This was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports.
Archduke Maximilian
Napoleon III of France also installed a puppet government in Mexico City, putting this man as emperor of Mexico; after the war, the U.S. threatened violence, and Napoleon left this man at the hands of a Mexican firing squad
Aztecs
Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.
Mound Builders
Native American groups who built earthen mounds in the Ohio river valley!!!! (WOW!)
Irioquois
Native Americans that had a peace confederation.
Jack London
Naturalist. Wrote The Call of the Wild.
Thomas Macdonough
Naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest
Jay's Treaty
Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a Birtish promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive tradition policies towards France
Dorothea Dix
Nineteenth-century reformer who protested the practice of confining the mentally ill in prisons and whose labors led to the expansion and improvement of mental hospitals.
Hartford Convention
New England States met and demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before and embargo could be imposed. Although, some members of the delegation went as far as to entertain thoughts of secession
Michael Wigglesworth
New England clergyman who wrote the popular poem "Day of Doom", which told the horrifying fate of the damned
Atlantic Triangle
New England, Africa, and England. Sometimes included the West Indies. Trade routes that transported slaves to the colonies and England, money and raw produce to England and Africa, and finished products from England
Lord De La Warr
New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.
Thomas Reed
Nicknamed "The Czar;" when Republicans controlled everything, he was Speaker of the House and he ran the House like a dictator; kept everybody in line.
Leif Erikson
Norse explorer who settle in North America around 1001 CE
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who had come to the S to gain profit at the end of the Civil War
popular sovereignty
Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.
Black Codes
Nov 1865 - MS passed the first law after reintegrated into the Union by Johnson's 10% rule - aimed to force blacks virtually into servitude & had dire penalties for disobeyers; blacks = not allowed to vote or hold jury office; sharecropping
Thaddeus Stevens
O. Leader of radical Republicans in the House of Representatives. (Rumored to have married a black woman)
Corps of Discovery
Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members
Jeremiad
Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah.
Boston Tea Party
On December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. (Boston Tea Party)
Awful Disclosures
One of many sensational, mainly fictional books promoted by nativists in which nuns described the shocking sins they partook in, including the secret burial of babies, written by Maria Monk
Crispus Attucks
One of the first men to die in the Boston Massacre.1770
Judiciary Act of 1801
One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.
Lord Charles Cornwallis
One of the leader British generals in the American War of Independence.
Common Sense
One of the most influential pamphlets ever written. Its author was Thomas Paine.
George Whitefield
One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.
Boston Port Act
One such law was the Boston Port Act. It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured.
Caleb Cushing
Opens up commerce in China and negotiated Treaty of Wanghia, first formal agreement between China and US, and granted US trading rights, also states that Americans will be tried in American courts, not chinese
Lucy Stone
Orator, abolitionist, suffragist, advocate for Women's Rights Movement, first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree, helped initiate the first National Women's Rights Convention
captain John Smith
Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".
Judiciary Act of 1789
Organized the federal legal system, established the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general
Mason-Dixon Line
Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery
old lights
Orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotional and theatrical antics of Whitefield and Edwards.
Old Lights
Orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the antics of the Great Awakening.
John Peter Zenger
Owned a newspaper company in New York. Wrote things that attacked Britain's corrupt government. Trailed and found not guilty. Zenger claimed that he was telling the truth and a man cannot be condemned for that. Started the idea for the freedom of the press.
Anglo-American Convention
Pact with Britain, also know as the Treaty of 1818; permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, fixed the northern limits of Louisiana along the 49th parallel, and provided for a joint occupation of the Oregon territory
Mary cassatt
Painted modern women and children. Became so famous
John Trumbull
Painter who had to go to London to sell his paintings. father said to him "Connecticut is not Athens"
John Singleton Copley
Painter who was considered a loyalist during the Revolutionary war
Intolerable Acts
Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" In 1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges).
Navigation Law
Parliment passed this law to regulate the mercantilist system. 1650 enacted to prevent Dutch shippers from making their way into the American trade. The law required that all commerce flowing to and from teh colonies could be transported only in Bristish vessels.
Force Acts
Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the US military the authority to enforce the acts.
Wade-Davis Bill
Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent plan," it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.
Reconstruction Act
Passed by the newly-elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.
Indian Removal Act
Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
Civil Rights Bill
Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.
funding at par
Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit
carpetbaggers
Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessman and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.
carpetbaggers
Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.
McClellan's disastrously unsuccessful attempt to end the war quickly by a back-door conquest of Richmond.
Peninsula campaign
Thaddeus Stevens
Pennsylvania congressman who led the Radical Republicans faction in the House of Representatives during and after the Civil War, advocating for abolition and later, the extension of civil rights to freed blacks. He also called for land redistribution as a means to break the power of the planter elite and provide African Americans with the economic means to sustain their newfound independence.
Mestizos
People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.
Minstrel Shows
Performances by white actors in blackface
Zenger trial
Peter Zenger was tried for criticizing the king in his newspaper. Claimed that writing the truth could not make him guilty. Began the idea of the freedom of the press.
Naval Stores
Pitch and tar made from pinetrees and used to make ships water-tight
York town
Place where British general Cornwallis was blundering into a trap waiting seaborne supplies and reinforcements. At this time British naval superiority slipped away and French attacked them back in union with Americans to defeat them.
Sections in america.
Plateau, Great Basin, Subartic, Great plains, Meso america.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Political discussions between Lincoln and Douglas for a position in the Illinois Senate.
Know-Nothing Party (American Party)
Political party composed of Nativists that advocated rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers
Patrick Henry
Politician who wanted independence in Virginia. Prominent in late 18th century.
squatters
Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil
Horatio Alger
Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work
Haratio Alger
Popular novelist whose tales of young people rising from poverty to wealth through hard work and good fortune enhanced Americans' belief in individual opportunity
Seward's Folly
Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War.
James Fenimore Cooper
Popular writer who wrote romances about American frontier life
patronage
Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Supported by the Stalwart faction of the Republican party.
patronage
Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees.
Henry Ward Beecher
Preacher-abolitionist who funded weapons for antislavery pioneers in Kansas
Van Buren
President Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State from 1829 to 1831. As Secretary of State, was President Jackson's most trusted and loyal adviser. Vice president from 1833 to 1837. With Jackson's support, became 8th president of the U.S
Dr. Charles W. Eliot
President of Harvard that changed its motto to Veritas (truth). He worked a lot in educational statesmanship.
Martin Van Buren
Presidential Candidate for the Free Soil Party in 1848
George Grenvill
Prime Minister of England. Ordered in 1763 the British Navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation laws. Secured Sugar Act from Parliament.
Pope's Rebellion
Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists.
Privateering
Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale. (American Revolution, 1775-1783)
Victoria Woodhull
Proclaimed her belief in free love. Made Woodhull and Claflin's weekly. It stated that Henry Ward Beecher was an adulterer.
Olive Branch Petition
Professing American loyalty to the crown and begging the king to prevent further hostilities.
Gag Resolution
Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams
Fifteenth Amendment
Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage.
Maine Law of 1851
Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, soon followed by 12 other states, soon repealed
Proprietary colonies
Proprietary colonies were founded by a proprietary company or individual and were controlled by the proprietor. Charter colonies were founded by a government charter granted to a company or a group of people. The British government had some control over charter colonies. Royal (or crown) colonies were formed by the king, so the government had total control over them.
William and Mary
Protestant Dutch King and English Queen (daughter of James II) who replaced Catholic James II as monarchs of England during the Glorious Revolution
John Calvin
Protestant leader from Geneva who created the dominant religion of American settlers; wrote his theories in Institutes of the Christian Religion
Lyceum
Public lecture hall that hosted guest speakers. Flourishing of higher education
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Published Women and Economics. Called women to stop their dependent status and become independent. A major feminist.
