APWH Chapters 1 - 25 Reviews
32. Despite emancipation of slaves in the United States, African-Americans lived under harsh conditions, including
"Jim Crow" laws that segregated public transportation, jobs, and schools
The deadliest disease in India was ____________, also known as what?
The deadliest disease in India was the black death, also known as kalamari.
What was the cost of Egypt's modernization and becoming a strong Islamic state?
The demands on peasant families being acutely disruptive.
What were the four earliest Ottoman reforms?
The creation of military style units, bringing of provincial governors under central government rule and standardization of taxation and land revenue.
7. Aware that Britain had a head start, other countries of Europe
eliminated internal tariff barriers and opened technical schools.
Who were Russia's allies in the Crimean War?
(Please correct me if I'm wrong) I'm pretty sure its no one. They had no allies.
What are the Four Noble Truths?
1. Life is suffering 2. Suffering comes from desire 3. The solution to suffering is curbing desire 4. Desire can be curbed by following the Eight fold path
Many centers of the Middle East and Mediterranean were destroyed in what year?
1200.
Minoan civilization collapsed in what year?
1450 BCE.
How many people did the Black Death kill by the time it subsided?
2/3 of the population.
CHAPTER
23
What was the life expectancy for 19th century male Brazilian slaves?
23 years of age.
The average life expectancy for a European of this period was what?
30 to 35 years.
How many slaves were transported during the sugar boom?
7.5 million.
In what year did Charles Martel stop the Muslim's most advanced raiding party in Tours, France?
732
How many Africans were transported in the Atlantic Slave trade 150 years after European discovery of the Americas?
800,000
How many people lived in rural areas during the later Middle Ages?
9 out of 10 people.
On most islands, what percentage of the population was slaves?
90%
What prevented the Mongols from invading Japan?
A bad storm/wind that sent them away.
What is Pan-Slavism?
A doctrine that advocated the unity of all Slavic peoples through military means.
Tax farming can be described as what?*
A fiscal method. *The sale of tax collecting contracts to small corporations by the government.
What is the mit'a?
A labor draft organizing ayllu members into various jobs for the royal court and aristocracy.
What was the Devhirme system?
A levy of male children in Christian villages that placed them with Turkish families to learn the language and then go into military training.
American isolation lead to what?
A more distinguished and unique culture. Due to their isolation, they also had to face challenges alone.
What did the Zulu succeed in making?
A new national identity and kingdom.
The Atlantic African slave trade was based on what?
A partnership between African and European elites.
What was the three field system?
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grains, one legumes and one lies fallow. It replaced the original two field systems.
What is a city-state?
A self governed urban center, and the agricultural lands it controlled.
What did the expansion of sugar plantations in the West Indies require?
A sharp increase in volume of the slave trade from Africa and farm, as well as factory production methods.
What is a plantocracy?
A small number of wealthy men who owned most slaves and land.
What did the Gupta Empire use to maintain control in the core of the empire?
A strong army.
What was an encomienda?
A system in which Amerindians were divided among settlers and the settlers had to provide them with work textiles, food and other goods.
How many new slaves during seasoning?
A third of new slaves died of unfamiliar disease during seasoning.
What did Columbus promise Spain he would do, and did he succeed?
According to the royal contract, Columbus was to "discover and acquire certain islands and mainland in the Ocean sea". If you go by this, he technically did succeed, just not in the ocean he thought. However, he also theorized that he could reach Asia by sailing west. If you go by this, he did not succeed at all, no matter what he believed.
What are the Five Pillars of Islam?*
Acknowledging that there is only one God and Muhammad is his messenger, pray five times a day facing the holy city of Mecca, fast on the holiday of Ramadan, pay alms, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca during your lifetime.
The economic importance of Amerindian slaves in Brazil was overshadowed by who?
African slaves.
37. The largest numbers of new arrivals in the Americas during the colonial period were
African.
The East India Company's right to rule India gained legitimacy after what?
After the 'Black Hole of Calcutta' and the weakness of the Mughal Empire.
The Israelites became faithful to Yahweh after what event?
After they spent 40 years wandering in the desert.
What were China's fundamental resources?
Agriculture and human labor.
What was the economic wealth of the early Roman State based on?
Agriculture.
As in Anatolia and the states of Eastern Europe. the Teutonic Knights fought against who?
Alexander Nevskii and the Mongols.
What was the greatest city of the Hellenistic age?
Alexandria.
Teotihuacan was ruled by who?
Alliances created between elite families or weak kings who they controlled.
What official role did the Catholic Church play in the persecution of Jews in Medieval Europe?
Although they offered protection for the Jews, they were also the main persecutors.
What group of people were considered as creoles?
American born Spanish whites.
Where does the power rest in an oligarchy?
Among the wealthy men.
Who founded the Mughal Empire?
Babur. (Think Babar the elephant)
Who was the most influential defender of Amerindians in the early colonial period?
Bartolomé de Las Casas.
The Nguni peoples of southeastern Africa traditionally had persued a life based on what?
Based on cattle and agriculture, on the fertile coast of Southeast Africa.
What did the Qing emporer's desire for security of the northern border lead to?
Battles between Russia and the Chinese.
For what reason did the Netherlands revolt against Spain in the 1560s and 70s?
Because King Phillip II instilled Catholic orthodoxy and high taxes on them.
Why did Ottoman historians call the period from 1718 to 1730 the Tulip Period?
Because Tulip bulbs were extremely popular at the time.
Why is the Late Bronze Age seen as a cosmopolitan era?
Because at the time, cultures and life styles were widely shared.
Why is the pharaoh Tutankhamen famous?
Because his tomb was the only royal tomb to have been found untouched.
Why was the synagogue important to Jews?
Because it allowed them to maintain their religion and culture outside their homeland.
Why was The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea so important?
Because it told stories of voyages, such of that of Hippalus who is said to have discovered the monsoon winds.
Why did Southeast Asia first rise to prominence?
Because it was an intermediary in trade.
Why did Umayyad Spain develop a distinct Islamic culture?
Because it was secluded from the rest of the Islamic world buy the Strait of Gibraltar.
Why did extensive Islamic expansion into East Africa and South East ASia occur?
Because most Europeans did not treat local converts or the offspring of mixed peoples as full members of the commnity, but Islam did.
The Tang empire is considered 'cosmopolitan' because of what?
Because of its breadth and diversity.
Why was Egyptian culture so unique and diverse from others of the time period?
Because of its isolation and self sufficiency.
Why is the Egyptian death ritual so complex?
Because of their belief in the after life and the extensive processes for preparing bodies, recorded in the Egyptian Book of the Dead.
For what reason did Egypt not have a law code, similar to that of Mesopotamia's?
Because of their conception of a divine king, who was the source of law and justice.
Why did men outnumber the women on Caribbean plantations?
Because ships brought twice as many males as women.
Why did the ruler of al-Andalus Spain take the caliph title in 929?
Because the Fatamid ruler of Tunisia proclaimed something similar.
Why is the Gupta Empire seen as a theatre-state?
Because the grandeur of the court advertised benefits of the empire.
Why is the Indian Ocean society described as bicultural?
Because the seamen married and had children with local women from the port cities.
Why did the Olmecs lay out their cities in accordance to the path of the stars?
Because they believed in the significance of astronomical events.
Why was Muhammad sent out of Mecca by the leaders?
Because they believed that Muhammad threatened their authority.
Why did the worshipping of ancestors become more important during Shang times?
Because they believed that their ancestors were active presences in their lives and that they had close ties to the gods.
Why Israelite women were respected?
Because they provided most of the essential goods and services for living.
Why did the Fujiwara family of Heian Japan chose to entrust responsibility for local government to their warriors?
Because they wanted an aesthetic way of life.
In the Middle and New Kingdom periods, why did Egypt become aggressive towards Nubia?
Because they wanted to gain control of the gold mines and rid of the middlemen who drove up the price.
Why were Christians persecuted in the early Roman Empire?
Because they were refusing to worship the king.
Why did the highest ranking Spanish officials in the colonies enjoy broad power?
Because they were so far away from Spain to be controlled too closely.
What were the consequences of Japanese aggression?
Beijing coming into the posession of the Manchu.
22. A French army was driven out of Mexico by
Benito Juarez
Chinese maritime innovations included what?
Better sea faring compasses and improved vessels.
Having what objects was a sign of wealth and nobility?
Bronze objects.
Where did Islam effectively counter European Christianity?
Brunei in north Borneo and in the Achen Sultanate in North Sumatra.
What religion did the Silk Road and Indian Ocean foster the spread of?
Buddhism.
What is not one factor considered by scholars that explains the fall of the Han?
Buddhist ideas.
The Dutch East India Compay representatives gained the favor of the Chinese Emporer by doing what?
By acknowledging the emporer's superiority.
Spain, France and England successfully unified their states by doing what?
By basing it on political centralization and religious unity. They reduced church power and state nobility, while making part of the unified nation's structure headed by a monarch.
What was Egyptian modernization paid for by?
By forcing peasants to cultivate cotton and other crops for export.
In what way did European rulers cover their large war expenses?
By increasing revenue (promoting mutual alliances with the rising commercial elite).
How could slaves be manumitted?
By saving money and buying their freedom, or being/giving birth to the child of a master.
Muhammad Ali's creation of modern Egypt was shaped by the shock of what?
By the shock of Napoleon's invading army.
12. Emperor Pedro I of Brazil published an article in which he called slavery
a "cancer eating away at Brazil."
45. The Industrial Revolution created new demand for metals such as copper, zinc and tin. This led to
a mining boom in the United States, Chile, and Mexico
30. People who wanted slavery to be outlawed were called
abolitionists
41. The modification of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of a group as a result of contact with people from another culture is called
acculturation
13. Canada's desire for political autonomy led to the "birthday of a new nationality" when Britain
agreed to the Confederation of 1867
50. When confronted with the choice of economic growth or environmental protection,
all nations chose economic growth.
46. Which of the following technological improvements did not change the Argentinian cattle industry at the end of the nineteenth century?
antibiotics
9. With the king of Spain imprisoned by the French, the authority of Spanish colonial officials was in reality based on
brute force
27. Plains Indian women had lost prestige because
buffalo hunting reduced dependency on crop growing
30. Many factory owners opened their factories with a commitment to decent wages and housing,
but eventually lowered wages and imposed longer hours.
14. One area most Latin American governments had difficulty with was
deciding whether the church would retain religious monopoly and control of education as in the colonial era.
48. Much of Cuba's dense forest was cut for
expanding sugar production
17. Low literacy levels and a weak constitutional tradition in Latin America resulted in
few checks on ambitious politicians.
18. European industries such as iron, construction, and machinery were stimulated by
first building a railroad network.
25. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act
forced the resettlement of Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw peoples.
7. Jose de San Martin's most effective troops were
former slaves.
2. The result of the 19th century population explosion in Europe was migration from where?
from the country to the city.
26. The Plains Indians successfully resisted U.S. expansion in part because they
had become skilled users of horses and firearms
28. One advantage that Amerindians in Argentina and Chile had in checking settlers' southern expansion was an unlimited food supply from
herds of wild cattle
4. In his revolution, Simón Bolívar was aided by all but which of the following?
his strong anti-emancipation stance.
31. An argument to end slavery was that it was
immoral and violated universal human rights
39. Canada decided to reduce Asian immigration in the 1880s by
imposing a head tax on Chinese immigrants.
28. Factory work provided families with
insufficient earnings to make ends meet.
21. To settle Texas in northeastern Mexico, the Mexican government
invited Americans to come live there
6. Which of the following is not one of the factors that gave Britain a "head start" on the Industrial Revolution?
it recovered from the Plague more quickly than the rest of Europe.
33. The Paraguayan War helped to end slavery in Brazil because large numbers of slaves
joined the Brazilian army in exchange for freedom
3. The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial governments was initially led by
landowning creoles
40. The United States efforts to assimilate immigrants included
teaching patriotism and nationalism in school.
34. The role of the middle-class women became management of the home, children, and servants, otherwise known as
the "cult of domesticity."
11. England began importing raw cotton because
the English Parliament banned importation of cotton cloth. [B] it badly needed the raw material for its mills.
44. The only Western Hemisphere countries that earned similar individual income levels as Western Europe by 1900 were
the United States, Canada and Argentina
21. The most dramatic environmental change caused by the Industrial Revolution was
the growth of urban populations.
3. What new crop became an important aspect of the Agricultural Revolution?
the potato
What military techniques or innovations made the Yi military a formidable defensive force?
