APWH Terms: Combined List

Potemkin

"Cyclops" Secretly married to Catherine The Great, even after stepping down from position of head lover, stayed one of her closest advisers, almost Co-Tsar, general/ lover of catherine, we use this name today; potemkin village- fake image you think everything is okay although it is really not.

Ram Mohun Roy

"Father of Modern India" modern thinking, tried to move india towards independance and away from traditional ideas like sati.

Alexander I

"Liberal" tsar of Russia (1801-25) who had played a major role in downfall of Napoleon. Feared by representatives of other powers as dreamer, self-chosen world saviour(Holy Alliance) who wanted to bring Christianity into politics. Some even thought of him as a crowned liberal.

Estado Novos

"New State". Authoritarian regime in Brazil, instituted by Vargas. Ruled from 1947-1945.

Erwin Rommel

"The Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; He tried to assassinate Hitler and also secretly refused to obey his orders if they involved killing of civilians or Jews.

Aztlan

"The place of the white heron" , the supposed home of the Aztecs. Unknown where or if it is real. Most scholars assume that they made up this history to suit their purposes.

Realpolitik

"realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles

Golondrinas

"swallows"; Italian workers who migrated annually between Europe and South America to take advantage of different growing seasons

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Zhu Xi

(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action, still had great influence through the Qing Dynasty. Cheating however did flourish throughout the ceivil service exams.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521.

Hundreds Year War

(1337-1453) Large war between France and England that was fueled by territorial disagreements and started when Edward III declared himself king of France. In the end, it weakened both countries for some time France WINS(For like the 2nd time in history).

Leopold Sedar Senghor

(1906 - 2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.

Ferdinand Marcos

(1917-1989) Philippine politician; he was elected president of the Philippines in 1965, but soon became an authoritarian dictator. He imposed martial law, arrested his political opponents, and stole millions from his country's treasury.

Steve Biko

(1946-1977) An organizer of black consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody

Osama bin Laden

(1957- 2011) Saudi Arabian multimillionaire and leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. He is responsible for numerous terrorist attacks on the United States including the destruction of the World Trade Center. Barack Obama called a Hit on him and the Navy Seals did him in in 2011.

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Taizu(Zhao Kuangyin); by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; Also promoted the scholar gentry over the Military and Aristocracy*landscape black and white paintings, Dynasty that replaced the Tang

CFC

(Abbr.) Chemical compounds originally developed for use in refrigeration systems, now used widely in industry. When released into the air, they break down and release chlorine, which causes damage to the Earth's ozone layer and is responsible for creating the ozone hole.Cholorofluorocarbons

AIDS

(Aquired Immune Deficiancy Syndrome) Immune system disease caused by HIV which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weaknesses set in and other afflictions may hasten an infected person's demise.

Instauratio Magna

(Great Renewal) written by Sir Francis Bacon in the early 17th century. It was to contain several volumes in which Bacon called for a new start in science and civilization. He only actually completed two full volumes but it's title and intent is significant because he was anticipating a complete new start - a revolution - a fresh page for all knowledge on which everything would be examined again.

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Corazon Aquino

(b. 1933) First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of late 1980s; served from 1986 to 1992; husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime; one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator

Veda

(from the Sanskrit word for 'knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit

Kwame Nkrumah

, Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He develpoped economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues

Taos

- lived adobe homes - most significant trading post between the spanish, americans,and indians - spoke the language of Tiwa

King Leopold II

-Only a constitutional monarch of Belgium -tried to convince parlement to expand via colonies (Argentina, Philippines, china, Japan and Vietnam) -When the government wouldn't listen He bought himself Congo (called Congo Free State). -He was horrible to the natives and eventually Belgium had to intervene and take it over (then Belgium Congo).

Orange River

-longest river in South Africa -flows west into the Atlantic -1,367 miles long -originates in the Drakensburg Mountains horizontally across South Africa from Lesotho

Saint Godric

12th century Englishman who participated in urban trade but then became a religious hermit; he felt tension between religion and the state

Moctezuma 2

1466-1520 Aztec emperor who was the last to reign the Aztec empire before it fell to Spain

Tahmasp I

1534-1576. Won the throne after Isma'il , rebuilt the Safavid dynasty. Brought Turkic chiefs under control. Longest reign in the Safavid dynasty.