Pope's Rebellion
Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.
Isabella of Castile
Queen of Spain, helped support Columbus' exploration of the New World
Tom Watson
Radical Populist leader who initially reached out to the black community but whose early success turned sour, and who then became a vicious racist.
Pinckney's Treaty
Signed w Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida
Victoria Woodhull
Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s
Self-Reliance
Ralph Waldo Emerson lecture-essay talks about how frontiers people had to be self reliant
Minute Men
Rapidly mobilized colonial militiamen whose refusal to disperse sparked the first battle of the Revolution
Mark Twain
Real name: Clemens. Coined term Gilded Age. A good realism author.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families
Dr. Woodrow Wilson
Received PHD from John Hopkins University - first to have labs for students and other things for students which other colleges didn't have
Law of March 1867 that imposed military rule on the South and disenfranchised former thousands of former Confederates
Reconstruction Law
Union League
Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.
Laudatory (praising) term for white southerners who worked to overthrow Reconstruction and establish Home Rule regimes in the southern states
Redeemers
Daniel Burnham
Redesigned Chicago and D.C. Thinking that he could make a great progressive city.
filibustering
Referring to adventurers who conduct a private war against a foreign country.
Corrupt Bargain
Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Reformed Dominican friar, wrote The Destruction of the Indies in 1542 to chronicle the awful fate of the Native Americans and to protest Spanish policies in the New World. He was especially horrified at the catastrophic effects of disease on the native peoples
Black Belt
Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west
Mormons
Religious followers of Joseph Smith. Founded a communal oligarchic church: The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints, migrated west to Utah
Quakers
Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who spotted heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)
Great Awakening
Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
Second Continental Congress-(1775-1781)
Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort.
House of Burgesses
Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virgina, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies (33)
Samuel Adams
Represented the soldiers who shot and killed Cripus Attucks. Samuel Adams- master propagandist and engineer of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty).
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican candidate in 1876 who was elected president in one of the most contentious elections in national history. He lost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden but he won an intensely disputed electoral college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him twenty contested electoral votes. The result was the Compromise of 1877, in which the Democrats acquiesced to Hayes's election and Hayes ended all U.S. military involvement in Southern politics.
James Garfield
Republican nominee in the election of 1880, ran against Winfield Scott (Democrat) and won. His assassination led to the reformation of the spoils system with the Pendleton Act, and Chester Arthur succeeded him.
Tenure of Office Acts
Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.
New Lights
Revivalist ministers who emphasized emotive spirituality and encouraged missionary work among the natives, as well as founding many long-standing educational institutes, such as Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth.
John Paul Jones (1747-1792)
Revolutionary War naval officer. His ship, the Bonhomme Richard, was sunk in a battle with the British ship Serapis, but he managed to board and gain control of the Serapis.
Battle of Bunker Hill ( June 17, 1775)
Revolutionary battle near Boston that resulted in more than 1,000 British casualties and fewer than 450 Patriot casualties.
Beecher's Bibles
Rifles paid for by abolitionists and sent to Kansas by antislavery whites.
Roger Sherman
Rising politician who was on the Committee of Five, he mainly observed the process of writing the Declaration of Independence.
Robert Livingston
Rising politician who was on the Committee of Five, he mainly observed the process of writing the Declaration of Independence. He was also the U.S. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804. He negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
Gentlemanly top commander of the Confederate army.
Robert E. Lee
Standard Oil
Rockefeller's million dollar company, which in 1877 controlled 95% of US oil refineries; relatively cheap oil for a superior product
Ambitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to replace Lincoln as president in 1864.
Salmon P. Chase
Derogatory term for white Southerners who cooperated with the Republican Reconstruction governments
Scalawags
Radical Whigs
Second idea that shaped American political though derived from British political commentators. The Whigs feared that the liberty of the people was threatened by the whim of the monarch.
Edwin M. Stanton
Secretary of War under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, Stanton advocated for stronger measures against the South during Reconstruction, particularly after widespread violence against African Americans erupted in the region. In 1868, Johnson removed Stanton in violative of the 1867 Tenure of Office Act, giving pretense for Radical Republicans in the House to impeach him.
Congregational Church
Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church.
Ancient Order of Hibernians
Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America
Daniel Webster
Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.
Dutchification
Separatists who left England for Holland in 1608 were worried that this was affecting their children
Navigation Laws
Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only En glish ships would be allowed to trade in En glish and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through En gland. (55)
Salem Witch Trials
Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the governor of Massachusetts.
Slave Codes
Set of laws beginning in 1662 defining racial slavery. They established the hereditary nature of slavery and limited the rights and education of slaves.
Andrew Johnson
Seventeenth president of the United States, North Carolina-born Johnson assumed the presidency after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Much to the disgust of Radical Republicans in Congress, Johnson, a Democrat, took a conciliatory approach to the South during Reconstruction, granting sweeping pardons to former Confederates and supporting Southern Black Codes against freedmen. In 1868, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives for breaching the Tenure of Office Act. Acquitted by the Senate, he remained in office to serve out his term.
Campaign through Georgia that stirred southern hatred by waging total war against the southern civilian economy and morale.
Sherman's march "from Atlanta to the sea"
joint-stock company
Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund En gland's early colonial ventures. (30)
Tordesillas, Treaty of
Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.
Harpers Ferry
Site where militant abolitionists tried to start a slave rebellion
Conquistadores
Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan Empire.
Conquistadores
Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.
Separatists
Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of En gland; after initially settling in Holland, a number of En glish Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Mas sa chu setts in 1620. (47)
Caravel
Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.
Redeemers
Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.
Scalawags
Southerners (often Unionists/former Whigs) who were "freedmen's white allies"; accused of plundering S treasuries b/c of their political influence in radical govts
war hawks
Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to take over British land in North America and expand.
Nullification Crisis
Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon
Fransisco Coronado
Spanish Conquistador - explored the American Southwest and searched for the Seven Cities of Gold
Hernando De Soto
Spanish Conquistador in the American Southeast. First European to cross the Mississippi River. Brutal
Hernan Cortes
Spanish Conquistador who took control of central Mexico and the Aztecs
Encomienda
Spanish government's policy to "commend" or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise of Christianize them; it was part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North Amerocan main lands
Encomienda
Spanish government's policy to "commend," or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.
Noche Triste
Spanish term for the night of June 30, 1520, when war began between Aztecs and Spanish, leading to Spanish conquest of Mexico
(C/F) Grant's Tennessee and Mississippi River campaigns
Split the South in two and opened the war for Sherman's invasion of Georgia.
Neal S. Dow
Sponsored the Maine Law of 1851
Admiralty Courts
Stamp Act and Sugar Act offenses were tried in this court. Juries were not allowed and the burden of proof was on the defendant. All were assumed to be guilty until proven innocent. Trial by jury and innocent until proven guilty were basic rights that the British people everywhere had held dear.
Horatio Gates
Started in the English army and worked his way up through the ranks. Latter during the revolution he turned sides and was appointed to take charge of the Continental army of the North. One of his major accomplishments was his victory at Saratoga. His career in the army ended when he lost to General Charles Cornwallis.
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia; argued that states were the final arbiters of wether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional
Dartmouth College v. Woolward
States that contracts are binding
Freeport Doctrine
Stephen Douglas's reply to Lincoln, stated that slavery would stay down if the people voted it down, regardless of the Supreme Court ruling
Bering Strait
Strait that replaced land bridge
Millard Fillmore
Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.
Anthony Comstock
Supported the Woodhull's. Made war on the immoral. Confiscated many obscene photos
Roger B. Taney
Supreme Court Chief Justice, presided over Dred Scott case
Cohens v. Virginia
Supreme Court case which asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decision of state supreme courts
Fletcher v. Peck
Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution
Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish king who carried the torch for Protestantism during the Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648; this motivated the Swedes to enter the colonial game in America, particularly in New York
Jim Crow
System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.