Cannons with gun powder used on the battlefield, mounted cannons on ships, plus their skill in armoring their ships.
In the classic era, Maya military forces primarily fought to secure what?
Captives, not land.
What was the advantage of the caravel?
Caravels were small (a fifth of the size of large Junk ships), allowing them to travel in shallow coastal waters and go up rivers. However, they were still strong enough to weather storms.
29. The Mayan rebellion that occurred when Mexico was at war with the United States was called the
Caste War
Why did King Henry VIII of England severe his bond with the Catholic Church and what did it result in?
Catharine of Aragon could not give him a son, so wanted to divorce her, which the Catholic church did not allow. It resulted the sever of England's ties with Rome.
Some Buddhist followers took vows of what?
Celibacy, nonviolence and poverty.
The great gift of Champa to Song China was what?
Champa rice.
Some Buddhists drew upon Indian and Tibetan folk practice and created a mediative practice known as what?
Chan Buddhism or Zen.
What was the capital of the Han dynasty?
Chang'an.
An indication of the reforms in the Ottoman military and society was change to what?
Change to European dress styles.
What military technologies spread along the Silk Road?*
Chariots, mounted bowmen and stirrups.
The Glorious Revolution and the English Civil War both started when what?
Charles I and King James II refused to respect Parliament's rights.
The poem Canterbury Tales is it about what?
Chaucer's poem is about fictional pilgrims traveling to Thomas à Becket's shrine in Canterbury. It was a good showing of medieval attitudes and thinking.
Which Chinese customs did the Japanese choose to implement?
Chinese building techniques and street plans.
The largest, most technologically advanced ship in the Indian Ocean was the what?
Chinese junk ship.
What are some reasons for Iberian overseas exploration?*
Christian militancy (wanted to convert people), their search for material goods and their eagerness to find new routes to Africa and Asia, via the Atlantic.
Early Greek communities were organized around what?
Citadels built on hilltops, protected by fortified walls.
Aztec society can be described as what?
Clan based.
Ayllu means what?
Clan.
What did the Greeks mine?
Clay and marble.
Mesopotamia had an abundance of what resource?
Clay.
What was the result of internal pressures in Africa between 1750 and 1870?
Clusters of new states in two parts of Sub Saharan Africa.
What does Sahel mean in Arabic?
Coast.
What new product traded from Mocha became extremely popular in the 15th century?
Coffee.
How did Christopher Columbus get to Portugal and win favor with Spain?
Columbus participated in Portuguese explorations of the African coast, and finally won favor with Spain using sheer persistence and persuasion.
The different regional networks of the Indian Ocean trade were tied together by what?
Commercial interests, rather than political interests.
During the Song period, women experienced subordination and social restriction epitomized by what?
Confucianism.
During the centuries of disunity, what philosophy began to exert influence?
Confucianism.
What was not a factor in India's political fragmentation?
Constant interference from China.
In 1453, the Ottomans conquered which important Christian city?
Constantinople.
What city became the capital of the Roman Empire?
Constantinople.
What do Hindu pilgrimages promote?
Contact and the exchange of ideas throughout India, despite political fragmentation.
What metals were involved in the development of African metallurgy?
Copper and iron.
The economic and political power of Great Zimbabwe was based on long distance trade in what?*
Copper ingots, gold, salt, and manufactured goods.
What crops became the staples of Mesoamerican diet?*
Corn, beans and squash.
How did Cortez conquer the Aztecs?
Cortes overcame the Aztec opposition with calvary charges and steel swords by gaining the support of thousands of Amerindian allies, who were unhappy Aztecs.
What items did the Indian state of Gujarat derive wealth from manufacturing and trading?*
Cotton textiles, indigo, cotton cloth, carnelian beads, foodstuffs, leatherwork, linen, silk, carpets and quilts.
What Indian products was the trade network on land and sea developed on?
Cotton, ivory and metal work.
What negative impacts did Mongol rule have on China?*
Countryside failed, farmers fell to servitude, dam and dike negligence leading to flooding, decrease in population, and prolonged warfare. *Insistence that the Chinese practice agriculture instead of trading.
Human migration spread many useful plants and animals around the tropics by 1200. These included what?*
Cows, cocoyams, yams, bananas, grains, coffee, seals, whales, gazelles, camels, sorghum, millet, plant roots and peas.
The Mycenaean civilization received a lot of cultural influence from where?
Crete.
Virginia colonial government consisted of what people?
Crown appointed governors, along with his council and the House of Burgesses.
36. Slavery lasted longest on the Caribbean islands of
Cuba and Puerto Rico
Who was the king responsible for unifying Iran?
Cyrus.
What African state was most dependent on the slave trade?
Dahomey.
What were the environmental changes that were a result of the rapid growth of industry?*
Dams and canals changed river flow, quarries and mines were built into hillsides, pollution in the air and water (due to tanneries). However the most severe was deforestation.
What two philosophies emerged from the Warring States Period?
Daoism and Confucianism.
Sultan Itutmish passed his empire down to Raziya, his what?
Daughter.
The wars and devastation of the European early Modern era resulted in what?
Death, economic downfall of the Holy Roman Empire, and an improvement in skill and weaponry of the European army.
What is not an element of the Hindu religion?
Denial of the existence of a soul.
What ruler reformed Rome in the 3rd century?
Diocletian.
How did Mongol control impact Russia's Orthodox Church?
Discouraged contact with western Europe and also granted them privileges.
What did most slaves die of?
Disease.
What does diaspora mean?
Dispersed, or scattering.
What was a result of the competition during the Warring States Period?
Distinct elements of national culture developed.
10. What does it mean to use a "division of labor" in manufacturing?
Dividing work into specialized and repetitive tasks.
Hanno, the Carthaginian explorer sailed where?
Down the west African coast.
What was high migration in the East African lake region and Kenyan highlands due to?
Drought conditions that persisted.
Why was mortality on Atlantic slave ships high?
Due to disease, crappy conditions on board and sometimes mistreatment.
Why did civilization emerge in Nubia?
Due to its prime location and natural wealth.
Why did the Ottoman economy become involved in the European commercial network?
Due to rual disorder and administrative decline that opened up new opportunities.
How did Greece prosper, despite their lack of resources?
Due to their access to foreign markets and ideas.
Why did the Assyrian empire collapse?
Due to their expensive military campaigns.
The Phoenician writing system was based off of what?
Each symbol representing a sound.
The Timurids supported the advancement of astronomical observation, particularly the discovery of what?
Eclipse prediction.
Effects of the Crusades.
Europeans gained skills like making pasta, making colored glass etc. Things they originally had to import. Translations of texts into different languages so more people understood them and contributed to them. It stimulated thought.
The Emporer Yongle restored commercial links with the Middle East by doing what?
Exploring maritime connections and supporting Zheng He.
Like merchants in the Islamic world, European merchants relied upon what?
Family and ethnic networks.
After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, what happened to the western Roman empire?
Family based traditions became more dominant, and the protection of strongmen was more needed.
What active roles or special skills did women of the tropical region play or contribute to their communities?*
Farmwork, spinning, collecting food, water and wood, selling things at the market, and making pottery and clothes. *Note: Men usually did the weaving.
What does the Qin emperor, Shi Huangdi's name mean?
First emperor.
How long were typical plantation worker contracts of indenture?
Five to seven years.
20. In the nineteenth century, Mexico lost all but which of the following?
Florida to the United States
The Song system of credit was based on guarantees that paper money could be redeemed for coinage. This was called what?
Flying money.
Why did women in Mesopotamia have a lower status than that of women in hunting and gathering societies?
Food production depended on heavy labor jobs which were left to the men.
The 1805 threat of Russian intervention lead Ottoman forces to accede independence for who?
For Serbia.
Indulgences, forgiveness for past sins, would have been given for what reasons?
For doing pious acts, like making pilgrimages, saying certain prayers, and donating money. They were originally sold to fund the building of St. Peter's Basilica
Why was the Hapsburg family important?
For three generations, they ruled the Holy Roman Empire.
In a Greek democracy, who primarily was allowed to participate?
Free, native, adult males.
What was the preferred language of the reformed educational system?
French.
Where did the Zulu kingdom primarily arise from?
From conflict over grazing and farming lands.
Chinese resentment toward Europeans and Americans mostly stemmed from what?
From growing numbers and increasing privileges of Europeans and Americans.
What did the economic prosperity of the papacy allow the pope to do?
Fund large construction projects.
What was the motivation for Mesopotamian conquests of farther lands?
Gaining access to vital resources.
What did Ethiopian leaders make a priority by the 1840s?
Gaining weapons and manufacturing firearms locally.
What does 'agora' mean?
Gathering place.
Africa exported large quantities of what mineral across the Sahara, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean?*
Gold. *NOT: Copper
What "architectural wonder" first made its appearance in France in or about the year 1140?
Gothic Cathedral
The Mughal Empire is distinguished from the Ottomans and Safavids mostly because it was what?
Goverened by social harmony and not just want for territory or revenue.
What did Greek farmers grow in the dry environment?
Grain, olive trees and grapevines.
What was one key in winning the loyalty of all of Italy?
Granting citizenship to conquered peoples.
What are chartered companies?
Groups of private investors with trade monopolies in the colonies.
Iran became closely associated with the manufacture of which item?
Hand knotted deep-pile carpets. (These are those famous Persian rugs.)
What were the two main cities of early Indian civilization?
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
What were John Locke's beliefs?
He believed rulers got their power from "those being governed" (the people) and that they should also be subject to law.
What methods were used by Muhammad Ali to modernize Egypt?
He changed Egyptian landowning, increased agricultural production, created a modern administration and army and put inplace a school system and military college.
How did Muhammad Ali pay for his many reforms?
He confiscated lands that belonged to Muslim religious institutions.
What did Constantine do that ushered in a time of tolerance, acceptance and dominance of Christianity?
He converted to Christianity himself and created the Edict of Milan, ending the persecution of Christians and allowing religious freedom.
What two things did Mahmud II do after the war for Greek independence?
He created a new artillery unit and bombed the Janissaries.
What did King Darius create and what is he remembered as?
He created the laws of the king and the system of royal judges. He is remembered as a lawgiver.
How did Confucius try and create social harmony?*
He drew a parallel between the hierarchy of a family to that of the government. He also embraced the idea of universal benevolence.
What happened to Hideyoshi in 1592 after years of civil war?
He launched an invasion on the Asian mainland with the intention not just of conquering Korea, but also of becoming emporer of China.
What is Tupac Amaru II's relevance?
He lead the craziest Spanish rebellion in 1780.
To demonstrate their rejection of the Mongols, the Ming emperor did what two things?*
He moved the capital to Nanjing, instilled Buddhism, and cut off Central Asian and Middle Eastern trade. *Severed relations with the Middle East and Central Asia, and closed the borders to foreigners.
King Phillip II, to ensure his subjects did not resist royal authority, did what?
He persecuted Protestants and disobeyers (the Spanish Inquisition).
The Greek historian Herodotus portrayed steppe nomads as what?
He portrayed them as superb riders, herdsmen and hunters.
What did Martin Luther say about the way to salvation?
He said it came not from doing certain things, but from religious faith, a faith in Jesus Christ.
John Calvin preached that salvation was granted by what?
He said it was granted by God at birth (predestination).
What are some of the the highlights of the pilgrimage that Mansa Musa took?*
He traveled to Mecca with a large entourage, spread and displayed the wealth of Mali and gave out gold. *Traveled with 80 crates of 122 oz of gold, 500 women, 60,000 porters and 600 slaves with golden staffs.
Why did Peter the Great attempt to westernize Russia?
He wanted to strengthen the state and imitate western European fashions.
Why was Bartholemu Dias' voyage significant?
He was the first Portuguese to ever sail around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) and enter the Indian Ocean.
What did agriculture in Mesopotamia depend on?
Heavy irrigation.
What did Prince Henry of Portugal do, and what is he known for?
Henry the Navigator is known for founding an institution in Sagres for studying navigation and gathering information on lands past Muslim North Africa. He dedicated his whole life to promoting the exploration of the South Atlantic.
What was an important addition to the maritime revolution?
Henry the Navigator's explorers learned to sail northwest into the Atlantic, picking up the prevailing westerly winds to return speedily to Portugal.
Who is called the father of history in the western tradition?
Herodotus.
Why is Henry the Navigator viewed as the father of exploration?