Battle of Chaldiran

16th Century. The Safavid vs the Ottomans. Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together, + religious war (Shiites Vs. Sunnis), determined modern day boundaries (Iran vs. Iraq)

Alexis de Tocqueville

1805-1859 Frenchman who wrote Democracy in America (1835), in which he explored the uniqueness of American character and its sources. He ALSO wrote about Russia and compared the two and said that BOTH would play a huge role in future World History.

Albert Einstein

1879-1955. German born theoretical physicist. Best known for his theory of relativity and his theory of energy equivalence. Received Nobel Prize in 1921 for physics.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Johann Winckelmann

18th century German enlightenment scholar who greatly influenced Modern art history by shifting away from Vasari's biographical emphasis to a rigorous study of stylistic development as related to historical context.

School of National Learning

18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.

Russo-Japanese War

1904-05 war between Russia and Japan over imperial influence and territory in Manchuria; Japan won and gained Manchuria and Port Arthur

Mulsim Brotherhood

1938 Egyptian organization by Hassan al-Banna. It attacked liberal democracy as a cover for middle-class, business, and landowning interests and fought for a return to a purified Islam.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Lyndon B. Johnson

1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. His most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

The Lexus and the Olive Tree

1999 book by Thomas L. Friedman that posits that the world is currently undergoing two struggles: the drive for prosperity and development, symbolized by the Lexus, and the desire to retain identity and traditions, symbolized by the olive tree

Shang

1st Dynasty in China had oracle bones, bronze casting, ancestor obsessed. Followed Xia

Cubist Movement

20th Century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Dwight D. Eisenhower

34th president of the US. Nicknamed Ike. General in the US army. During WWII, was supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe. Supervised invasion of France and Germany.

John F.Kennedy

35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963

Pythagoras

6th Century B.C., a Greek philosopher and mathematician, founder of a religous movement called Pythagoreanism

Calpulli

7 Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors

Tamerlane

A "second Genghis Khan" who united Mongols and led them in a series of conquests. His enemies called him "Prince of Destruction"; he subdued Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia and India. Samarkland.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

A 1st century account of the Indian Ocean, mentioned many port cities in Africa but was vague on inhabitants. Indicator of how far technology had developed at this point. Navigation and technologies at the time.

Nalanda

A Buddhist monastery which was university where they studied Buddhism, Hindu text, philosophy, astronomy, and medicine. Peaked at the end of the Gupta dynasty.

Jin Empire

A Chinese empire ormed by Jurchens (Manchurian people) attacked Song and the song empire eventually fell.Mongols 1211-Chinggis Khan attacked Jin.

Ethiopia

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa, also defeated the kingdom of Axum.

Encyclopaedia Britannica

A Compilation of scientific and philosophical findings that was popularized during the enlightenment and found a wide audience.

Xunzi

A Confucian follower, suggested humans are lazy(and naturally EVIL) and required a totalitarian government to make them good Became an advocate of Legalism, or more accurately a mesh of legalism and Confucianism.

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life, a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Peloponnesian League

A League made to counter the Delian League. It was led by Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the this League.

Nawab

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor.

Al-bruni

A Muslim scientist who in the 11th century calculated the specific weight of 18 major mineral in the 11th century.

Al- Razi

A Persian Philosopher and physician who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. , classified all materials into 3 catogaries: animal, vegatable, and mineral.

Xerxes

A Persian king and Son of Darius, amassed an army that outnumbered the Greeks 2 to 1 in order to avenge the Persian loss at the battle of Marathon. Ended up razing and burning Athens to the ground. However his large navy was defeated in a narrow strait at Thermopylae and at the naval battle of Salamis, mainly because of Themistocles genius.

Garcilaso de la Vega

A Peruvian writer who was the son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca princess. he wrote accounts of inca life before the Spanish and the Spanish conquest of Peru, and served in Europe as a soldier and established the concept of what is now called "Inca Socialism".