Jim Crow
System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the midtwentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.
The sharecropping system, developed during Reconstruction, trapped most blacks and many poor whites in a condition of perpetual debt to their creditors.
TRUE. "Sharecropping is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land" (WIKI). The sharecroppers did not own cattle or livestock and were often unable to leave the land they had rented, due to a buildup of debt and a lack of places to go. the landowners would purposely make the cost of rent higher than the income of the actual products of the land.
Most of the aristocratic southern plantation owners lost their wealth during the Civil War.
TRUE. After emancipation and the ravaging of the land by the armies, agriculture was crippled. This was due to the collapse of the slave-labor system, the scarcity of seed, and the lack of cattle. Fields and plantations were destroyed.
The focus of black community life after emancipation became the black church.
TRUE. As slaves, they were forced to worship alongside whites, but they began to form their own churches that were pastored by their own ministers. These churches gave rise to other benevolent societies.
tariff
Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose high tariffs
excise tax
Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, where a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program
Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South
The 10 Percent Plan
James Buchanan
The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.
midnight judges
The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
Marbury v. Madison
The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).
Hessians
The American mercenaries.
Patriots
The American rebels.
Treaty of Paris of 1783
The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians.
Black Hawk
The Indian chief who resisted federal policy in Illinois and Wisconsin was:
William Pitt
The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.
Quebec Act
The Quebec Act was also passed in 1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.
John C. Breckinridge
The South's pro-slavery Democratic candidate in the election of 1860. Completed the split of the Democratic Party by being nominated.
encomienda
The Spanish labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. ". . . the institution known as encomienda."
Louisiana Purchase
The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.
The congressional bill of 1864 requiring 50 percent of a state's voters to take an oath of allegiance before rejoining Union; vetoed by Lincoln
The Wade-Davis Bill
Site of one of Grant's bloody battles with the Confederates near Richmond in 1864.
The Wilderness
Compromise of 1877
The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, wining the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only Democratic-dominated electoral politics.
Compromise of 1877
The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
The autobiography of the abolitionist Frederick Douglas. Published in 1945 when Douglas was only 27, the book tells the story from childhood until his escape to freedom at the age of 20
Triangular trade
The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.
Model Treaty
The congress drafted it to guide the American commissioners it was about to dispatch to the French court. One of the treaty's chief authors, John Adams, described its basic principles: 1. No political connection...2. No military connection...3. Only a commercial connection.
John C. Fremont
The first Rebublican candidate for president.
Treaty of Wanghia
The first diplomatic agreement between China and America in history, signed on July 3, 1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power.
National Labor Union
The first national labor organization in US history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872.
South Carolina
The first state to seceed from the Union.
Jamestown
The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.
Treaty of Fort Stan-wix
The first treaty between the United States an Indian nation. Under its terms the Indians ceded most of their land.
Nation-state
The form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. ". . . the complex, largescale, centralized Aztec and Incan nationstates that eventually emerged."
matrilinear
The form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. ". . . many North American native peoples, including the Iroquois, developed matrilinear cultures. . . ."
Fort Necessity
The fort which George Washington built in the Ohio Valley to protect the English from the French.
Joseph Smith
The founder of the Mormons in the nineteenth century. He was killed by a mob opposed to his church, and the leadership passed to Brigham Young.
John D. Rockefeller
The founder of the Standard Oil Company, he developed the technique of horizontal integration and compelled other oil companies to join the Standard Oil "trust." He became the richest person in the world and the US's first billionaire. He later became known for his philanthropic support of universities and medical research.
James Madison
The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.
Alexander Graham Bell
The inventor of the telephone, patented in 1876.
Thomas Alva Edison
The inventor of, among other things, the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the mimeograph, the moving picture, and a machine capable of taking X-rays. Ultimately he held more than 1,000 patents for his inventions.
San Salvador
The island Columbus landed on during the first trip to America
Beringia
The landmass that opened a way for people to migrate to the Americas
York Town
The last major battle in the revolutionary war where General Cornwallis was forced to surrender to General Washington on October 19,1781.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the Act unconstitutional.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the act unconstitutional.
Massasoit
The leader of the Wampanoag Indians with the pilgrims arrived in Plymouth
Stephen A. Douglas
The leading northern democrat whose presidential hopes failed because of the conflict over slavery.
Dominion of Canada
The loose confederation of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, created by the British North America Act in 1867 to help a group of British subjects defend themselves against the U.S
Jonathan Edwards
The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.
interlocking directorates
The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.
interlocking directorates
The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J.P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.
vertical integration
The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.
horizontal integration
The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors.
Samuel Gompers
The president of the American Federation of Labor nearly every year from its founding in 1886 until his death in 1924. He was no foe of capitalism but wanted employers to offer workers a fair deal by paying high wages and providing job security.
Knights of Labor
The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. They were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid-1880s their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including their participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members.
Knights of Labor
The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. This group was known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid-1880s their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including this groups participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members.
Queen Anne's War
The second of the four imperial wars that were fought between Britain, France and Spain. It took place from 1702-1713. Though many Spanish colonial towns were captured and burned by English forces, American colonists met with military failure creating a feeling of dependence on Britain. The war ended with Peace of Utrecht.
Montgomery, Alabama
The site where the seven states that seceded from the Union united to declare their indepence.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.
"waving the bloody shirt"
The use of Civil War imagery by Republicans to draw votes to their side of the ticket for Grant.
Waving the bloody shirt
The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket.
Powhatan
They are a Native American people in Virginia. The term may also refer to the leader of those tribes, commonly referred to as Powtitianna. It is estimated that there were about 14,000-21,000 Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607.
Paxton Boys
They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
Constitutional amendment, passed eight months after the Civil War, that permanently ended slavery throughout the United States.
Thirteenth Amendment
Zenger trial
This 1735 trial of a New York newspaper editor for criticising a British-appointed governor. It resulted in a not guilty verdict, since the articles were based on fact, not slander. This acquittal was the first important victory for freedom of the press in the colonies. Andrew Hamilton, a well-known Philadelphia lawyer, represented the defendant at no charge.
Gibbons v. Ogden
This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights
assumption
Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the national government
Columbian Exchange
Transfer of goods & disease between Old World (Europe) & New World (Americas)
Treaty of Paris (1783)
This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River
Seventh of March Speech
This was a famous speech given by Daniel Webster when he was trying to work out the Compromise of 1850. In it, he fought for compromise. He asked for a stricter fugitive slave law and said that there was no need to legislate slavery in the territories because the land was not fit for it. His speech became widely printed and read, and it increased the popularity of Union and compromise.
Great Awakening
This was a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the colonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.
Daring Southern commander killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
Liberal Protestants
Those who believed that religion had to be adapted to science and that the Bible was to be mined for its ethical values rather than its literal meaning
W. E. B Du Bois
Thought that blacks and whites should schools together. Helped found National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909.
Biddle
Tightened the credit to start a financial crisis and show the problems with attacking the 2nd national bank, but only proved power could be used against public good.
Washington Gladden
Took over a Congregational Church in Ohio. Preached the "Social Gospel" meaning the church should handle issues
Atlatl
Tool used by Native Americans for hunting. Allowed for a hunter to throw spears greater distances.
Middle Passage
Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high.
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British.
Treaty of Paris
Treaty where British recognized the independence of the United States in 1783.
(T/F) A series of Union military victories just before the election of 1864 guaranteed Lincoln's victory over McClellan and ended the South's last hope.
True
(T/F) Black soldiers often faced execution as escaped slaves if they were captured during battle.
True
(T/F) General George McClellan's Peninsula Campaign failed through a combination of his own excessive caution and Robert E. Lee's vigorous attacks.