His explorers made an important addition to the maritime revolution, and the advances made at his institution in Sacres aided many explorers.
Hammurabi of Babylonia was best known for what?
His famous law code, inscribed on stone pillars, and the social class system that came along with it.
Who was Juvaiani?
Historian/literary figure who took note of Genghis Khan's deathbed speech.
What isn't one of the "cosmopolitan" aspects of the Hellenistic societies?
Homogenous societies.
What were the results of the Treaty of Nanking?
Hong Kong became a permanent British colony, 5 new trade ports were opened up, the trade cities were opened to foreigners and the Canton system was diminished.
Who was the founder of the Taiping Movement and what was he inspired by?
Hong Xiquan, founder of the movement, was inspired by Christianity.
What new type of warfare with soldiers emerged from the jealousy and hostility between the city states?
Hoplite warriors.
The Aztec god that was the focus of the cult of the hummingbird was called what?
Huitzilopochtli, who ate human hearts.
What well traveled Muslim scholar left a journal that has become a valuable historical source?
Ibn Battuta who traveled through the Middle East, Asia and Africa.
14. Iron production was transformed by Abraham Darby's discovery that
coke could be used in the place of charcoal in the smelting process.
11. After Pedro I declared independence in 1822, Brazil's new government was a
constitutional monarchy
31. The cotton boom enriched planters as well as manufacturers and
created a high demand for slaves.
12. Among the new inventions developed to weave cotton textiles was/were
the spinning jenny and the water frame.
2. The Junta Central was a political body established
to rule during the French occupation of Spain.
39. Charles Fourier and other opponents of capitalism advocated
utopian socialism.
15. In Latin America, leaders who were called caudillos
were personalist leaders who held power without constitutional sanction.
29. Much of the industrial workforce was composed of child labor. Children workers
worked fourteen to sixteen hours a day and were beaten to stay awake.
43. Working-class women transformed gender relations by
working outside the home
What makes a"great tradition"?*
Imperial conquest, elite culture, and complex religious and social beliefs.
What did the Chinese treasure ships of Zheng He carry?*
Imports from South Asia, such as silk, precious metals and valuable goods intended as gifts for rulers.
What happened in Japan after the years of civil war ended?
In 1603 they established a more centralized government and then Ieyasu established a military government called the Tokugawa Shogunate.
In 1870, the Indian railroad system was ________.
In 1870, the Indian railroad system was the greatest rail network in Asia and the 5th largest in the world.
When did the Gupta Empire collapse?
In 550 CE, after the invasion of the Huns.
The tributary system was a practice in which what?
In which branches would recognize someone as the supreme power and give them gifts.
What form of labor was added to the English colonies?
Indentured servitude.
What countries did the Indian Ocean maritime trade system create economic and social ties between?*
India, South East Asia and South China, the coast of East Africa, South Arabia, the Persian Gulf waters to South India
After British slave emancipation in 1834, where did new plantation workers come from?
India.
What was different between Mediterranean and Indian Ocean seafaring?*
Indian Ocean sailors used triangular sails, ran on wind and their vessels were tied with palm fibers. They also sailed farther into the water, while Mediterranean ships had square sails, ran on oars, stayed near land and were nailed together.
What valuable plant was good for producing dye?
Indigo.
The reincarnation into a given class depends on what?
Karma, the deeds done in past incarnations.
By 1250 the most important trading city of the Swahili was what?
Kilwa.
The Anasazi, a desert people, led an enriched cultural life centered on what?
Kivas.
What languages were part of the Semitic language family?*
Languages spoken in Western Asia, Northern Africa, Hebrew, Aramaic, Phoenician and modern day Arabic.
The period from 1200 to 1500 is better known as Europe's what?
Later Middle Ages.
In the universities of the Latin West, all courses were taught in what?
Latin.
Western Europeans of the later Middle Ages referred to themselves as what?
Latins.
What political system put in place strict laws and punishments to compel people to behave?
Legalism.
What is moksha?
Liberation, or the release from the cycle of reincarnation.
Archaeologists found over 4,000 clay tablets in what Mycenaean script?
Linear B.
The spread of Islam between 1200 and 1500 encouraged what?
Literacy, math, science, medicine of the Greeks and Islamic law, theology and administration.
What are some characteristics of the Magna Carta?
It confirmed that monarchs were subject to established law, the independence of the church and the city of London, and it guaranteed the nobles' hereditary rights. It was also called the Great Charter, and King Philip was forced to sign it.
What can be said about the Indus Valley system of writing?
It contained 400+ symbols representing words and syllables and is believed to represent early Dravidian language.
In India, Islamic invasion practically did what?
It destroyed Buddhism in India.
How did colonists view Amerindian religion?
It doesn't matter, but the Amerindian religions endured despite the imposing of Christianity.
What was a joint stock company?
It established a monopoly on products from the Indies and it allowed trade of stocks in the Amsterdam market. It also helped create modern capitalism.
What was one result of the "Great Northern War"?
It established more direct contacts between Russia and Europe, forcing Europe to view Russia as a world power for the first time.
The creation of myths provided a society with what?
It explained to them the environment in which they were living.
What did the Treaty of Nerchinsk do?
It fixed the border along the Amur River and regulated trade across it.
The annual flood of the Nile provided what?
It flooded at the best times for agriculture and provided fertile land when it receded.
What can be said about Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism?
It focused on human nature being good.
What impact did the horse have on the Americas?
It increased the efficiency of hunters and the military capacity of warriors on the plains. It also allowed for increased buffalo hunting.
How did Marco Polo's narratives affect Europeans?
It inspired them to find easier routes to Asia.
How is the Quran different from the Bible?
It is seen as the 'unalterable word of God' where as the Bible was written by multiple people over a span of time.
What is the hadith?
It is the most authoritative law, following the Quran. It includes 6 books in Sunnis and 4 in Shi'ite.
What effect did the standardization of coinage, weights, measures and law code have?
It made the states find small ways to emphasize their independence.
Kamikaze means what?
It means "the wind of the gods" or "divine wind".
What can be said about the role the mosque played in Islamic society?
It provided a place for prayer and educated people in the religious texts.
Although the Delhi Sultanate had its problems, it did provide what?*
It provided bureaucracy efforts to improve food production, promote trade, economic growth, they established a common currency and they allowed Islam to have an (eventually) permanent spot in Asia.
What were the positive and negative aspects of the iron industry?
It provided work for miners, lumbers and charcoal, yet it caused deforestation and fall of the lower class.
The term 'investiture controversy' refers to the what?
It refers to the medieval struggle between the church and secular rulers.
What does yin and yang represent?
It represents the natural balance between men and women, men being strong and powerful, while women being the less dominant and shadier side.
In addition to fulfilling his personal religious obligations, Mansa Musa's pilgrimage resulted in what?
It resulted in the building of new mosques and religious schools along the Niger river. He also gave out so much gold that it caused inflation in the cities he visited en route to Mecca.
Jesuits efforts to convert the natives to Christianity lead to what in French Canada?
It resulted in the establishment of boarding schools for children and agricultural communities for the converts.
What effect did New World food have on Old Word agriculture?
It resulted in the growth of world population and revolutionized the Old World diet.
What are somethings that are true about Chinese-African contacts, circa 1415-1433?*
It stimulated the Swahili market for silk and porcelain, caused an increase in Chinese pepper imports from South Asia, and 3 trading cities of East Africa sent delegations to China.
What problem did the British face with Chinese markets that they called the "Canton System"?
It stood in the way of opening new commerce paths.
Why is Husayn's martyrdom important in Muslim history?
It symbolized the Shi'ite sect becoming more religious sect than a political movement.
Why was the Mughal Empire prosperous in the 16th century?
It thrived on a cotton based economy.
What are some characteristics of the Divine Comedy?*
It was Dante's allegorical poem about travels through hell, purgatory and heaven, which foreshadowed fashions of later Renaissance literature. It was also written in the Tuscan vernacular.
What is true about the Seljuk Empire's rule?
It was a Turkish Muslim state based on nomad power and it reclaimed the Sultan title.
A feudum, or fief, was what?
It was a land grant given in return for a military service pledge.
What can be said about the Dutch West India Company?
It was a private trading company that shipped slaves to Brazil, seized sugar producing areas in Brazil and paid its stock holder's dividends.
What was the French and Indian war?
It was a war between the English and the French.
What happened to Alexander the Great's empire when he died?
It was broken into 3 Macedonian societies.
Why was the city of Cuzco unique?
It was layed out in the shape of a puma, with important temples at the center.
Why was location so important to Chavin de Huantar's success?
It was located at the intersection of two trade routes.
What role did slavery play in ancient Egypt?
It was of little economic significance and was only on a limited scale.
What was the irony of Athenian democracy?
It was only really democratic for free adult males of true Athenian decent.
How was the Mayan political state organized?
It was organized into rival kingdoms headed by hereditary rulers that fought over dominance of the region.
Sugar cane was first grown in the West Indies by Spanish colonists till after 1500, but what happened after 1600?
It was revived as the focus of colonization.
Who was the Roman Republic ruled by and who truly held the power?
It was ruled by several assemblies, however the Roman Senate held true power.
What are some advantages of bronze over stone and other metals?*
It was sharper, less likely to break and was much more easily replaced.
Chang'an was important because it was what?
It was the capital and center of the tributary system.
What was sufism's significant role?
It was the first geographically extensive Islamic religious organization.
How is Versailles Palace a "theme park" of royal absolutism?
It was very grand, surrounded by landscaped grounds and could hold up to 10,000 people.
How has the geography of the Sahara changed over 2500 years?
Its current dryness has only lasted that long.
What flaw of Greek society was shown in the Peloponnesian war?
Its independent policies fostered rivalries among neighbors.
Mongol rule of Russia was overthrown by who?
Ivan III.
What animals have been found as part of Olmec religious symbols?*
Jaguars, crocodiles, snakes and sharks.
Under King Darius' law system, the people in territories were allowed to do what?
Live under their own traditions.
What is one tactic Alexander the Great did not use to control his empire?
Local militas.
13. According to the chapter, what are the two advantages of mechanization?
Lower prices and increased productivity
What did Chinese values emphasize?
Loyalty, obedience, respect for elders and proper conduct.
What were Egyptian external interests centered on?
Maintaining their access to resources.
The emergence of complex urban, social and political structures in the Ohio and Mississippi Valley structure was based on what?
Maize, beans and squash.
What were some major crops of the Americas?*
Maize, potatoes, quinoa, tomatoes, peppers, squash and manioc.
49. A naturalist who worked for environmental preservation was
John Muir.
The teachings of Muhammad are similar to what other religions?
Judaism and Christianity.
Chinese transportation innovations included what Song invention/improvement?
Junk ships and compasses for seafaring.
What did the Sultan provide for his "flock" or oraya?
Justice and military protection.
After defeating the Portuguese, the Dutch acquired what valuable colony?
Malacca.
The island of Madagascar was settled by who?
Malayo - Indonesians.
In contrast to the kingdom of Ghana that preceded it, how was Mali different?*
Mali was much larger and since its establishment, Mali Muslim rulers encouraged the spread of Islam. *SIMILARITIES: Depended on a well developed agricultural base and control of the profitable region and the Trans-Saharan trade routes.
What was the name of the caliphs' army of Turkish mercenaries?
Mamluks.
The primary centers for agricultural production were?
Manors.
Describe the social result of the Black Death epidemic?*
Manual labors demanded higher pay for their services, peasants became angry at the wealthy (lead to rebellions: Jacquene and Wat Tyler), serfdom disappeared in Western Europe (they all paid for their freedom or ran away), and land became used for sheep or less labor requiring cops. The urban jobs increased wages in an attempt to attract more people.
What do scholars say early domestication of animals provided?*
Meat, but eventually milk, wool and energy as well.
Who succeeded the Assyrians in ruling the Middle East?
Medes and the Neo Babylonian kingdom.
Who belonged to a guild and what was its purpose?*
Men, but no Jews or outsiders were admitted into guilds. Their role was to regulate business and prices, train apprentices, and promote the member's interests to the government.
What took place in Mesopotamia, despite the absence of coined money?
Merchant activity.
The Uighurs excelled as what?
Merchants and scribes.
What three societies were all centered on great river valleys?*
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt.
What can be said about the metal objects unearthed in the Indus Valley?*
Metal tools appeared more often than metal decorative objects; metals found in the area were gold, silver, copper and tin.
In the Late Bronze Age, the Middle Eastern states all shared an interest in trading what?