Lech Walesa

A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.

Vasco de Gama

A Portuguese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean, and brought back Indian goods, which was a huge blow to Italian monopoly of trade with Asia

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Uruguay

A South American republic on the southeast coast of South America achieved independence from Brazil in 1825, was made a buffer zone between Argentina and Brazil.

Falange

A Spanish facist party that supported Francisco Franco during the Spanish civil war

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Oresteia

A Three play series based on the family of Agamemnon, the Mycenaean king who commanded the Greeks at in the Trojan War-written by Aeschylus, depicting a powerful family (the house of Atreus) torn apart by betrayal, murder and revenge

Gulf War

A War (1990-1991) that took place between Iraq and the U.S./Kuwait started by Iraq invading Kuwait; First non-containment based war since WWII; Often referred to as Operation Desert Storm; Primarily an aerial war (huge amounts of missiles and bombs) in the first stages, followed by an infantry march that pushed Iraqi forces back into Iraq

Yoruba

A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and southern Nigeria, contrasted with Dahomey in the fact that several of its state had governing councils.

Sargon of Akkad

A ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition.

Battle of Manzikert

A battle between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks (Muslims) in 1071, where the Byzantine lost; as a result, the Byzantine asked Europe for help.The turkish victory allowed them to take over most of the anatolian peninsula

Battle of Siffin

A battle fight between Ali's forces(Shiites) and the Umayyad(Sunnis). While on the verge of winning on part of Ali's forces he was won over by a plea for meditation. While pleading for mediation he appeared weak to his followers, and some of his strongest followers renounced their support( and splintered into small Shia groups).,

Battle of Maipu

A battle fought near Santiago, Chile on April 5, 1818 between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence. The Patriot rebels led by José de San Martín effectively destroyed the Spanish forces commanded by General Mariano Osorio, and completed the independence of Chile from Spanish domination.

Battle of Pharsalus

A battle in which Caesar faced Pompey's troops, even though they were half their size and Caesar still decisively won. It was short and Caesar had shown mercy, meanwhile, Pompey fled to Egypt.

Battle of Karbala

A battle in which Husayn(he had about 70 people, 2nd of Ali, fought against the Umayyad army(had about a thoudand), and lost. Many Shi'i Muslims see Husayn as a martyr and honor him still today. Signified the conflict between Sunni and Shi'i Muslims.

Battle of Lepanto

A battle in which Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope, loss of large international routes for Muslims.

Battle of Camel

A battle that took place at Basra. in 656 between forces allied to Ali (Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Commander of the Faithful) and forces allied to Aisha (widow of Muhammad, who wanted justice for the assassination of the previous caliph Uthman). Wasn't supposed to happen but some broke out and Aisha rode into battle to try to stop it but her army thought she was cheering them on and continued to fight. Ali's army defeated Aisha's forces, she was allowed to return to her home in Medina. Gave the Shiites the early advantage over the Sunnis.

Ain Jalut

A battle when the Egyptians slaves stopped the Mongols from conquering all of the Muslim world

Dreadnought

A battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets.

Hinduism

A body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a lack of central founder. developed gradually

The Destruction of the Philosophers

A book by Al- Ghalazi that shows the increasing European Influence on Middle Eastern Philosophy, used Aristotle's logic to show that it was impossible to discover religious myths by human reason. Also illustrated the diminishinh, however strong role of Islamic Science.

The Gulag Archipelago

A book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Told of the "chain of islands" of gulag camps in the Soviet Union. Goes into detail about life inside them.

The Wealth of Nations

A book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics

Facundo

A caudillo in Argentina. Sarmiento wrote about his life and his "politics," or lack thereof. Anti-rule of law, violent military leader. Sarmiento wrote the book as anti-Rosas propaganda; the main character was barbaric and the opposite of order and progress.

emir

A chieftain or prince/ commander or head of state in some Islamic countries. Name was used by the ruling families of some African States to enforce authority (along with Caliphate).

Kilwa

A city-state found on east African coast(Zenj); fishing limited trade from 800-1000; turned to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware; major trading center by 14th century

Yanas

A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility.