True
(T/F) In the final year of the conflict, Grant and Sherman waged a total war that aimed to destroy the South's economy and morale as well as defeat its armies.
True
(T/F) Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 was intended to win the war by encouraging the Northern peace movement and bringing foreign intervention on behalf of the Confederacy.
True
(T/F) Lee's turn to defensive tactics in the last year of the war forced Grant into an offensive strategy that caused enormous casualties in direct frontal assaults on Confederate lines.
True
(T/F) Lincoln's assassination added to northern bitterness and determination to punish the South.
True
(T/F) The Battle of Antietam was a turning point of the war because it prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy and enabled Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
True
(T/F) The Northern Democrats were deeply divided between War Democrats who supported the war effort and peace Democrats who sought a negotiated settlement with the South.
True
(T/F) The Northern victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg effectively spelled doom for the Confederacy's efforts to win its independence on the battlefield.
True
(T/F) The failed Peninsula Campaign forced the Union to turn toward a total war designed to crush the entire South.
True
Battle of Saratoga (October 17, 1777)
Turning point in the war. Gen. Horatio Gates (American) defeated Gen. Burgoyne (British). Convinced the French to help the Americans.
Matthew C. Perry
U.S. Naval officer who opened trade with Japan
William Seward
US Senator and Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln. An avid opponent of slavery, Seward was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination in both 1856 and 1860. Later, as one of Lincoln's closest advisers, he helped handle the difficult tasks of keeping European nations out of the Civil War. He is best known, however, for negotiating the purchase of Alaska, dubbed "Seward's Folly" by expansion-weary opponents of the deal.
John Jordan Crittenden
US Senator from KY who introduced a compromise in 1860 in an effort to avoid a civil war that prohibited slavery in territories north of the 36' 30' but expending federal protection to slavery in the South
Treaty of Greenville
Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status
Oliver O. Howard
Union General put in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau during Reconstruction. Howard later founded and served as president of Howard University, an institution aimed at education African American students.
The black political organization that promoted self-help and defense of political rights during Reconstruction
Union League
The temporary 1864 coalition of Republicans and War Democrats that back Lincoln's re-election
Union party
John Jay
United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)
Meriwether Lewis
United States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809)
William Clark
United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River
Denmark Vesey
United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)
Benedict Arnold
United States general and traitor in the American Revolution (in 1780 his plan to surrender West Point to the British was foiled (1741-1801)).
Benedict Arnold (1741-1801)
United States general and traitor in the American Revolution; in 1780 his plan to surrender West Point to the British was foiled
Joseph Pulitzer
United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)
Mark Twain
United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)
black hawk war
Uprising led by a warrior named black hawk in which native Americans tried to reclaim their land in the Illinois territory
Bacon's Rebellion
Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by a planter; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.
Bacon's Rebellion
Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.
Horace Greeley
Used to be a great journalistic but his days were now gone.
Jospeh Pulitzer
Used yellow journalism. Wrote the newspapers St. Louis Post- Dispatch and NY World . Became a journalism giant
patroonships
Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property. (58)
Charles Sumner
Verbally attacked the South in a speech and was attacked and injured himself because of it.
Cardinal James Gibbons
Very popular with both Roman Catholics and Protestants. Became popular in the time when Roman Catholicism and Protestantism were gaining lot of strength from immigrants.
Crucial Confederate fortress on the Mississippi whose fall to Grant in 1863 cut the South in two.
Vicksburg
Fortress whose capture split the Confederacy in two.
Vicksburg
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
Violent group that often took matters in to its own hands. "Liberty, Property and No Stamps" Tar and feathered those who violated the non-importation agreements.
Squanto
Wampanoag Indian (in Plymouth Bay) who knew English from previously being captured by an Englishman; he helped keep peaceful relations between the English and the Wampanoag for the time being
War of 1812
War between America and Britain, no clear victor, demonstrated that America was a formidable country
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
Charles Cornwallis
Was a British general who fought in the Seven Years War, was elected to the House of Commons in 1760, and lost battles to George Washington on December 26, 1776 and on January 3, 1777. He made his mark on history, even though he could never ensure an overall British win over the Americans. He had many individual victories and losses against the Americans in the American Revolution and will always be remembered as a great and powerful general.
Barry St. Leger
Was a British officer in the American Revolutionary War. He led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley in the summer of 1777. Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany, he was halted by American militia in Fort Stanwix. His forces were nearly destroyed while repelling an American relief unit at Oriskany, and the approach of additional American troops forced him to retreat to Canada.
Richard Henry Lee
Was a member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.
Thomas Paine
Was a passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. He had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his book were sold and this helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year.
French and Indian War
Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.
Ethan Allen
Was an American Revolutionary War patriot, hero and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of the US state of Vermont and for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in the American Revolutionary war along with Benedict Arnold.
The Second Continental Congress
Was met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775 and the full slate of thirteen colonies was represented.
Common Sense
Was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe sis a smaller heavenly body control a larger. For this reason their is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months.
Thomas Paine
Was the first person to champion a republican form of government.
John Adams
Washington's vice president
Breakers
Waves breaking into foam as they approach or dash against the shore
James Buchanan
Weak Democratic president divided his own party by using proslavery forces.
Henry Adams
Well-connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past
Panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Battle of Long Island
Where the largest armed force until civil war (five hundred ships and thirty five thousand man) fighting against the invaders and Washington needed to escape to Manhattan Island and then cross the Hudson River to New Jersey and finally reached the Delaware River with the British close at his heels. But he take the enemy by surprise when they were drank and sleep and defeat them with General William Howe his adversary.
Winfield Scott
Whig candidate in 1852; an impressive figure though one whose personality and support of the Compromise of 1850 repelled the masses. Southerners did not accept his loyalty to the fugitive slave law, and northerners deplored his support of the same law. He lost to Pierce.
Henry James
Who wrote Daisy Miller, The Portrait of a Lady, The Wings of a Dove, and The Bostonians about the rise of feminism?
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams.
Ruthless Northern general who waged a march through Georgia.
William T. Sherman
Lord Sheffield
Wrote a pamphlet predicting that British and Americans would eventually continue commerce that was popular in the late 18th century
James Wolfe
Wolfe was the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.
Woman's Loyal League
Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.
Bret Harte
Wrote goldrush stories. Wrote The Luck of Roaring Camp
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Writer who led Transcendentalist movement, gave speech "The American Scholar"
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
Written by David Walker, a free black man originally from the south. It is arguably the most radical of all anti-slavery documents, caused a great stir when it was published in September of 1829 with its call for slaves to revolt against their masters
Horatio Alger
Wrote 100's of fiction of rags to riches with hard work.
Edward Bellamy
Wrote Looking Backward. About a character that wakes up in the year 2000 and he looks back and finds that there is an idyllic government that nationalized big business.
Stephen Crane
Wrote Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. A tale about a prostitute that had to commit suicide. A naturalist writer.
Edwin L. Godkin
Wrote NY Nation which was a widely read a magazine of the era. It worked for civil service reform, governmental honesty and a moderate tariff
William Jamed
Wrote Principles of Psychology, etc. thought Americans greatest contribution to history of philosophy was pragmatism (truth of an idea should be tested)
Henry George
Wrote Progress and Poverty. Wanted a single 100% tax on buying land so the government could get money to help the poor and money won't go to the already rich land buyers and sellers. His idea became controversial
Theodore Dreiser
Wrote Sister Carrie about Carrie Meeber who moved to Chicago from her rural town. here she is introduced to dazzling nightlife in the city
Frank Norris
Wrote The Octopus. A weird story about rich people and ranchers
Booker T. Washington
Wrote Up From Slavery. Led and taught at Tuskegee Instiuite. He taught blacks useful things for life he liked the act that black schools were separate from white ones thinking its easier for blacks to learn that way
Edith Wharton
Wrote the Age of Innocence. Very rich. With writing she exposed the futile struggles and costs of people stuck on the social ladder
Trusts
a business formed to monopolize business, restrain trade, or fix prices (monopolies)
Edward Braddock
a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.