Metals.
The 1535 Viceroyalty of Spain encompassed what areas?
Mexico, the southwest modern US, Central America and the Caribbean. Their capital was Mexico City.
8. In 1810, Spain's richest and most populous American colony was
Mexico.
How can you describe the Spartan city-state's society?
Militaristic.
The Toltecs had unique political and military success by creating a 'conquest state' based on what?
Military power.
What "opportunities and problems" did European contact with Japan result in?
Military technology advances in Japan and new trade partners.
What crops were grown in what regions of China?
Millet and wheat were grown in the north, while rice was grown in the south.
What is the pharaoh Akhenaten said to have created?
Monotheism, or the belief in one god.
In the 7th century, the Byzantines experienced an economic transformation similar to, though less pronounced than Western Europe. This was evinced by what?
More epidemics and the loss of Syria and Egypt to the Muslims.
Early English efforts to found American colonies ended in what?
More failures than successes.
The cultural blending associated with the expansion and spread of Islam from 1200 to 1500 can be seen by examining what?
Mosques and places of worship.
How were the Massachusetts colonies different from the Chesapeake and South Carolina colonies?
Most newcomers came with their families and the economy was not based on agriculture due to the area's poor soil.
22. Which of the following is not true of urban poor neighborhoods?
Most poor urbanites lived in factory owned apartment buildings.
What did the religions of farming communities tend to center on?
Mother Earth, the sky god and various divinities.
Who became the leader of Egypt after the failure of the French, Mamluk and Ottoman governments?
Muhammad Ali.
After Tibetan government attempts to eliminate the influence of monasteries, Tibetan Buddhists responded by what?
Murdering him.
What are some examples of underlying common elements amongst African life and culture?*
Musical rhythms, social categories, and social rituals.
The empires of Mali in West Africa and Delhi in Southern Asia both utilized what?
Muslim administration and military systems.
As a result of the Crusades, Europeans were exposed to what?
Muslim society and culture and Arab input on their philosophies.
1. Latin American revolutions were initially triggered by
Napoleon's invasions of Spain and Portugal
What did the Ming experience during its decline?
Natrual disasters, climate change, inflation caused by silver, corruption, economic exhaustion and little population growth.
The scientific revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by what?
Natural causes.
Why did Moscow become Russia's dominant political center under the Mongols?
Nevskii favored Moscow, who persuaded princes to submit to the Mongols, and in thanks, they favored his son, who ruled Moscow.
The British military advantage in the Opium War was what technology?
New gunboats.
What did General Zhang Jian introduce to China?
New plants and trees.
What was the main source of Ottoman inflation in the 16th century?
New world silver.
What astronomer first placed the sun at the center of the universe?
Nicholas Copernicus, the Polish monk.
Islamic mathematician Nasir al-Din strongly influenced what famous European?
Nicholas Copernicus.
How did the Patrona Halil rebellion show "decay at the center" yet spell "benefit elsewhere"?
No state declared independence, but sultan power declined.
Causes of the Crusades.
Norman chieftains wanted new land to conquer. Noble sons wanted land to maintain their power. Italian merchants wanted Muslim ports and to increase trade overall. But mostly because the popes and kings were not friends.
The original Turkish homeland was?
North modern day Mongolia.
The Renaissance began where?
Northern Italy.
The Assyrian homeland was located where?
Northern Mesopotamia.
What do the cities of Isfahan and Istanbul have in common?
Not many wheeled vehicles, layout of cities good for walking, no large public spaces, narrow/irregular streets, and artisans/merchants organized into guilds.
What effect did the loss of population have on Africa?
Not much, the population was able to recover due to women and the adoption of new plant foods.
How did the Jamestown colony fair in its early existence?
Not very well, many of the colonists died and there was no mineral wealth in the area.
What are some cultural influences Egypt had on Nubia?*
Nubia absorbed Egyptian language, culture and religion. They also built pyramids similar to the Egyptians'.
The two most important crafts produced by Teotihuacan's crafts industry were what?
Obsidian tools and pottery.
The Opium War exposed the fact that Qing land forces, the Bannermen, were what?
Obsolete.
Which emperor was responsible for reorganizing Roman government in 31 BCE?
Octavian, aka Augustus.
The Indian Civil Service comprised mostly of who?
Of Oxford and Cambridge graduates.
Why did the Mongols refrain from attacking central Europe in 1241?
Ogodei died, which compelled them to stop fighting.
According to found evidence, historians conclude that Greek trade included what foods?
Olive oil and wine.
The Qing were complacent about European threat, in part, based on the assumption that the British were what?
On the assumption that the British were remote and uninterested in trade.
Muhammad established a new state based on what?
On the common faith of all and spreading God's message to everyone.
Greeks consulted the gods via what?
Oracles.
The Aztecs met the challenges of feeding a growing population by what?
Organizing the labor of the clans.
Who did Islamic law prohibit the enslavement of?
Other Muslims.
What two factors influenced Young Ottomans?
Ottoman nationalism and modern Islamic views.
The cultural and artistic accomplisments of the Islamic empires included what?
Painted and molded tiles, tile mosaics to decorate mosques, and poetry.
What was the most successful export from West Africa after abolition?
Palm oil.
To solve the problem of a money shortage, the Mongols introduced what two solutions?
Paper money and copper coins.
What were Egyptian administrative and governments records written on?
Papyrus, an early form of paper.
What are some natural resources of Egypt?*
Papyrus, wild animals and birds, river fish, clay, copper, turquoise and gold.
Why did the Mughal Empire decline?
Partially from the land grant system.
What did China export along the Silk Road?*
Peaches, apricots, cinnamon, ginger and spices.
Who were the early inhabitants of Madagascar?
People from the Indonesian islands.
Islamic conversion was mostly a product of what?
People learning of the leader's religion and their desire to escape the non-Muslim tax.
What might have shaped Pan-African cultural patterns?
People who moved to the Sahel after dryness set in in 5000 BCE.
What was the second language of Islam in Iran?
Persian.
The Yuan tax administration relied on what people groups?
Persians, Arabs, Uighurs and Muslims.
Who was the greatest Romanov tsar?
Peter the Great.
In King Solomon's time, Israel's commercial wealth came with trade from who?*
Phoenicia, Arabia and east Africa.
Carthage was founded by people coming from where?
Phoenicia.
What writing system developed during the Shang dynasty?
Pictograms.
What two groups of Protestants colonized New England?
Pilgrims and Puritans.
How did Francisco Pizarro defeat the Inca Empire?
Pizarro and his men seized the Inca emperor, Atahualpa. He then used their canons to confuse the Inca army, since they had never heard a canon before, and killed all the soldiers with their swords.
What are some distinctive features of Gothic Cathedrals?*
Pointed gothic arch, high, thin stone columns, flying buttresses, giant stained glass windows of religious scenes (rose windows), high interior ceilings and towers/spires.
Japanese manufacturers in the 1600 and 1700s made beautiful what?
Porcelain.
The Tang dominated world trade markets. They were the sole suppliers of which product?
Porcelain.
What did the Mind produce as one of the most prized commercial products of Eurasia?
Porcelain.
What two nations began a maritime revolution that profoundly altered the course of world history?
Portugal and Spain.
What European country conquered the East African port cities?
Portugal.
What country occupied most of the Brazilian coast by the end of the sixteenth century?
Portugal.
Merchants from what country were the first to arrive in East Asia?
Portuguese.
What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation?
Potatoes and maize corn.
10. The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla were
Priests
What is primogeniture and what did it mean when the Qin abolished it?
Primogeniture is when all the inheritance goes to the eldest son, however when the Qin abolished it, it meant that the inherited land would have to be divided amongst multiple heirs.
Most slaves taken from Africa were what?
Prisoners of war.
Drivers were typically what?
Privileged male slaves.
Why didn't Ming China develop seafaring for commercial and military gain?
Projects were more personal ones for Yongle and he might have been imitating Khubilai Khan.
The foreign policy of Carthage showed their interest in what?
Protecting sea trade.
Russian expansion southward in the 19th century intensified political friction with what 4 nations?
Qing China, Japan, Iran and Ottoman.
Greek farmers relied fully on what, for their crops?
Rainfall.
Who was the first reformer to advocate Pan-Indian nationalism?
Rammouhun Roy.
Who attempted to write the first world history?
Rashid al-Din.
What were the Medes the first to do?
Reach a complex level of political organization.
In light of the challenges to the Catholic Church, many reforms were enacted, such as what?*
Reaffirmation of pope supremacy, requiring of bishops to reside in diocese and each diocese had its own seminary to train priests.
As the Mughal Empire declined, what groups benefited?
Regional powers, princely states and the Europeans.
The class and caste system is connected to what?
Reincarnation.
Why is the traditional description of Europe from 300 to 1200 as 'feudal' an oversimplification?
Relationships varied so much between serfs and lords that they did not fall into one single system.
What were the advantages of Mongol rule?*
Religious tolerance/freedom, promotion of the movement of people and ideas, the trade routes improved and specialized skills developed. Also: the longstanding environmental, economic and cultural traditions of steppe nomads assisted in their success.
The conflict between the Il-Khan and the Golden Horde originated in what type of differences?
Religious.
The central British reform in India before 1850 aimed to do what?
Remake India on a British model via administration and social reform.
What technique did Cyprus and his father use in ruling their empire?
Respecting the priests and following native traditions.
The New Kingdom Era of Egypt is characterized by what?
Restoration of Egyptian rule, expansion into Syria and Nubia, and innovation.
What techniques were employed by the Mongols to defeat the armies they faced?*
Riders on horseback and new bow techniques (composite bow). *NOT: diplomacy
What part of the Olmec civilization left an enduring impact on Mesoamerican life?
Ritual ball games.
The Moche and other Andean cultures used the coca plant for what?
Rituals and making beer.
What's the best primary evidence of early Saharan history?
Rock paintings and engravings.
What was one of the most enduring consequences of the Roman empire?
Romanization, the spread of the Latin language and Roman lifestyle.
What role did Rome play in the circumstance surrounding Jesus' ministry?
Rome ruled Judea, however the Jews were waiting for their messiah to come and liberate them and remove the Romans.
What happened as a result of the three wars Rome had against Carthage?
Rome won control of the west Mediterranean.
The Neo-Assyrian empire was the first to do what?
Rule over far flung lands and different peoples.
What techniques did slaves use to express resistance to their masters in Latin America?
Sabotage, malingering, running away and rebellion.
According to the Neo-Confucianist, the ideal person is the what?
Sage.
Mediterranean long distance contact was based on what?
Sailing.
Who was the Muslim leader who fought the European Crusades?
Saladin.
Where was the early cultural core of the Olmec civilization?
San Lorenzo.
Who was the first king to unite the Sumerian city states?
Sargon, the ruler of Akkad.
The status of women in tropical India may have improved based on reports that what?
Sati became optional.
Who were the Persian provinces overlooked by?
Satraps, or governors.
What impacts on the rise of cities came under Mongol rule?*
Scholars and specialized shops were on the rise. Writers began writing in prose and the language became more unified. *Increasing influence of Mandarin.
What did the Phoenician economy flourish off of?
Seaborne commerce and manufacturing.
It is inferred that Mesopotamian society was made of what people?
Semitics.
42. The Women's Rights Convention was held in
Seneca Falls, New York
According to a 1795 census, over half of the Russian population were what?
Serfs.
Agricultural workers who belonged to the manor and were obligated to the lord were called what?
Serfs.
What are some attributes of a civilization?*
Settled agriculture, non-agriculture related jobs, separation of classes based on wealth (middle class), long distance trade, an interest in culture, record keeping system, political system based upon territory (instead of kinship), the evidence of a monumental building or structure and the use of cities as administrative centers.
What did Heinrich Schleiman find in 1876?
Shaft graves in Mycenae.
What religions did nomads of Central Asia practice?
Shamanism (belief in spirits), or they practiced two or more religions- usually Buddhism, Christianity or Islam.
Muhammad began the Islam religion by doing what?
Sharing his revelations in public.
Who was Joan of Arc, and why is she important?
She was a peasant girl who claimed to have received a message from God, telling her to rally up people and defeat England. Which she did. She was later killed for heresy, making her kind of a martyr.
As trade increased in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Strait of Malacca became the center of a political rivalry between what two countries?
Siam and the Java based kingdom of Majapahit.
What was Southeast Asian state based on?
Silk and spice trade, along with Hindu and Buddhist culture.