Chimor

A coastal kingdom; centered on capital of Chan-Chan; emerged as most powerful small state; between 900 and its conquest by the Incas in 1465, gained control of most of north coast of Peru

Rig- Veda

A collection of 1,028 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text.

Ashoka's Edicts

A collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BC.

Y2K

A computer glitch that only showed the year by the last two digits. It was feared that when the year changed from 1999 to 2000, computers would think it was really 1900 as it only read the last two digits.

Delian League

A confederation of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens. The name is used to designate two distinct periods of alliance, the first 478-404 B.C., the second 378-338 B.C. The first alliance was made between Athens and a number of Ionian states (chiefly maritime) for the purpose of prosecuting the war against Persia. The 2nd was used against the Peloponnesian League( Sparta and its allies) during the Pelopennesian War.

National Action Party (PAN)

A conservative and Christian democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. Since 2007, the party is led by Germán Martínez Cázares. Since 2000, the President of Mexico has been a member of this party

Edmund Burke

A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published "Reforms on The Revolution in France", one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.

Five Classics

A corpus of texts considered authoritative by the early Confucians. They include poetry, historical, speeches, chronicles, ritual, and divination, Texts used to train scholars and civil servants in ancient China

Signoria

A council in Florence of 8 men representing the major guilds. Cosimo de Medicci controlled the guild

Renaissance

A cultural and political awakening which began in Italy and spread through Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its emphasis on human abilities helped promote a spirit of discovery, exploration, and expansion.; began in Italy 1400 CE, rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; combined art and literature with more secular views

Celtic

A cultural meta-group in central and northwestern Europe, flourishing prior to Roman expansions; includes Irish, Welsh, Scottish, and the Gauls

Edict of Nantes

A decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants

Kammu

A descendent of Tenchi and Emperor of Japan , he moved capital to Heian(Later called Kyoto) in 794. one of the last powerful functioning emperors

Porfirio Diaz

A dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants, Had power 1876-1911

Black Plague

A disease that engulfed Europe during the Middle Ages. It killed about one-third of the population and was carried by fleas. Because of this, the feudal system died out, and centralization of pwer became more prominent.

Florentine Codex

A document that is a major source of information on Aztec history and culture; compiled soon after the spanish conquest of the Aztecs, complied by Fray Bernardino de Shagun in 1550's based on interviews, main source in Nahuatl about the events of the Spanish conquest

hara- kiri

A form of Japanese ritual suicide preformed of many Japanese soldiers, especially officers, following defeat. Literally "belly splitting"

Zhu Yuanzhang

A former monk that led this army in a final victory over the Mongols, became emperor of China and founded the Ming Dynasty

Flying Buttress

A free-standing support attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the support attached tot he outer wall of the aisle.

Great Mosque of Cordoba

A graceful Mosque that was built on the ruins of a ruined Christian Church, Famous for its horseshoe arches, it provides a striking example of the sophistication provided by the fusion of Jewish, Muslim and Christian art. Is now a museum.

Firdawsi

A great poet who wrote the epic Shah Nama which is a prodigious collection of tales and anecdotes during the early 11th century.

Nuremberg Laws

A group of laws that placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Java Man

A homo erectus discovered by Dutch physician and anatomist Eugene Dubois in 1891 in JAVA Indonesia,

Peking Man

A homo erectus skeleton about 1.7 million years old Found in Northern China near Beijeing; shows that people settled there more than 500,000 years ago.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Magadha

A kingdom that emerged as a result of strife for land and power among minor kings; occupied almost all of the Indian subcontinent in the second century BC, most significant remaining kingdom after Alexander's departure located on the Central Ganges plian. Had economic strength and dominated surrounding regions in northeastern India.

Pharaoh

A kng of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.

Lake Texcoco

A lake, now drained, in central Mexico where Mexico City now stands formally the site of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, was connected to the shore by many waterways.