Sally Thompkins
a Confederate women who founded small hospitals and clinics in the South; called the Clara Barton of the South
Stephen A. Douglass
a Democratic Senator from Illinois who debated Abraham Lincoln during his run for Senator in the Lincoln-Douglass Debates. He was an avid supporter of the Compromise of 1850, supported popular sovereignty
Robert de La Salle
a French man who led an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680s; also caused the Spanish to begin settling Texas
Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur
a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America:
Cajun
a Louisianian descended from Acadian immigrants from Nova Scotia ('Cajun' comes from 'Acadian')
predestination
a belief in Calvinism which states that the "elect" souls were destined for heaven, while others were destined for hell
Hiram Revels
a black senator elected in 1870 to the former seat of Jefferson Davis
Radical Republicans
a minority of Reps in Congress who wanted to punish the S and its aristocratic planters, uproot its social structure, and protect the blacks with federal power
Common Sense (1776)
a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine the criticized and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain
Loyalist
a person who is loyal to their allegiance (especially in times of revolt)
The Gilded Age
a phrase coined by Mark Twain - signaled a wobbly equilibrium of politicians; a very economic-looking age on the outside but very corrupt on the inside
Phillis Wheatley
a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. published a book of poetry at age 20
Sally Hemings
a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, who, according to some, was the mother of some of Thomas Jefferson's children
Regulator movement
a small but nasty insurrection (violent uprising against a government or authority) against eastern domination of the colony's affairs
Oneida Community
a society of religious perfectionists established by John Humphrey Noyes, in 1848 at Oneida, N.Y., on the theory that sin can be eliminated through social reform: dissolved and reorganized in 1881 as a joint-stock company.
conversion
a spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life
Robert E. Lee
a top graduate of West Point & was an exceptional soldier in the U.S. Army for thirty-two years; Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
Canadian Shield
a zone undergirded by ancient rock destroyed by glaciers.
The thousands of black soldiers in the Union Army a) added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause b) were largely prevented from participating in combat c) were enlisted primarily to compensate for the military advantage that the South enjoyed because of slavery d) saw relatively little direct military action during the war e) were enthusiastic but relatively ineffective in combat
a) added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause
The Union blockade of Confederate ports was a) initially leaky but eventually effective b) challenged by the powerful navies of Britain and France c) immediately effective in capturing Confederate blockade-running ships d) largely ineffective in shutting off the sale of confederate cotton in Europe e) more effective on the Atlantic coast than along the Golf Coast
a) initially leaky but eventually effective
After the failed Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln and the Union turned to a a) new strategy based on total war against the Confederacy b) new stratedy based on an invasion through the mountains of a western Virginia and Tennessee c) strategy of defensive warfare designed to protect Washington D.C d) reliance on the navy rather than the army to win the car e) strategy based on encouraging political divisions within the South
a) new strategy based on total war against the Confederacy
Grant's capture of Vicksburg was especially important because it a) quelled Northern peace agitation and cut off the Confederate trade route across the Mississippi a) ended the threat of a Confederate invasion of southern Illinois and Indiana c) blocked the French army in Mexico from moving to aid the Confederacy d) destroyed Southern naval power e) enabled the North to completely suppress the South's cotton trade with Europe
a) quelled Northern peace agitation and cut off the Confederate trade route across the Mississippi
Bible Commonwealth
another name for the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of religious drive
Free Soil Party
antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers
The Impending Crisis of the South
antislavery tract, written by white southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that nonslaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy
Social Gospel
applied Christian values to social problems, esp. injustices (poverty, etc.); preached by Walter Rauschenbusch & Washington Gladden first in 1882
Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's vice-presidential running mate in 1864, was a a) Copperhead b) War Democrat c) conservative Republican d) radical Republican e) Peace Democrat
b) War Democrat
A major effect of the First Battle of Bull Run was to a) convince the North that it would not be that difficult to conquer Richmond b) increase the South's already dangerous overconfidence c) demonstrate the superiority of Southern volunteer soldiers over Northern draftees d) cause a wave of new Southern enlistments in the army e) lead Lincoln to consider abandoning Washington and moving the government elsewhere
b) increase the South's already dangerous overconfidence
As the Democratic Party nominee in 1864, General George McClellana a) denounced Lincoln as a traitor and called for an immediate end to the war b) repudiated the Copperhead platform that called for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy c) indicated that, if elected president, he would take personal command of all Union armies d) called for waging a total war against the civilian population in the South e) effectively attacked Lincoln's constant turnover of top Union generals.
b) repudiated the Copperhead platform that called for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy
Officially, the Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves a) who had fled their masters and joined the Union Army b) under control of the rebellious Confederate states c) in the Border States and in areas under Union Army control d) in Washington D.C. e) whose masters were loyal to the Confederacy
b) under control of the rebellious Confederate states
New Immigration
began 1880s - new immigrants from S or E Europe, and by 1910 = 66% of immigrant inflow to US places where people gathered together to still immerse in their culture
Oliver Cromwell
beheaded Charles the I
W. E. B. Du Bois
believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediatly;founded the NAACP
Mayflower
boat (headed by Captain Myles Standish) which carried the English Separatists from Holland to America (Plymouth Bay)
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
born to an Irish mother and French father; adopted American; most gifted American sculptor one of his most moving works is the Robert Gould Shaw memorial
Sherman's march "from Atlanta to the sea" was especially notable for its a) tactical brilliance against Confederate cavalry forces b) effective use of public relations to turn Southern sympathies against the Confederacy c) brutal use of total war tactics of destruction and pillaging against Southern civilian populations d) impact in inspiring Northern public opinion to turn against slavery e) commitment to emancipate slaves and bring them into the Union army
c) brutal use of total war tactics of destruction and pillaging against Southern civilian populations
Dutch West India Company
company in Caribbean that raided and traded; also in Africa and in sugar industry in Brazil; established colony in New Netherland (Hudson River) for fur; also bought Manhattan from Indians
Lincoln's Cabinet
composed of his major rivals for the Republican nomination for President in 1860; William Seward as Sec. of State for the whole term
Hernan Cortes
conquers the Aztecs
Church of England
created by King Henry VIII when he broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation
Samuel Gompers
created the AF of L in 1886; called for better wages, hours, & working conditions
John Marshall
created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court Chief justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams
Francisco Pizarro
crushed Incas in Peru (1532), and added a huge amount of "money" to Spain
Lincoln's election victory in 1864 was sealed by Union military successes at a) Gettysburg, Antietam, and Vicksburg b) the Wilderness, Lookout Mountain, and Appomattox c) Bull Run, the Peninsula, and Fredericksburg d) Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley e) Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and Cold Harbor
d) Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley
Lincoln dealt with the leading Copperhead, Clement Vallandigham, by a) banishing him to Canada b) persuading the Democratic party to repudiate him c) drafting him into the Union army d) using Union troops to harass him into silence d) convicting him of treason in a military tribunal and then shipping him to the South e) convicting him of treason in a military tribunal and then shipping him to the South
d) convicting him of treason in a military tribunal and then shipping him to the South
The primary weakness of General George McClellan as a military commander was his a) inability to gain support of his troops b) tendency to rush into battle with inadequate plans and preparation c) lack of confidence in his own abilities d) excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops in battle e) tendency to rely on artillery and cavalry rather infantry troops
d) excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops in battle
Freeport Doctrine
declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. first argued by Stephen Douglass in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport Question"
new lights
defenders of the Awakening for its role in reviving American religion
William E. B. DuBois
demanded complete equality for blacks; helped to found NAACP in 1910; demanded for 1/10 of blacks to have full access to white privileges immediately
Panic of 1873
depression caused by overspeculation & bankers giving out imprudent loans; ~15,000 businesses = bankrupt; hard-money vs. soft-money advocates (hard-money won)
Mayflower Compact
document signed by members on the Mayflower which agreed to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon (one of the first forms of self-government in America)
The Association
e creation of The Association was the most important outcome of the Congress. It called for a complete boycott of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.