What new items and ideas did Europe gain from China during the Qing Empire?
Silk, porcelain, tea, jewelry, tableware, decorative items, jeweled room dividers, painted fans, carved jade and ivory and wallpaper.
What was the leading Chinese export during the Han?
Silk.
Economic development of Mexican and Peruvian colonies was dominated by what?
Silver mines and sugar plantations.
The form of extensive agriculture that was used in Sub-Saharan Africa is called what?
Slash and burn agriculture, or shifting cultivation.
What was the most efficient method of clearing land for agriculture?
Slash and burn agriculture.
Italian landowners increasingly turned to what?
Slaves.
Seventeenth century Brazilian sugar plantations depended on what labor force?
Slaves.
What was deadliest of the epidemics in the Americas?
Smallpox.
What was environmental damage to sugar plants caused by?
Soil exhaustion and deforestation.
Why did the Ming court suspend the voyages of Zheng He?
Some Chinese officials opposed the contact with what they saw as "barbarians", who they believed had no real contributions to China.
Why was sailing the Indian Ocean less difficult and dangerous than other places?*
Southeast Asia and East Africa enclosed it on its east side, coasts and coves of the Indian subcontinent surrounded it, giving protection and due to the predictable monsoons.
Where did Sub-Saharan cultural unity come from?
Southern Sahara inhabitants.
The Sasanid Empire is located in what modern day area?
Southwest Iran.
Who were the Hidalgos?
Spain's lesser nobles.
6. Jose de San Martin led Chilean and Argentine forces against
Spanish military forces.
What new city was to be Russia's "window on the west"?
St. Petersburg.
What was the political influence of Buddhism in the Tang empire?
State cults were based on it, and interpretations of Buddhist doctrines accorded king's spiritual function of a harmonious society.
What was the first recognizable cultural activity of human beings?
Stone tool making.
How is sugar cultivation and production best described as?
Straightforward.
What was the most important African network of cultural exchange?
Sub-Saharan African routes.
What does the word Muslim mean?
Submission.
What were sugar by-products?
Sugar crystals, rum and molasses.
Which empire reunited China in the 6th century?
Sui/Tang.
Who was the sultan that presided over a "golden age" and lead the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe?
Suleiman the Magnificent.
What are the names of the two sects of Islam that were the result of the split?
Sunnis and Shi'ite.
What was metal working in the late Neolithic period used for?
Symbol of status and power.
During the revival of Western Europe, the population nearly doubled because of what?
Technological advances.
24. The Shawnee leader who created a large organized alliance of Amerindians of the Ohio River Valley and Great Britain was
Tecumsah
The larges city in the Americas from 450-600 was what?
Teotihuacan.
What goods did Africans prefer to receive in exchange for slaves?
Textiles, hardware and guns.
What products did Moche artisans produce?
Textiles, pottery, gold jewelry and tools of obsidian.
Teotihuacan was a commercial and religious center that what?
That allowed the elite's wealth and status to be based on material objects.
When a god is seen as anthropomorphic, it means what?
That the believers pictured them in human form and conduct.
The discovery of large stones and burial chambers most likely indicated what?
That the sites were used for ritual and symbolic functions.
What is the underlying message of reincarnation?
That you are exactly where you belong and the only way to improve your position is by completing all the deeds in this life.
What was the result of the intense and emotional challenge to the church?
The "wars of religion" in western Europe, that lasted until 1648.
Basic Jewish belief is centered on what practices?
The 10 commandments; no murder, adultery, theft, lying, envy, respecting your parents, and not working on the Sabbath.
Who was the "Hidden Imam"?
The 12th descendant of Ali, who doctrine says, all rulers are temporary stand-ins for. Supposedly when he comes, all good will return to the world. (Think of him kind of as Jesus, how the people believed that when he came, all their problems would go away. The "Savior")
The Council of Clermont in 1095 brought what?
The 1st Crusade.
What was the chief source of revenue for the Gupta Empire?
The 25% tax on agriculture.
Greek population explosion lead to settlements where?*
The Aegan sea, Black sea, North African coast and Sicily.
Who were the Amerindian enemies of the French?
The Algonquins.
Why did the American continents have very few domesticated animals?
The Americas were so isolated that they could not adopt or borrow animals from other peoples.
What was the greatest stock market of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
The Amsterdam Exchange.
Who were the first Amerindians to make contact with the Spanish?
The Arawaks.
What allowed the spread of Christianity to Armenia?
The Armenian alphabet in the 5th century.
What was the major source of slaves in the Bight of Biafra?
The Aro of Arochukwu.
Why was Nubia's aiding of Palestine a mistake?
The Assyrians retaliated, invaded Egypt and drove Nubian monarchs back to the south domain.
What was the clockwise trade network of the Atlantic?
The Atlantic Circuit.
When the Delhi Sultanate began to lose control of its realm, new kingdoms emerged in India called the what?
The Bahmani and the Vijayanagar.
To what linguistic family do most Sub-Saharan languages belong to?
The Bantu family. (Bantu means people)
Most of the commercial shipping in the world in the seventeenth century was conducted by who?
The Dutch.
Who were the first to settle the Middle Atlantic Region?
The Dutch.
What was the Edict of Nantes and why did Louis XIV revoke it?
The Edict of Nantes granted Protestants freedom of religion. Louis XIV revoked it because he was pro-Catholicism.
What differed the English and French colonies from the Spanish and Portuguese colonies?
The English and French settled their colonies later and private companies were more prevalent in them.
The Emperor Yongle imrpoved the imperial complex built by the Mongols called what?
The Forbidden City.
Who did the Princes of Muscovy organize a movement of conquest and expansion against?
The Golden Horde.
To facilitate communication and trade between North and South China, the Sui built the what?
The Grand Canal.
What was the migration of Afrikaners from the Cape Colony for fertile land in the north called?
The Great Trek.
The Phoenicians were often in conflict with who?
The Greeks.
Among Byzantine cultural achievements is/are
The Hagia Sophia cathedral, religious art, music and Cyrillic language.
What is northern India bordered by?
The Himalayas and the Hindu Kush.
Who was the foremost power in Anatolia from 1700 t0 1200?
The Hittites.
Egypt came under foreign rule for the first time under who?
The Hyksos, or princes of foreign lands.
Mycenaean myths and practices can be traced through what literary works?
The Iliad and Odyssey.
What movement began with the rejection of the pope's authority?
The Protestant Revolution.
What empire replaced the Ming Empire of China?
The Qing.
What is the name of the book in which Muhammad's revelations from the Angel compiled in?
The Quran.
The decline of the Roman Empire resulted in the development of the linguistic zones of what?
The Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages.
Ming advancement in literature is best reflected in what novels?
The Romans of Three Kingdoms and the Water Margin.
Who was the Ottoman's chief rival in Iran?
The Safavid Empire.
Ignatius of Loyola founded what group? What was the group's purpose?
The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits', purpose was to win back some people and they were also overseas missionaries.
What was the difference between the Spanish empire and the Portuguese empire?
The Spanish created a territorial empire in the Americas, where the Portuguese created a trading empire in Asia and Africa.
What was the larges slave revolt?
The Stono Rebellion of 1739 in South Carolina.
The Taiping Rebellion was the world's _________.
The Taiping Rebellion was the world's bloodiest civil war.
The most serious rivals to the Tang empire were the?
The Tibetans.
Why was Mesopotamia sometimes seen as a dangerous place to live?
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers were of unpredictable nature.
The Turkish invaders successfully invaded India due to what?
The Turks who supported them from Central Asia and Muslim warriors on horseback using crossbows and iron stirrups on the battlefield.
What newly unified state was the world's greatest trading nation during the 17th century?
The United Provinces of the Free Netherlands.
In the 13th century, what caused Italian Eastern Mediterranean trade to be strengthened?
The Venetian inspired assault on Constantinople (the Fourth Crusade).
Who were the greatest mariners of the Atlantic in the early Middle Ages?
The Vikings.
What is the name of the period that came at end of the Zhou and before Chinese unification?
The Warring States period.
In addition to sailing up the Pacific coast, early Amerindians from South America also colonized what?
The West Indies
What were the distinct environmental factors of Iran?*
The Zagros mountains to the west, Caucasus mountains and Caspian sea to the northwest and the Afghanistan mountains and Baluchistan desert to the east and southeast.
Who were the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa?
The Zulu peoples.
What are some of the unique practices connected with monasticism?
The administration acceptance of Benedictine abbey of Cluny, improving of monastery discipline, the acceptance of the abbot authority and the acceptance of Benedictine rule (presuming all monasteries to be independent).
What were the differences between the Ottoman and Iranian states?
The adoption of Shi'ism and royal tradition in pre Islamic legends.
Maya monumental architecture took advantage of what?
The alignment of the sun and Venus.
How did the astrolabe and compass affect sailing?
The astrolabe allowed mariners to determine their location at sea by measuring the position of the sun or stars.
What was the balance that helped the Ottoman Empire become the most powerful state in the European or the Islamic Worlds?
The balance of Ottoman land forces, particularly the mix of mounted archers and Janissaries.
The abundance of amulets discovered hints at what?
The belief in magic.
What was enlightenment?
The belief that humans could understand social behavior using reason.
What common belief led to the accusal of women, widows especially, being witches?
The belief that independent women were more likely to be evil. This was because they played major roles in childbirth and cultivation.
The 6th century "plague of Justinian" was what?
The bubonic plague/black death.
How did the threat of Mongol invasion affect Japan?*
The building of coastal defenses started, social and political changes that were underway were undermined, yet it also stimulated the development of a trade and communication infrastructure that was nationwide.
What was the Battle of the Camel fought over?
The camel Muhammad's favorite wife was sitting on.
The king was the head of what in Assyria?
The church and state.
What are the Rig Vedas and the Brahmanas?
The collection of Indian poetic hymns dedicated to the various deities and describing sacred practices.
What the umma?
The community that, as a whole, were Muslim and saw Muhammad as the messenger of God.
Maya contributions to mathematics include what?
The concept of zero and place value.
What was one of the most important contributions made by Gupta intellectuals?
The concept of zero.
What were the names of Japanese warriors and lords? What were their roles?
The damiyo warlords had their own castle town, small bureaucracy and samauri. They also pleged a loose allegiance to hereditary army commander and to the Japanese emporer in Kyoto.
The Mauryan government united India after what?
The death of Alexander the Great.
What is history?
The development, transmission and transformation of cultural practices and events.
The characteristic ship of the Arabian sea was what?
The dhow.
What were Britan's motives for becoming China's biggest European trading partner?
The directors of the East India Company thought that Chinese products would bring unlimited profit.
How did disease affect Amerindian peoples during the early colonial period?
The disease caused high death rates, decreasing the population like crazy.
Egyptian kings had the job to maintain ma'at, which is what?
The divinely authorized order of the universe.
What is the best theory about Trans Saharan trade route development?
The domestication of camels.
What is the Vedic Age marked by?
The dominance of Indo Europeans over India.
Scholasticism was what?
The efforts to combine reason and faith.
Who was the authority in Roman families?
The eldest living male, the paterfamilias.
Why did Abbasid power decline, despite Islam being at its peak?
The empire was so vast that they could not control it all.
What is not one reason that Taoism was popular among the common people?
The encouragement of education and government involvement.
The tropics are warm all year round. The center of the tropical zone is marked by what?
The equator.
What did the Persian wars result in?
The expulsion of Persians from Greece.
What is responsible for the success of many cities in Italy and Flanders?
The fact that they were independent and turned to manufacturing and trade, which attracted people.
What caused the "systems failure" of the Indus Valley?*
The fall of the political, social and economic systems, natural disasters and gradual ecological changes.
How did the introduction of cotton impact Korea?
The farmers cultivated more cash crops, aka cotton.
Quetzalcoatl was what?
The feathered serpent, culture god, from which agriculture and the arts originated.
What are some basic tenets of Zoroastrianism?
The fight between good and evil and the belief that people are punished or rewarded in the afterlife for their deeds.
Who were the first British settlers in Australia?
The first British settlers were 736 convicts, 188 of them being women.
What was the mita?
The forced labor system where the male Amerindian population worked six months of the year in the mines.
What was the most noticeable sign of the Third century crisis?
The frequent change of rulers.
What occurred in China due to the development of moveable type and the availability of printed material?
The further development of agricultural lands south of the Yangzi river.
Zheng He's primary accomplishment was what?
The gaining of 50 new tributary states.