Cahokia

A large city that were once inhabited by the Mound Builders. It was filled with mounds, which were like graves, Declined in 13th century CE. At hieght had a population of about 30,000 people and contact with parts of Mesoamerica. Located in modern day east ST. Louis with a administrative capital that covered almost 300 acres. Had huge burial mound that was 98 ft tall with a base larger than the Egyptian pyramids. Monk's Mound

Skara Brae

A late Neolithic village in Northern Scotland(Orkeny Islands) discovered by archaeologists in the 1800s, Dates back to 1500 BCE. Special Storage areas for grain, sturdy housed, better conditions lead to higher birth rates and lower mortality rates at least when crop yeilds were high.

Stamp Act

A law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, and even playing cards.The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed the Stamp Act Congress, and boycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament repealed this Act, a major victory for colonists.

La Reforma

A liberal reform movement against Santa Anna in 19th-century Mexico, led by Benito Juarez

Quraysh

A local tribe in Mecca that became the keepers of the Ka'ba. Gave them prestige and power, tribe of which Mohhamad was born

Samuel Richardson

A major 18th century writer best known for his 3 epistolary novels: "Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded," "Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady," and "Sir Charles Grandison."

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Mekong River

A major river that runs from southern China through Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Zacatecas

A major silver mine of Mexico opened in 1540s

Oyoko

A matrilineal clan within the Asante Empire that dominated because of their access to firearms .

Quinine

A medicine developed to prevent malaria. This allowed Europeans to travel to the interior of tropic regions and carve up Africa.

Quechua

A member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire, also a , the spoken language of the Inca that is still used today in countries of Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina

Tatar

A member of the Turkic-speaking people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains (the name has been attributed to many other groups), LIKE THE mongols.

Inca

A member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s

Inca

A member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s. Had the best roads in the world at their height. Ruins at Machu Picchu

Tarascans

A mesoamerican people who were located to the west of the Aztecs., rivals to and subjects of Aztecs, 15th cent

Fabian Strategy

A method by which Quintus Fabius Maximus, a Roman General, who during the 2nd Punic Wars exhausted Hannibal and his troops. Instead of engaging Hannibal in battle, Fabius would retreat from him and send out parties to burn everything in his wake. This would leave Hannibal without supplies or shelter for his men.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Hamas

A militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Ba Jin

A modern Chinese author born in 1904 who wrote multiple short stories/ novels, including the trilogy Family, Spring, and Autumn, which portrayed a family who's younger members try to break away from the elder's Confucian ideas; he sometimes isolated himself in his study for a year

Human Trafficking

A modern form of slavery in which people are sold, coerced or forced under threat of violence to work agains their will for little or no pay. Has increased with the advent of globalization.

Sankore Mosque

A mosque located in Timbuktu, that Mansa Sulayman founded a university in this building during the Malwi Empire which was (of course) that was used for prayer.

Hindu-Kush

A mountain range Northwest of the Indus River. The Khyber Pass is a pass through this mountain range. South of Tajikistan, North of Pakistan, Northeast of Afghanistan. Himalayas are to the east.

Ventoux

A mountain that Francesco Petrarch climbed in Southern France, and said he used as a symbol of what he could actually accomplish.

Operation Torch

A multinational operation between America and Britain. It would be a three pronged attack. The U.S would take Morocco, The British would take Libya and then they would both come together to get Algiers. They wanted to stop the German's from advancing on Egypt. The U.S troops were not battle tested and that could be a problem. General George Patton entered the picture and helped lead the allies to victory.

Maori

A native of New Zealand whose ancestors first traveled from Asia to Polynesia, and later to New Zealand about 800 C.E. Created the most elaborate of all polynesian art, had a population of 200, 000 and also had a caste sytem similar to the one observed in Hawaii in the years before the start of the Modern Era.

Battle of Lepanto

A naval battle fought between a Spanish and Venetian fleet and the German navy. The Spanish won. The battle meant that European navies had finally surpassed the Muslims. The Ottoman Turks could no longer challenge Europeans on international routes.

Al Qaeda

A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Totalitarian State

A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.

Khwarazm

A old Islamic empire that was invaded by the mongols under Chingiss Khan.