Antietam was on of the crucial battles of the Civil War because a) it ended any further possibility of Confederate invasion of the North b) it was the last chance for the Confederates to win a major battle c) it fundamentally undermined Confederate morale d) the death of Lee's greatest general, Stonewall Jackson, crippled his military effectiveness e) it prevents British and French recognition of the Confederacy
e) it prevents British and French recognition of the Confederacy
The political effects of the Emancipation Proclamation were to a) bolster public support for the war and the Republican party b) increase conflict between Lincoln and the radical wing of the Republican party c) turn the Democratic party from support of the war toward favoring recognition of the Confederacy d) weaken support for the Union among British and French public opinions e) strengthen the North's moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North
e) strengthen the North's moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North
Capitalism
economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets; European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the dicovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to this
William Bradford
elected governor of Plymouth; feared non-Puritan settlers
Economic Impact of War on North
emerged from the Civil War more prosperous than before, since new factories had been formed and a millionaire class was born for the first time in history
Treaty of Kanagawa
ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports
convenant
enter into a formal agreement; promise
Clara Barton
founder of American Red Cross; US teacher, nurse, & humanitarian; worked as a nurse in Civil War battlefields
Stock Watering
esp. by RR stock promoters - inflated claims about a RR's assets then sold stocks/bonds for much more than the RR's actual value
Interstate Commerce Commission
est. by the Interstate Commerce Act to enforce regulations
National Banking Act
established a system of national charters for banks; along with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks," raised money for the federal government in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds and taxed state bonds out of existence
Black Legend
false notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ
Thomas Nast
famous political cartoonist who helped the illiterate to understand (esp.) Boss Tweed's shady actions
Harpers Ferry
federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Norther's shared in Brown's extremism
panic of 1857
financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, over speculation, and excess grain production. raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands
George Washington
first President of the United States, the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States
John Jay
first chief of justice of the United States
John Winthrop
first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; helped start economy
Canadian Shield
first part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level
William Penn
fled to New World for religious freedom (since he was a Quaker), liberal government, and money; secured grant of Pennsylvania in 1681
Constitutional Union Party
formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis
Battle of Acoma (1599)
fought between Spaniards and sunder Don Juan de Onate adn the Pueblo Indians in present-day Mexico; the Spanish brutally crushed the Pueblos and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609; victorious Spanish severed one foot of each surviving Indian.
Father Junipero Serra
gathered the Indians into fortified missions and taught them horticulture and basic crafts. Lost their cultures, adopted Christianity, lost their lives to pathogens?
Civil Rights Act of 1866
gave the blacks the privileges of US citizenship; Johnson vetoed but Congress overruled the veto implemented into the Const. as the 14th Amendment
Confederate States of America
government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. later joined by four more states from the Upper South
patronage
granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
Advantages for the North
had a huge economy, many more men available to fight, and it controlled the sea
Disadvantages for the South
handicapped by a shortage of factories and manufacturing plants; found itself with a shortage of shoes, uniforms, blankets, clothing, and food, which didn't reach soldiers due to supply problems
Resumption Act of 1875
hard-money advocates = pledged the govt to withdrawal of all greenbacks from circulation & redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value (in 1879)
Lord De La Warr
he is often named simply as "Lord Delaware". He served as governor of the Jamestown Colony in Virginia, and the Delaware Bay was named after him.
Lincoln's View on Secession
he marked restoration of the union as his top goal, and offered doubts about it splitting; stated that geographically, the United States could not be split (which was true)
Incas
highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forced under Francisco Pizarro in 1532; they developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large , complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains
George Washington Carver
in 1896 joined faculty of Tuskegee Inst. famous agricultural chemist, inventing new uses for the peanut boost to S economy
Middlemen
in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers; European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen
California Gold Rush
inflow of thousands of minors to northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year. the onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849
Jane Addams
influenced by Social Gospel est. Hull House to aid immigrants; won Nobel Peace prize in 1931
Dwight Moody
influenced by the Social Gospel, captivated audiences w/ messages of forgiveness; important to the liberal Protestant movement to integrate religion w/ urbanization
Underground Railroad
informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada. seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law
William Walker
installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. He legalized slavery, but was overthrown by surrounding Central American countries and killed in 1860.
Tripolitan War
instigated by the pasha of Tripoli who was disatisfied with his share of protection money; Jefferson reluctantly rose to the challenge and sent the U.S. Marine Corps to fight; after four years, Jefferson extorted a peace treaty with a bargain price of $60,000 which was used as ransom payments for captured Americans
New England Confederation
inter-colonial alliance formed in 1643 between Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered Connecticut valley settlements; purpose was to provide defense against Indians, French, and Dutch; each colony had two votes; first united representative government in America
Specie Circular
issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
Disadvantages for the North
its officers weren't as well-trained as some on the opposing side
Plantation
large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor; European settlers established them in Africa, South America, the Carribean, and the American South
sumptuary laws
laws aimed at making sure pleasures stayed simple by repressing certain human instincts; also known as "blue laws"
Reverend Thomas Hooker
leader of Boston Puritans, who swept in and took control of the Connecticut River Valley
Moctezuma
leader of the Aztecs in Tenochitlan and loses to Hernan Cortes
Leland Stanford
leader of the Big Four controlling the Central Pacific RR; drove in the "golden spike" to mark the completion of the first transcontinental RR
Denis Kearney
leader of the Kearneyites: mainly Irish immigrants angry that the Chinese = stealing work opportunities w/ cheap labor vicious beatings
Cornelius Vanderbilt
leader of the New York Central RR; amassed ~$100 mil; Vanderbilt helped to popularize the steel rail instead of steel tracks; contributed $1 mil to Vanderbilt Univ.
Committees of Correspondence- (1772 and after)
local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.
Valley Forge
location in Pennsylvania where the Continental Army spent the winter of 1777-1778 under extremely harsh conditions
Tariff of 1857
lowered duties on imports in response to the high treasury surplus and pressure from southern farmers
Rack-renting
merciless rent increases
South Carolina slave revolt
more than fifty slaves attempted to escape along the stono river to Spanish Florida but were stopped by South Carolinian militia
Thaddeus Stevens
most powerful Radical Rep. in the House; lover of blacks & hater of white Southerners; leading figure on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
Arminianism
named after Jacobus Arminius. preached that all people could be saved if they accepted God's grace.
Aztecs
native American empire that controlled present day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes; they maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute; they came to be known for their advances in math and writing and their use of human sacrifices in religious cerimonies
salutary neglect
new monarchs (William and Mary) relaxed grip on colonial trade; colonies had to rely on themselves and got a taste of independence
Horace Greeley
nominated for presidency by the Liberal Reps; denounced as an atheist, communist, free-lover, vegetarian, brown-bread eater, & a cosigner of Jefferson Davis' bail bond
popular sovereignty
notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories
Little Turtle
or Michikinikwa, was a chief of the Miami people, and one of the most famous Native American military leaders of his time.