What did most early human activity center on?
The gathering of food.
The Greeks worshipped who through sacrifices?
The gods.
35. What does Adam Smith propose in The Wealth of Nations?
The government should not interfere in business.
What does Janism emphasize?
The holiness that animates living things. Janism followers often practice non violence and live in nudity and asceticism.
What are some important Han innovations?*
The horse collar, windmill and crossbow.
Western Asian transportation was revolutionized by the domestication of what animal?
The horse.
What changes transformed later medieval military technology?
The humble arrow that could pierce through helmets and armor, the use of fire arms to shoot metal objects or stone, and the hiring of professional crossbowmen.
The rise of literacy in Korea resulted from what technology?
The improved printing system and the hangul writing system.
Humanism emphasizes what?
The individual talents and uniqueness of a single person.
What does the Hellenistic age refer to?
The influence of Greek political and cultural ideas on North Africa and West Asia, as spread by Alex the Great.
What is associated with the rise of the mounted warrior as the paramount force on the battlefield?
The invention of stirrups.
Where was the Minoan civilization centered?
The island of Crete.
What does it mean when Southeast Asia is described as a "geographically active zone"?
The islands are full of chain volcanoes.
What evidence supports that the belief that eastern Pacific islands were settled as a result of planned expeditions by Polynesian mariners?*
The languages of islanders were closely related to those of west Pacific islands and Malaya. The Voyages also brought sufficient amounts of people to colonize. Also, the same plants and animals were found in the new colonies as in the Polynesian islands.
How were women affected by Islamic law?
The law allowed them to keep their belongings after marriage, allowing for economic stake and some independence from their spouses.
The shari'a, the foundation of Islamic civilization, is also called what?
The law of Islam.
Who were the coureurs de bois?
The leaders of the French expansion; young Frenchmen sent to live with natives and master their language and culture.
How did China greet the Portuguese?
The local officials and merchants were interested in new trade opportunities with the Portuguese and persuaded the imperial government to let the Portuguese establish a trading post in Macao. (1557)
Maya contributions include the what?
The long count calendar.
What changes did the Mongols bring to China?
The merchant class was seen as elite, changing economic and urban life. Therefore, wealthy families sought outlets to spend money and chose commerce. Corporations then handled most economic activity.
What happened as a result of the English Civil War?
The monarch was executed and England became a republic headed by Oliver Cromwell.
The most important impact of monasticism was its contribution of what?
The monks that copied Latin works, allowing them to survive.
The city of Aden in Arabia was an excellent location for what?
The monsoon winds which brought enough rain to provide water for drinking and growing grain. Its location also made it the ideal stop over after trade from India, the Persian Gulf, East Africa and Egypt.
What has made three harvests possible in some parts of India?
The monsoons.
The Latin American castas included mixed race peoples such as who?
The mulattos and mestizos.
What source controlled the West African slave trade?
The oba (king) of Benin controlled the slave trade by raising the prices of slaves and imposing restrictions which limited their sale.
What two belief systems did Europeans view the natural world through?
The orally passed pre-Christian spirit and magic folklore, and the Jewish/Christian scripture.
What influenced artistic growth in the Renaissance?
The patronage of merchants, and Jan van Eyck's new oil paints.
What was the outcome of the French and Indian war?
The peace treaty, stating that France would give up Louisiana to Spain and Canada to the English.
Where did Mesopotamian priests gain their position from?
The position was passed down from their father. Families of priests lived off of rations from deity estates.
What is sati?
The practice of cremating widows over their husband's funeral pyre.
What did Martin Luther use to promote his ideas?
The printing press.
What made Phoenician textiles different?
The purple dye they used.
What was the impact of Ottoman reforms on women?
The reforms decreased the influence of women.
What natural Italian resource was not a basis for Roman state growth?
The regular monsoon rains.
What were the African encounters with the Portuguese like before 1550?
The relations varied due to the strategies and leadership of certain African states, as well as due to Portuguese policies.
The prosperity of the Asian and African kingdoms from 1200 to 1500 was accompanied by what?
The rise of elite prosperity and use of slaves.
In general, what occurred during Europe's transformation at the decline of Roman authority?
The rise of various kings, nobles, etc that changed the legal and political landscape.
How were the first Portuguese who landed in India greeted?
The ruler showed little interest in becoming trade partners with the Portuguese and laughed at the gifts they had brought.
What does the term pax romana describe?
The safety and stability of the Roman Empire.
What was the fate of the samurai of the Forty Seven Ronin incedent?
The samurai had to commit seppuku, the ritual suicide of a samurai.
The rainy and dry seasons in the Indian Ocean reflect the influence of what?
The seasonal monsoon winds.
Nubia had a matrilineal system, where the throne was inherited by who?
The son of the king's sister.
The Hebrew bible starts with what story?
The story of Abraham.
The spread of Western cultural influences in West Africa was due in large part to what?
The suppression of the slave trade.
What is one example of a Greek theory about what the world is made of?
The theory that the world is made of atoms.
What was the fundamental social unit during the later Zhou period?
The three generation family.
What exemplified proper Chinese female behavior, per Confucianism?
The three submissions (a woman's father, husband then son).
What was the "Columbian Exchange"?
The transfer of peoples, animals, plants and disease between the old and new world.
Some of the "lost knowledge" of the Greek and Arab world came into the Latin West through what?
The translation of the texts into Latin when they arrived from the Byzantines, Sicily, Toledo and the Muslims.
What is the symbol of Athenian naval success?
The trireme ship.
What is nirvana?
The ultimate spiritual reward in Buddhism.
What was the name of the community that accepted Islam and believed that Muhammad was the "Messenger of God"?
The umma.
What was a pivotal event in early Egyptian history?
The unification of the smaller states by Menes.
What factors have contributed to India's diversity?*
The variety of the landscape, ethnic and linguistic groups, political fragmentation, elaborate social hierarchy and many deities that are being worshipped.
What were the three classes in ancient Iran?
The warriors, priests and peasants.
What are the attributes that signaled inequality in wealth and privilege in Aztec society?
The wealthy/elite had nicer homes, better diet and fancier clothing. Often times, elite marriages were polygamous, whereas commoner relations were monogamous.
Why were the monsoons so important?
The winds allowed the Indian Ocean sailors to stay at sea for longer.
What does 'conquistador' mean?
The word itself means 'conquerors'. A conquistador was an early 16th century Spanish adventurer who conquered Mexico, Central America or Peru.
The 14th century Ottoman military resource of Christian prisoners of war were called what?
The yeni cheri or Janissaries.
Why is Mecca seen as a holy city to Muslims?
Their Ka'ba shrine is located there?
Who did the Chinese believe to be included in their family?
Their ancestors.
As time went on, how did armored knighthood change?
Their armor came to include visored helmets that covered the neck as well, which were more expensive, thus meaning that a knight would have to have money to actually become a knight.
What is Roman technological expertise evident in?*
Their army, the construction of bridges, siege work and ballistic weapons.
What rituals allowed the Jews to maintain a strong cultural identity?*
Their dietary restrictions, ritual baths and observation of the Sabbath.
What motives led to Iberian overseas expansion?*
Their economic, religious and political motives to expand and increase contact. The improvements in maritime and military technology played a role.
The text uses the example of Tang style warfare and pottery to demonstrate their what?
Their incorporation of Inner Asian and Turkic traditions and ideas.
What was the weak link of the Iranian military?
Their lack of a navy.
What can be said of European peasants during the early Modern Era?
Their living conditions may have worsened due to prolonged warfare, environmental issues and crappy economy.
What were the fundamental concepts of Egyptian religion based upon?
Their vision of cosmic order that the environment gave them; i.e. the sun rose in the sky every day and the rivers flooded annually.
What do Minoan artifacts indicate?
Their widespread trade connections.
What Buddhists follow the original teachings of the Buddha?
Theravada Buddhists.
What were the effects of Ottoman administrative control decline and rual disorder?
There was a greater burden on the administration, they relied more on provincial governments or wealthy men and it opened the way for economic opportunity.
Why was there a cultural flowering in Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia under the Timurids?*
There was an exchange of artistic trends, administrative practices and political ideas between Iran and China. *Iran and China shared artistic trends and political ideas.
How did early Han leaders reform the Legalist system?
They added bits of Confucianism.
When taking control of a foreign land, what did Rome usually do?
They allowed local elites autonomy.
How did the Inca ensure the loyalty of defeated regions?
They allowed local leaders to stay in place, incorporated local gods into their panthenon, yet had the heirs go to Cuzco.
What was the role of Mayan women of the ruling class?
They also participated in bloodletting and if their family line was more elite than their husband's, their son often used it to gain a powerful position.
What is mercantilism?
They are policies adopted by European states to promote overseas trade and accumulate capital in the form of precious metals.
Even though Hindus worship various deities, what is true?
They are really worshipping the same god, Brahma.
What did Europeans believe the cause of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, were?
They believed they were caused by supernatural causes, unseen forces, or punishment sent by God.
Who did the Tang blame most for growing instability in the empire?
They blamed Buddhism for changing the Confucian ideals of family and state.
16. Which of the following were not among the similarities shared between Venezuelan leader José Antonio Páez and American Andrew Jackson?
They both rejected slavery as a socio-economic system.
What did companies do to reduce the risks of overseas trading?
They bought insurance on their ships and cargo from companies that agreed to cover any losses.
To accomodate the uneven distribution of rainfall, South Indian farmers did what?*
They built stone, earthen dams to create a gradual water release into irrigation canals. *Constructed elaborate irrigation canals.
Mariners involved in Indian Ocean trade came from where?
They came from all over the place, the mariners were multilingual and multiethnic. (some came from South China and Malay)
Where did the first financial return from the Portuguese voyages come from?
They came from selling slaves captured from the Northwest African coast and Canary Islands in the 1400s.
After Muhammad's death, what happened in the Muslim community?*
They chose Abu Bakr to succeed him. Some left the umma, Islam became based on the Five Pillars and the Quran was written.
Why were Brahmins important?
They controlled sacrifice and were the only ones who knew the rituals and prayers.
In the 17th century, how much did indentured servants cost relative to slaves?
They cost half as much as slaves.
What were some rights Mesopotamian women had?*
They could own property, maintain their dowry, engage in trade and some women could even work outside the house.
How were the Jewish inhabitants of Spain affected under Islamic leadership?
They created a new style of architecture.
In what way did Calvinism go further than Lutheranism?
They did not curtail hierarchal power, and elected their own governing committees.
In 1500, what did Portuguese mariners discover while attempting to find a favorable wind around Africa?
They discovered the eastern coast of South America, laying the basis for their eventual claim of Brazil.
What strategies did the Maya implement to provide food for the population during the classical period?
They drained swamps, built elevated fields, used irrigation and terraced hillsides.
In what ways were the "new monarchies" able to raise funds?
They encouraged vassals to make payments instead of military service, increased taxes in times of war, taxed merchants, while the clergy also gave voluntary contributions to aid to the war effort.
What was the motivation for Russian eastward expansion?
They enjoyed the Siberian forests and their natural resources.
34. Why were Caribbean settlers not enthusiastic about independence from European imperial governments?
They feared slave revolts
How did the Portuguese conquerors of Muslim Cetua in Morocco react to what they saw?
They felt that their houses were inferior to the ones there, and upon seeing the gold and slave caravans, they wanted to go deeper into Africa and reach the gold. (They never did though)
How were farmers able to remove foragers from fertile lands?
They gradually infiltrated them, instead of staging a large conquest.
How did the Spanish attempt to protect and control trade to the colonies?
They granted Seville and Cádiz monopoly trade rights and their ships started to travel with warships.
Describe the Aztec gods.
They had a dual nature (both male and female).
Why was Chinese development unique?
They had been so geographically separated and isolated that they had become independent of the middle east.
How did the Byzantines differ from their western counterparts?
They had imperial authority and urban prosperity, leading to less, slower and less recognizable population and economic decline.
What were trading cities in Europe like during the Middle Ages?*
They had more social freedom than independent rural states, charters allowed them to be exempt from rulers, they were quick to adapt to the changing market and were refuges for the ambitious.
By instituting civil service examinations for entrance into the government bureaucracy, the Song what?
They had only the most talented men working for them.
How did people living outside Italy become Roman citizens previous to the year 212?
They had served in the military for 20 or more years.
In return for the use of their lord's land, serfs would have to do what?
They had to give the lord more than 1/2 of the crops cultivated.