New England Emigrant Aid Company
organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory
John D. Rockefeller
owner of Standard Oil Co., he employed horizontal integration to wipe out competition; by 1877 he controlled 95% of all oil refineries in the US
Protestant ethic
part of Puritanism in the Bay Colony; involved serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits
Fugitive Slave Law
passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. strengthened the antislavery cause in the North
Morrill Tariff Act
passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war; raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war; raked in millions of dollars
passive resistance
peaceful resistance to a government by refusing to cooperate; part of Quaker belief system, esp. in regards to war
Mestizos
people of Native American and European descent
Mestizos
people of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.
Scots-Irish
people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They lived in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by these people. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.
"interlocking directorates"
placing one's own workers on other companies' boards of directors (J P Morgan)
"personal liberty laws"
pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial.
Jay Cooke and Company
private banking house that the Treasury forced to market its bonds; it got 3/8 of 1%; later went bankrupt
Privateers
privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War. Privateers, more numerous than the tiny American Navy, inflicted heavy damages on British ships.
privateers
privately owned armed ships.
Lecompton Constitution
proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. initially ratified by pro-slavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote
Crittenden amendments
proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36-30 where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty
Kansas-Nebraska Act
proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad
Samuel Tilden
prosecutor of Boss Tweed's trial Tweed = jailed; Dem candidate in 1876
Freeport question
raised during one of Lincoln-Douglass debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories
Fourteenth Amendment
ratified 1868 Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process.
Fifteenth Amendment
ratified 1870 Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted it to include guarantees for women's suffrage.
William Laud
reactionary Puritan Archbishop who was persecuted in 1629 when Parliament was dismissed by Charles I; lead Puritans to America, fearing for their faith
Tariff of 1857
reduced duties to about 20% on dutiable goods, caused financial misery that led to panic
"fire eaters"
refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.
Tenskwatawa
religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe, known as The Prophet or the Shawnee Prophet; the brother of Tecumseh; reform program was to reject white culture and embrace the old ways
Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)
religious group that arose in England in the mid 1600s who were politically and religiously offensive to officials
Regionlism
represent the speech, manners, habits, folklore, and beliefs of people in specific geographical areas. (of us at the time)
Massachusetts Bay Colony
settled in 1629 by non-Separatist Puritans
primogeniture
right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son
Elizabeth I
ruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics.
Model Treaty (1776)
sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements.
Ostend Manifesto
secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North
William H. Seward
secretary of state under lincoln and johnson - set the precedent for increased american participation in the western hemisphere - engineered purchase of alaska and invoked the monroe doctrine to force france out of mexico
Calvinism
sect of Puritanism created by John Calvin; dominant religion of American settlers; belief in predestination
Separatists
sect of Puritanism that did not want the "saints" to go to church with the "damned" (as was the case with the Church of England); broke away from the Church of England
Abraham Lincoln
self educated Kentuckian; Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Douglas in 1858 election. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerge as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president. (no ballot forlo southern states). Lincoln winning this elections have South Carolinans an excuse to secede from the Union and caused South to completely break from the North.
Lincoln-Douglass debates
series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass during the US senate race in Illinois. Douglass won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World; Spain received a bulk of the territory in the Americas, campensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia
Treaty of Wanghia
signed by the U.S and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese
Caravel
small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails; they could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible dur to prevailing winds on the homeward journey
King Phillip (Metacom)
son of Massasoit; forged inter-tribal alliance and assaulted frontier settlements (pushed settlers back to Boston); this slowed English westward march in New England and drastically reduced threat of Indians
Greenback Labor Party
started in 1878 - anti-monopoly ideology; disapproved of the switching from greenbacks (paper money/soft money) into bullion
Jim Crow Laws
state-level legal codes developed in 1890s detailing proper segregation terms
Andrew Carnegie
steel king who employed vertical integration in the Carnegie Steel Co.; donated ~$350 mil to charities
George Whitefield
succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening
Daniel Webster
supported Clay's proposals and called for an end to the bitter sectionalism that was dividing the nation. Argued for Clays compromise in order to preserve the Union
Dred Scott v. Stanford
supreme court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. also declared that slaves,a as property, were not citizens of the united states
Samuel Chase
supreme court justice who the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.
J. P. Morgan
the "banker's banker" - bought Carnegie Steel Co. for $400 mil US Steel Corporation in 1901
Spanish Armada
the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.
YMCA and YWCA
the Youth Men's/Women's Christian Association, combining all forms of ed. (incl. physical) w/ religious instruction, emphasizing the importance of this life (not afterlife)
antinomianism
the belief that holy life was no true sign of salvation and the saved didn't have to follow laws of God or man; preached by Anne Hutchinson
James I
the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)
Social Stratification
the hierarchal rankings of groups of people based on access to and control over socially valued resources
Natural Rights
the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property
Social Darwinism
the idea that humans were participating in "survival of the fittest" and that the poor = poor b/c of own shortcomings & rich = rich b/c of natural selection
Peter Stuyvesant
the last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland; in 1664 he was forced to surrender the colony to England (1592-1672)
Protestant Reformation
the movement in which it was thought that the Catholic church needed to be revived; leaders included Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII
Sharecroppers
the new form of black slavery in the S - began due to Black Codes, Jim Crow, and the "crop-lien system" (continual state of dependence b/c of debt to landlord)
freemen
the only people who could vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony; adult, Puritan males
Southern Unity
the problem was that it gave states the ability to secede in the future, and getting these states to send troops to help other states was always difficult to do; national power was weak; Jefferson Davis was never really popular
Reconstruction
the process of reintegrating the South into the Union, which throughout the years consisted of military reconstruction, freeing blacks, virtual re-enslavement of blacks, and determining how much of a state needed to be loyal before acceptance into the Union
Burned-Over Districts
the religious scene in Upstate New York, particularly the western and central regions of the state, in the early 19th century, which was repeatedly "burned over" by religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening
General Court
the representative assembly of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Nation-States
the term commonly describes those societies in which political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality
Columbian Exchange
the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492
the "elect"
those destined for heaven; in accordance with Calvinism
"bounty brokers"
those who enticed people to enlist in the army by giving them a bonus sum of money
"visible saints"
those who were clearly part of the "elect"; alone were eligible for church membership (therefore, the right to vote)
Dorthea Dix
tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill; appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces
Glorious Revolution
took place in England in 1688-1689; bloodlessly replaced Catholic James II with Protestant Dutch William II and English May (daughter of James II); inspired colonists to the point that a Boston mob sent Andros back to England
Sir Ferdinando Gorges
tried to colonize Maine in 1623
"Stalwarts" and "Half-Breeds"
two opposing factions of the Republican party: respectively, one embraced swapping civil-service jobs for votes; the other attempted civil-service reform
New York slave revolt
uprising of approximately 24 slaves; resulted in deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution 21 of the slaves
Whiskey Rebellion
uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states
"vertical integration"
using one organization for all parts of the manufacturing process (perfected by Carnegie)
Sir Francis Drake
vice admiral was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era.
Roger Williams
wanted a clean break with the Church of England and thought the Massachusetts Bay Colony was unfair to Indians and said government shouldn't regulate religious behavior; banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635; arrived in Rhode Island in 1636 and built a Baptist church; made complete freedom of religion and sheltered Jews, Catholics, and Quakers
Opium War
war between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders. the resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese
Martin Luther
was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
Draft Riots
were a series of violent disturbances in New York City in 1863 that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War
"city upon a hill"
what John Winthrop called Massachusetts Bay Colony because he thought it would serve as a religious model for mankind
Plymouth Bay
where the pilgrims aboard the Mayflower landed
Time Zones
with the introduction of RRs came the need to regulate train schedules in different places standardized time zones (instead of local time)
Anne Hutchinson
woman in Massachusetts Bay Colony who preached idea of antinomianism; 1638, banished and forced to walk to and settle in Rhode Island
"government girls"
women who worked in the Treasury and War Departments as well as the post office during the war to fill the positions left by men in the North
World's Columbian Exposition
worlds fair held in /Chicago in 1893. millions of fair goers visited the fabulous grounds that came to be known as the White City. the city embodied the American urban ideal and offered a stark contrast to the realities of Chicago life
Institutes of the Christian Religion
written in 1536 by John Calvin; proposed predestination ("elect" souls were destined for heaven)
Arminianism
—Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election
royal colonies
—Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic
triangular trade
—Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade
newlights
—Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening
old lights
—Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality
Economic Impact of War on South
ruined by the war, as transportation collapsed and supplies of everything became scarce, and by the end of the war, they claimed only 12% of the national wealth as opposed to 30% before the war; per capita income was greatly decreased
"shoddy millionnaires"
scornful term for northern manufacturers who made quick fortunes out of selling cheaply made shoes and other inadequate goods to the us army
Women's-rights leaders opposed the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because
B. The amendments granted citizenship and voting rights to black and white men but not to women.
Lincoln's original plan for Reconstruction in 1863 was that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when
B. 10 percent of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union and pledged to abide by emancipation. (10 Percent Plan)
Andrew Stephens
B. Former Confederate vice president whose election to Congress in 1865 infuriated Northerners
The two largest African American denominations (church factions/bodies) by the end of Reconstruction
Baptist and Methodist
Andrew Johnson
C. Born a poor white Southerner, he became the white South's champion against radical Reconstruction.
The radical Reconstruction regimes in the Southern states
C. Established public education and adopted many needed reforms.
The Freedman's Bureau was originally established to provide
C. Food, clothing, and education for emancipated slaves.
The Fifteenth Amendment provided for
C. Voting rights for former slaves.
Andrew Johnson's first Reconstruction actions pleased radical Republicans by harshly punishing Southern leaders and refusing to grant them pardons.
FALSE. Andrew Johnson agreed with Lincoln's view of the Southern states having never left the Union and intended to adopt the 10 Percent Plan. This angered the Radical Republicans who thought that Johnson would surely use his hatred of Southern aristocrats to punish them. In addition to recognizing several of Lincoln's plans, he added his own, which disfranchised Confederates with property worth more that $20,000, but gave them a chance to beg for pardon.
Radical Republicans succeeded in their goal of redistributing land to the former slaves.
FALSE. It was opposed by moderate Republicans and Democrats, and tough many efforts were made, it was never truly put into effect.
Most white southerners recognized that secession had been a mistake and welcomed returning to the United States as American citizens.
FALSE. Many Southerners remained defiant and spoke of the government as "your government," not "our government." They were not conscious of their crime and continued to believe that view of secession was correct and that their "lost cause" was a just war.
The federal government made no effort to attempt to suppress the violent white supremacists in the Ku Klux Klan.
FALSE. The Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 were designed specifically to suppress the violence of the Ku Klux Klan. They managed to stop the majority of the attacks, but the intimidating effects of the attacks had already been engraved in the people's memories.
The newly established Freedmen's Bureau proved effective as a social agency providing economic opportunity as well as food, clothing, and medical care to emancipated blacks.
FALSE. The greatest achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau were in education, whereas in other categories, it rarely managed to get blacks the care and aid they needed.
Charles Sumner
J. Beaten in the Senate chamber before the Civil War, he became the leader of Senate Republican radicals during Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln
M. Author of the moderate 10 percent Reconstruction plan that ran into congressional opposition.
The Black Codes, enacted by the Johnson-established southern state governments, provided freed slaves with basic political rights but not social integration.
TRUE. Freedom was recognized, as was certain rights, but other rights such as serving on a jury, voting, etc., were all denied. The Black Codes aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force and to return the conditions of blacks to slavery without calling it slavery. Sharecroppers would be forced to stay on the same economic standpoint for generations, all due to the suppression of the Black Codes.
Lincoln's 10 Percent Reconstruction plan was designed to return the Southern states to the Union quickly and with few restrictions.
TRUE. Lincoln believed that the Southern states had never really legally seceded from the States, and so, restoration of the Union should be simple.
Many newly emancipated slaves undertook travel to demonstrate their freedom or to seek separated loved ones.
TRUE. Tens of thousands of emancipated blacks traveled the roads, searching for lost or sold family members and many left to work as free men in towns and cities, where they were supported by preexisting black communities.
Congressional Republicans demanded that the Southern states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in order to be readmitted to the Union.
TRUE. The Radical Republicans were unhappy that the 14th Amendment did not grant the blacks suffrage rights to the blacks, but all Republicans agreed that no state would be readmitted without ratifying this Amendment.
The Republicans impeached Andrew Johnson essentially because of his opposition to their Reconstruction policies and not on the basis of "high crimes and misdemeanors."
TRUE. They accused him of various violations of the Tenure of Office Act, but they really wanted to impeach him out of political vindictiveness. They were annoyed that he was not on their side and stopped them from passing the laws they wanted to pass.
Many women felt betrayed when the Fifteenth Amendment gave voting rights to black males but not to women.
TRUE. Women played a prominent role in the abolitionist movements and though they had temporarily suspended women's suffrage for the purpose of achieving emancipation, they returned to their cause quickly, feeling that they deserved the right to vote.
National Banking System
authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency; banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money; first significant step toward a national bank
Lincoln's Initial Reason for War
in order to hold the remaining Border States, Lincoln repeatedly said that the war was to save the Union, not free the slaves, since a war for the slaves' freedom would have lost the Border States
Lincoln's Unconstitutional Acts
increased size of standing army without legislative authority, imprisoned 13,000 people, defied supreme court b/c suspended the write of habeus corpus; justified his actions by saying that such acts weren't permanent, and that he had to do those things in order to preserve the Union
"Three-Hundred Dollar Men"
men who paid a three hundred dollar fine or hired someone to fight in their place in the draft
"Johnny Reb"
nickname for a typical Confederate soldier
"Billy Yank"
nickname for average Northern/Union soldier
"fifty-niners"
nickname given to the men who rushed to Pennsylvania once oil was discovered there
Thomas Jackson
nicknamed "Stonewall" at the battle of first Bull Run for standing courageously against union fire; was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults; his own men accidently mortally wounded him
Clara Barton
nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross
Advantages for the South
only had to fight to a draw to win, since all it had to do was keep them from invading and taking over all of its territory; had the most talented officers and most had been trained in a military-style upbringing; any top young men attended military schools like West Point, The Citadel, or VMI
North Finance during the War
passed the Morrill Tariff Act; Federal Treasury netted $2.6 billion in the sale of bonds; greenbacks issued for the first time (not very successful at first)
Fort Sumter
site of the opening engagement of the Civil War; on April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861; Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day
"bounty boys"
slippery Northern men who collected fees for enlisting in the Union Army and then deserted
"a rich man's war but a poor man's fight"
slogan to describe Civil War; rich men stood to lose everything they had if slavery were ended; a poor man though stood to gain very little if they won; but the law made it possible for a man to buy his way out of military service
King Cotton
term used to describe the dominance of the South's cash crop on politics, agriculture, and society prior to the Civil War in the Ante-Bellum South
King Wheat & King Corn
these crops were significant to the North; during the Civil War, the North was blessed with great weather & produced bountiful crops when the British suffered a series of bad harvests & so they were forced to import huge quantities of grain from America - if the British had broken the blockade to get cotton, they would have would have cut off this precious granary
European Attitude toward South
they wanted the Union to be split (which would strengthen their nation, relatively speaking) but their people were pro-North and anti-slavery; Europe needed the North's crops & not the South's, so helping the South would cut off the North's supply that these countries needed