What is true of merchant banking of the 15th century?*
They handled financial transactions, transmission of funds to the church (Peter's pence), investments, loans, and supported wars/courts.
Which things did Central Asia and the Islamic world introduce to China?
They introduced pants, new design motifs, cotton and a new diet.
How did the Amerindians react to the colonial economy?
They joined in the fur and skin trade and became dependent on the Europeans for certain goods, such as guns, metals, tools, textiles and alcohol.
What were the responsibilities of monasteries and convents?
They kept up literacy and learning, spread religions to new areas, serviced travelers and served as refuges for abandoned women.
Historians state that the Song technological innovations led the Song to what?
They led them to become the premodern society closest to an industrial revolution.
How did the Sikh "army of pure" distinguish themselves?
They left their hair uncut under turbans and carried combs, steel bracelets, swords or daggers and wore military style breeches.
What kind of housing did the common people in cities live in?
They lived in apartment-like stone houses.
What is true about the Arab armies in the empire?*
They lived in garrisons and military camps, received regular pay, stayed in the countryside and were always ready for action.
After the 10th century, the Roman Catholic Church faced what types of challenges?
They lost control of the papacy (pope position).
What role did coins play?*
They made exchange faster, record keeping more efficient, they stimulated trade and they increased the wealth of the society.
How is the martyrdom of Imam Husayn remembered in the Shi'ite community?
They mourn for the first two weeks of every lunar year in his honor.
How did Roman architecture differ from the Greek style?
They pioneered the use of arches and the use of concrete.
What did Mayan women of the lower class do?
They played roles in religious rituals at home, acted as healers and shamans, tended the gardens, managed family life and took care of children.
What was the impact of windmills and watermills?
They provided free cost, profitable, year round energy, caused jealousy among neighbors and made iron making expand.
What happened to the Arawak and Carib as a result of European colonization?
They pushed close or to the point of extinction.
How did the Chinese get silk?
They raised silk worms on mulberry trees and unraveled their cocoons to get the silk.
What was the greatest influence of the humanists?
They reformed secondary education, creating a curriculum centered on language and Greco-Roman literature. This instilled intellectual discipline, moral lessons and refined tastes.
How did the powerful African kingdom of Benin in West Africa limit their contact with the Portuguese?
They refused to receive any more missionaries and cut off the male slave trade.
How did the Mongols influence Korea?*
They revitalized interest in language and history, and Koroyo kings started to favor Mongol dress, language and culture, gunpowder, calendar making and also, cotton growth began in Korea. *NOT: Sailing and ship building.
How did the Mesoamericans view human sacrifice?
They saw it as a sacred duty to the gods, but also essential to the well being of the community.
How did Romans view the world?
They saw it as filled with unseen forces called numina.
According to scholars, why did Han China and the Roman empire flourish around the same time?
They say it could be due to climate change and similar nomadic pressures, however they have not agreed on anything.
How did the Ming empire attempt to create new Indian Ocean contacts?
They sent out 7 imperial fleets between 1405 and 1433.
As prosperity and population increased in Song China, Chinese officials did what?
They sheltered the people from dangers (rats, plague, disease, waste etc.) so that they could enjoy the city.
What did the English Navigation Acts attempt to do?
They sought to severely limit colonial trading and colonial production that competed with English manufacturers.
After the 7th century, how did life for Byzantine women change?
They stayed at home more often and had to wear veils.
How did the Japanese government eventually handle foreign trade and religions?
They stopped trading with the Europeans and closed their ports.
What can be said about women in the Vedic Age?*
They studied sacred lore, they had the opportunity to won property, and got married in their mid to late teens.
What is true about Muslim women?*
They traveled a little, they were secluded and wore veils, they could marry, received money when divorced and could take birth control. They could also testify and go on pilgrimages.
How did the Mongols change China permanently?
They unified the three separate states permanently.
What did the Han do to supply administrators for their empire?
They used officials from the gentry class and implemented a version of Confucianism.
Although the Yi kingdom rejected the Mongols, they actually did what?
They used the same administrative practices as the Mongols.
How did many religious and intellectual leaders view the new science?
They viewed it with hostility or suspicion because of the way it challenged already established thought.
How did the Russian government view industrialization?
They viewed it with limited interest and would rather import industrial goods.
What was an early impetus, or reason that made the Portuguese, continue their maritime explorations?
They wanted to gain access to the Sub-Saharan Gold trade.
What was the Roman army reorganized to do?
They went from being offensive to defensive.
What can be said about the Puritans?
They were Protestant dissenters who wanted to purify the church, not break away. They settled in Massachusetts.
Who were the ulama?
They were a group of religious scholars against the division of the Islamic umma.
The stresses that led to the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangxi region were initially a result of what?
They were a result of social unhappiness and foreign intrusion.
Who were the letters of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, that Columbus carried, addressed to?
They were addressed to various eastern rulers, including one to the "Grand Khan".
Why did the Chinese rigorously censor information to foreigners?
They were afraid that valuable information would land in enemy hands.
What was similar amongst the French American colonies and the Spanish and Portuguese colonies?
They were both focused on taking natural wealth and seeking convents.
How were China and Russia similar?
They were both land based, they incorporated diverse new peoples, tolerated new cultures, while still insisting their supremacy and both forced labor.
Chinampas were "floating gardens" that?
They were built along lakes or in marshes and allowed year round agriculture. The chinampas played a major role in keeping up the large and growing population.
What can be said about Japanese emperors?
They were called 'tenno' and didn't actually hold any power.
In Darius' empire, people did what?
They were cooperative.
How were the kingdoms of Lesotho and Swazi created?
They were created by attracting refugees to strongholds in the southern African mountains.
How were the Europeans influenced by the Mongols?*
They were exposed to diplomatic passports, coal mining, moveable type, high temperature metallurgy, higher mathematics, gun powder and the making and use of bronze cannons. *NOT: Porcelain
What was Portugal focused on in the eastern Indian Ocean?
They were focused on capturing Malacca, an important trading entrepôt.
What were the 1660s English Navigation Acts meant to do?
They were meant to confine trade with the colonies to English ships and cargoes.
What brought about the decline of the Umayyad dynasty?
They were overthrown in Khurasan region, and the Shi'ites and Kharijites attacked, causing rebellions.
What did the people of the Liao Empire of the Khitans do?
They were pastoral nomads.
What are some of the ways that medieval noblewomen participated in feudal society?
They were pawns in marriage, took care/administered their husband's land when he was away at war and wove cloth/clothing/etc.
What influence did Persian women actually have, despite what was commonly believed?*
They were politically influential, could own substantial property, traveled and were prominent in public situations.
How were temples viewed in Mesopotamian cities?
They were seen as centers of power, containing deities and their associated cults, located at the heart of a city.
Legally, how were Roman women seen?
They were seen as children and were always under the authority of a male.
How were the former British North American colonies similar to Australia?
They were similar in the sense that Britan displaced the indigenous populations in order to colonize the land for themselves.
In Europe's later Middle Ages, how were women compared to men?
They were subordinate, or inferior, to men.
What was the reaction of European visitors to Ming China in the 16th century?
They were surprised at its imperial power, exquisite manufactures (products) and its vast population.
What role did women play in crop cultivation?
They were the primary gatherers of wild food.
What was the custom for young brides in China?
They would live with their husband's family and prove themselves, especially to her mother in law.
How were early Greek communities tied together?*
Through similar decorative styles and techniques of building tombs, clothing and works of art.
The spread of Islam to lands south of the Sahara came about through what?
Through trade exchanges across the Sahara, via Muslim merchants.
The Mongols were influenced by religious leaders from where?
Tibet leaders called lamas. (Buddhist)
The two Andean cities that precede the Incan civilization are the what?
Tiwanaku and Wari.
Why did Mayan leaders spill their own blood (bloodletting)?
To communicate directly to supernatural spirits and ancestors.
What was the varna system developed for?
To create social order.
What did the Greeks use the Phoenician alphabet for?
To create the first real alphabet, eventually spreading literacy.
For what purpose was the Council of the Indies?
To put royal power in place over the population.
What does the word Islam mean?
To the will of God.
What New World plant was gaining market in Europe?
Tobacco.
To gain converts, what did the Jesuits promise?
Toleration of Confucian ancestor worship.
The intellectual flowering that took place under Tsar Alexander II included the writing of who?
Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky.
What does 'acropolis' mean?
Top of city.
Bourgeoisie means what?
Town dwellers.
What effects did Mongol expansion have?*
Trade of silk, design motifs and porcelain etc. stimulated and it caused the plague spread via boats, rats and fleas. *It created a flow of diseases via the trade routes
In Kievan Russia, power derived from what/who?
Trade.
How was Nubia involved in long distance trade before 3000 BCE?
Tropical African goods travelled through the area.
What were Russian rulers called?
Tsar/czar.
The Toltec's capital city was?
Tula.
What areas were brought under Muslim control under caliph rule?*
Tunisia, Spain, Syria and Egypt.
Mongol armies often consisted of who?
Turks, Chinese, Iranians, some Europeans and at least one Englishman.
47. The economic success of the United States in the nineteenth century is suggested by the
United States' railroad network.
The continued growth of trade and manufacturing after 1200 was due to what?
Urban development in the Latin West (trade and manufacturing growth).
Household slaves in the Islamic world were mostly men or women?
Women.
Which Chinese technologies were among those borrowed by the Koreans to make editions of Buddhist texts?
Wood block printing.
Murasaki Shikibu is famous for what?
Writing the novel 'The Tale of Genji'.
What are some alternative ways that individuals sought an alternative path to salvation?*
Yoga, special dietary practices and meditation.
What initiated the opening of the Silk Road?
Zhang Jian exploring Inner Asia.
How did the Yuan Empire decline, how was it overthrown and what empire replaced it?
Zhu Yuanzhang led a campaign that destroyed it and replaced it with the Ming Dynasty.
One impact that sea trade had on China was the what?
It brought the bubonic plague.
How did the gradual adoption of agriculture transform the world?
It caused a gradual world population increase.
The Silk Road connected what places?*
The Mediterranean, China (via Mesopotamia), Iran and Central Asia.
Cuneiform is what?
The Mesopotamian writing system.
The Aztecs were also known as the what?
The Mexica.
How did the rise of Medieval Islam give trade in the Indian Ocean a boost?
The Muslim cities provided for the demand of valuable goods, and the network of Muslim traders basically tied it together.
By the end of the 12th century, the Byzantine Empire had lost a great deal of territory to who?
The Muslims
Spain and Portugal's reconquest of the Iberian peninsula was at the expense of who?
The Muslims and Jews.
What is the transition to plant and animal domestication called?
The Neolithic Revolution. During this transition, the majority of people became producers.
Classic period civilization in Mesoamerica were built on the political foundation of which early civilization?
The Olmecs.
Mesoamerican classical period and cultural innovations were based on what?
The Olmecs.
After Spain expelled Jews and Muslims in 1492, where did they go?
The Ottoman Empire.
What was the long lasting post-Mongol, Muslim empire?
The Ottoman Empire.
42. As a result of industrialization, the relationship between Western Europe and the non-Western world
became based on Western dominance.
What is the name of the group of people who believe that the first three caliphs were properly chosen?
The People of Tradition and Community. The Sunnis.
Schisms, the foremost threat to the Christian church in the Middle Ages, were what?
An argument between Latin and Orthodox churches (they formally broke apart in 1054).
A guild was what?
An association of craft specialists.
The Greeks saw the sea as what?
An important connector.
What did the growth of agricultural communities result in?
An increase of cultural activities.
What did Chinese population growth in the 1700s lead to?
An increased demand for rice, wheat and land to be opened for planting crops and more land exploitation.
Evidence leads us to conclude that the Sahara was introduced to camels from where?
Arabia, via Egypt.
What were some events that were occuring in Europe by the year 1200?
Arabs destroyed the Sasanid empire and captured Egypt, Syria and Tunisia. 2/3 of Christians were Muslim.
Why was the Abbasid rule seen as a "golden age"?*
Aristotle had been translated into Arabic, currents of theology and law were founded, and the Abbasid court's grandeur were reflected in various tales.
Who were the three great classical Greek philosophers?*
Aristotle, Plato and Socrates.
Hunters and gatherers, when not foraging, had plenty of time for what?
Artistic endeavors, tool making and social life.
What is the relationship between tool making and meat eating in the Stone Age?
As better stone tool making techniques were discovered, prey was easier to kill and more meat was consumed.
How did the growth of centralized Russian government affect pesants?
As centralized power increased, peasant's freedom decreased.
The Mandate of Heaven allowed a ruler to maintain his position as long as he what?
As long as he served his people, kept up the prosperity and didn't misbehave.
What was the little ice age a result of?
Average temperatures falling a few degrees.
The most profitable item traded from North Africa to Timbuktu, a center for learning, was what?
Books.
37. When Britons spoke of "the dismal science," they referred to
Economics
Where did the Israelites' (and eventually the Muslims') laws agains eating pork most likely come from?
Egypt in 2 BCE.
What wildlife existed in the Saharan region?*
Elephants, giraffes, rhinos, crocodiles.
The large mounds of the Ohio Valley served as what?
Elite burial sites, residences for chiefs and temple platforms.
What was the role of Mongol women in politics?
Elite women had power in management and negotiation.
How did the clock affect life of the middle ages?
Employers used them to regulate employee hours, universities used them to mark the beginning and end of classes and they were also used to display wealth.
The Mongols encouraged the sharing and exchange of what achievements?*
Engineering, astronomy, math, drawing methods, and weapon manufacturing/engineering. *NOT: Confucianism.
What happened during the French and Indian War?
England took over Quebec and French Canadian forces surrendered.
What motivation did plantation slaves have to work hard?
Escaping punishment.
Where were the first Mongol conquests under Genghis Khan?
Eurasia (including the Tanggut and Yanjing; northwest China, whatever you wanna call it)
20. One profound impact that industrialization had on the world was that
Europe and North America were empowered at the expense of the rest of the world.
38. During the nineteenth century, the majority of immigrants to the western hemisphere were from
Europe.
43. How does industrialization change China's relationship with the West?
European steam powered gunboats humiliate China's military.
What caused an increase in Indian Ocean trade from 1200 to 1500?*
European, Asian and African states were all prospering, larger ships were now available, allowing for large bulk shipments, and the Mongol collapse of the Central Asian routes put even more emphasis on the Indian Ocean trade.
What were Indian ritual sacrifices were intended to do?
Invigorate the gods and promote stability in the world.
What metal was crucially important to the Central Asian Nomads?
Iron
What are some advantages of iron over bronze?*
Iron is a single metal, instead of an alloy and is therefore easier to obtain, and it makes sharper and harder tools.
The most abundant metal worked in the tropics was what?
Iron.
Ironically, the British were the biggest _____ traders, yet later on, the greatest supressors of ______.
Ironically, the British were the biggest slave traders, yet later on, the greatest supressors of slavery.
What scientist asserted mathematical laws that governed the universe?
Isaac Newton.
One early Russian chronicle reports that Vladimir I chose Orthodox Christianity over Islam because?
Islam prohibited alcohol consumption.
In 1295, the Il-Khan ruler Ghazan converted to which religion?
Islam.
What became the majority religion in the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire?
Islam.
Although Muslims and Europeans both received slaves from Africa, what was different about Islamic trade?
Islamic trade was on a smaller scale.
Who was the chief that was of Kudish, Iranian and Greek ancestry?
Ismail.
The Greek Dark Age was a period of what?
Isolation.
What impact did maize have on Andean society?
It allowed for increased food supply which lead to an increase in urbanization.
Why did Jerusalem rise in importance with the arrival of the Ark of the Covenant?
It became a political and religious center.
How did the English Parliament change by the 1500s?
It became permanent and included nobles, the church and leading cities from counties.
What were the results of Portuguese domination of the Indian Ocean trade routes?*
It brought Portugal considerable profit, which they returned back to Europe in spices and other goods, making it cheaper to buy from them instead of Italy, thus breaking the Italian cities' monopoly. Some Asian and East African traders, at the mercy of Portuguese war ships, were either defeated or helped them and thrived.
What is the British raj?
The British reign.
The Abbasid caliphate fell under the influence of who?
The Buyid princes.
In 1453, the Ottoman armies attacked and brought an end to what empire?
The Byzantine Empire.
What was the most important agent for transmitting European beliefs, language and culture in Spanish America and Brazil?
The Catholic Church.
Confucianism spread to East Asia with the spread of what?
The Chinese writing system.
Russian expansion created a diverse society, such as what group?
The Cossacks.
When Tsar Alexander I died in 1825, reformers in the military provoked a failed uprising called what?
The Decembrist Revolt.
What major trade area did Funan dominate?
The Isthmus of Kra.
Who were the most persistent opponents of early Ottoman reforms?
The Janissaries.
What European organization was a transmitter of science and technology to China?
The Jesuits.
Which are important technological innovations of the Song Empire?
The Junk ship, calendar and gunpowder.
Describe the role of the Mongol leader, the Khan.*
The Khan made quick decisions for the family or clan. These decisions were then ratified and reviewed by a council comprised of representatives frompowerful families.
How did the Koroyo family adapt to Mongol rule?
The Koroyo family surrendered and became a loyal subject monarch by attatching his family to them.
In the early tenth century, Korea was united under which dynasty?
The Koryo.
The modern university, as a degree-granting corporation, was first established where?
The Latin West.
After the decline of the Tang empire, what were the states that emerged?
The Liao Empire of Khitans, the Tangguts and the Song Empire.
The spread of Islam to India promoted a new language that combined Persian and Hindi influence called what?
Urdu.
The Delhi Sultans controlled their empire in India by?
Using fear tactics and sending armies after groups who didn't cooperate.
Andean people discovered many ways to prevent famine, including what?
Using the cold climate to freeze dry meat and vegetables.
5. Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, which was to unify
Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into one nation
Why didn't the Italian states take a lead in exploring the Atlantic?
Venice and Genoa, the main trade cities, preferred their Muslim alliances, from which they received privileged access into Eastern trade from. They also did not take a lead because the Mediterranean boats were not strong enough to weather the Atlantic Ocean's weather.
While pressing into Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, who did the Ottomans fight many wars with?
Venice.
What Scandinavian raiders built kingdoms in Iceland, Greenland and Vinland?
Viking captains.
The twin temples of Tenochtitlan symbolize what to bases of Aztec economy?
War and agriculture.
As sacrificial victims, Aztecs preferred what type of people?
War captives.
What were pre-Socratic philosophers primarily concerned with?
What the world was made of and what caused changes.
What plants and animals did not thrive in Southeast Asia?
Wheat and water buffalo.
The ancestor of modern Vietnam was formed when Annam did what?
When Annam cut Champa's independence, it was formed.
Why did the Muslim community split? How did they grow?
When Husayn died in battle, the community split and the religion itself grew and spread via trade.
When did the Archaic period begin in Greece?
When Phoenician ships started to visit Greece.
The decline of the Tang empire occurred when what?
When political decay and military decline ruined social order.
Why did early societies develop on the floodplains of great rivers? What did the floodplains provide?
When the rivers flooded, nutrients would fertilize the soil and with the development of irrigation, the societies could use the water from the floods to water their crops.
What is tax farming?
Where farmers paid taxes in advance and got to collect higher taxes from tax payers.
By the Peace of Augsburg, what did Holy Roman Emperor Charles V allow German princes to chose?
Whether Lutheran or Catholicism prevailed in their state.
Who were the sophists?
Wise men who provided lessons in logic and rhetoric.
The domestication of what animals in the Andes was crucial for meat as well as transportation?
llamas and alpacas.
23. With the end of colonialism in the Americas, Amerindians
lost the protection of the colonial powers
27. Single women and married women both did factory work but for different reasons, such as
married women worked if their husbands were unable to support their families.
33. The Industrial Revolution's real beneficiaries were the
middle class
32. Although the Industrial Revolution is generally viewed as a period of progress, economic growth and prosperity was
not steady, swinging between hard times and recovery.
26. Women typically earned
one third to one half as much as men.
36. Thomas Malthus's explanation of workers' misfortunes was that
population was outgrowing the food supply.
38. French socialists proposed that workers form communities under the protection of business leaders, this was known as
positivism
41. The Factory Act of 1833
prohibited textile mills from employing workers under the age of nine.
35. After the profitability of sugar plantations declined, the British
pushed for the end of slavery
19. Unlike other American revolutions of the period, the failure of the Confederacy in the United States Civil War was due in part to
seventy-five years of stability of the existing national government.
40. Which of the following was not one of the ways in which workers resisted harsh treatment?
signing petitions and presenting them to the town government
18. The unity of the United States was threatened by rivalries over issues such as
slavery
16. The most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution was James Watt's
steam engine.
When did the Dutch turn over their colonies to Britan?
After the French armies occipied the Netherlands. They wanted the French to stay out of their colonies.
Why were the Eastern African states referred to as "secondary empires"?
Because they were not established directly by one country and instead had multiple factors/countries helping.
15. An example of the enormous quantities of iron & glass produced was the huge greenhouse named:
Crystal Palace.
Who was David Livingstone?
He was a Scottish missionary who led treks through Southern and Central Africa and traced the Zambezi River loking for mission sites. He also traced the upper Congo River.
What were some characteristics of the Qing Empire's finances in the 1800s?
It featured an empty treasury and a stagnant economy.
British frustration by enormous trade deficit with China led to Britain doing what?
It lead to Britain exporting opium to China.
What was the significance of the Crimean War?
It marked the transition from traditional to modern warfare.
Why was the Sepoy Rebellion a turning point in the history of India?
It marks the beginning of modern India.
What did railroad construction in India rely on?
It relied on foreign expertise.
What did the war for Greek independence result in?
It resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by British, French and Russian fleets.
The French invasion of Algeria was originally a result of what?
It was a result of the French government being unable to pay their debts, causing the Algerian ruler to get mad and hit the French ambassador.
Why was the Cape Colony initially important to the British?
It was important to them because it had a strategic location and played an important role as a ship supply station.
What was the 1857 Sepoy Rebellion sparked by?
It was sparked by initial discontent over an 1856 law requiring ocean travel and an offensive cartrage opening process.
What four reforms were instituted by Tsar Alexander II after losing the Crimean War?
Serf emancipation, projection of a railroad network, authorization of joint stock companies and the modernization of legal and administrative arms of government.
19. What invention revolutionized communication during the Industrial Revolution?
The electric telegraph
What was the underlying goal of British imperialism in the mid ninteenth century?
Their goal was to increase trade, rather than to gain territory.
Although European leaders still viewed Russia as backward, what did they acknowledge?
They acknowledged Russia's immensity and potential power and included them as a major partner.
What did the Tanzimat proclamations call for?
They called for public trials, equal protection for Muslims, Christians and Jews and they guaranteed the rights of privacy.
Africans wanted European manufactured goods, so when the slave trade ended, what did they do?
They continued legitimate trade.
Why did the ulama oppose Selim III's reforms?
They distrusted the secularization of law and taxation.
What did the Indian National Congress do?
They fought for Indian's rights in the civil service, they called for a reduction in military expenditures to allieviate poverty and they promoted unity.
In order to expand their trade and profits to India, British, French and Dutch company men fought for what?
They fought to let Indian rulers allow them to establish strategic trading points along the coast.
Why did most indentured servants leave their homes?
They had hopes that they could improve their economic and social conditions.
What did women in the Taiping Rebellion do?
They organized into military brigades.
By encouraging self government inteh South Pacific colonies, what did the British accomplish?
They satisfied the colonists' desires for greater control, muted demands for independence and made the colonial governments responsible for their own expenses.
When the Qing banned the importation of Opium, how did the British respond?
They sent naval and marine forces to China.
Why were European explorers interested in Africa?
They were interested in the course of their rivers, they wanted to asses the mineral wealth and convert them to Christianity.
5. In rural areas manufacture was carried out through cottage industries where
merchants delivered raw materials to craftspeople and picked up the finished product.
1. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the population grew because of?
reliable food supplies and widespread resistance to disease.
4. The Agricultural Revolution was a change in farming methods and crops that resulted in?
rich farmers "enclosing" their lands and poor farmers becoming landless.
23. The most obvious change in rural life during the industrial revolution was
the appearance of new roads, canals, and railroads.
17. Oceangoing ships initially did not use steam power because
they could not carry enough coal for a voyage.
9. Josiah Wedgwood's innovations in porcelain were made possible by
using mass production methods.
25. Industrial work had an enormous impact on the family because
work was now removed from the home and family members were separated all day.
24. Factory work represented a complete transformation in the nature of agricultural work because
workers felt that they had lost control over their work, industrial accidents were common, workers felt little job satisfaction, the jobs were repetitive, unskilled, and boring.