Caribs

A people indigenous to the Caribbean. They were pretty aggressive. They were known for their dug-out canoes, which made them a seafaring people. When the Europeans arrived in the 16th century, they had pretty much intermarried with the Tainos.

Vedic Age

A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth. When the Vedas were first composed.

Bronze Age

A period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of BRONZE. From 4000 BCE to 1500 BCE when Iron replaced it.

Epic Age

A period of time in India that followed the Vedic Age and lasted from 1000-500 B.C.E. in India. The important epics of the time were Mahabharata, Upanishads and Ramayana.

Dhimmis

A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society, People of the Book: Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century

Positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Sinai Peninsula

A piece of land that is currently a part of Egypt but was a UN buffer zone from 1956-1966 and a part of Israel from 1967-1979

The pill

A pill with hormones that alters the way the body works and prevents pregnancy. It can keep a woman from ovulating or alter the lining of the uterus so an egg cannot attach to the uterus wall., gave women greater freedom to be sexually active without the risk of pregnancy

The Schlieffen Plan

A plan given by Count Schlieffen in which the Germans invaded France using a wheel-like flanking procedure while the Russians mobilized. It was banking on the fact that Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize. This plan failed because the Germans could not transport troops as well as their opposing forces who had a well-constructed train system.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with the help of George c. Marshall to revive war-torn economies of Europe (especially Germany to act as a counter to the Soviet Union. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Tagore

A poet. He was India's first Nobel laureate(1913). Spokesman for Moral concerns of his age; set to music India's first national anthem; life mission was to promote pride in a national Indian consciousness in the face of British domination

The Muqaddimah

A political and universal history written by Arab Historian Ibn Khaldun. Describes the 3 generation cyvle of Dynasties, strong, weak ,dissolute. Just look on Pg 168 Document.

Tony Blair

A political moderate who took leadership of the New Labour in the 1990s and eventually helped the Labour party win in parliamentary elections in 1997 - thus becoming Prime Minister - first Labour PM since 1979. Continues in that position to the present day - though expected to stepped down as leader of the Labor party in 2007

Vindication of the Rights of Man

A political pamphlet, written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, which attacks aristocracy and advocates republicanism. Wollstonecraft's was the first response in a pamphlet war sparked by the publication of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), a defence of constitutional monarchy, aristocracy, and the Church of England.

Polygyny

A polygamous mating system involving one male and many females. May have been caused Sub-Saharan Africa because of the nature of the slave trade.

Hawaii

A polynesian Island that had recurrent migration and expansion after the first people reached it in the 7th century. Even brought Pigs from other Society Island(whatever that means), society was structured into a caste system with Priests and Nobles at the top. Traced their families back to original war canoes. Example of change in the few years before the Modern Era in Polynesia, alomg with the Maori

Bureau of Censors

A powerful Bureau in Tang era China that tracked all the officials and their records, also conducted the Chinese Census.

Benin

A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century( OBAS) Founded by Ewuare the Great

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun"

Alliance for Progress

A program in which the United States gave billions of dollers to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems in order to counter Communism.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Zhou Enlai

A prominent and influential member of the Chinese Communist Party during the time of Mao. He played a large role in China's reestablishing ties with the West.

Zoroaster

A prophet who said that there were not many deities as the Persians thought, but only Ahura Mazda (good) and Ahriman (darkness) and that someday Ahura Mazda would beat Ahriman. Also sometimes called Zarathustra

Pyramid of the Moon

A pyramid complex used for both symbolic functions and the production of military supplies and located at the north end of the Avenue of the Dead in Teotihuacan

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Almohadis

A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa.

Bight of Benin

A region in Africa on the coast between the Volta and Benin Rivers.

Normandy

A region in northwestern France on the English channel

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran (classical era Peria) with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil. Would influence other monthiestic religions. Faded in competition with Islam.

Ghost Dance

A religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead, Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee

Cyrus the Great

A remarkable leader who managed to reunite he Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under him Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world, became the successor state to many Mesopotamian empires. He was succeeded by Darius

Nike Revolt

A revolt in which riots were started due to team rivalries in the chariot races (specifically the Greens and Blues). Justinian arrested the leaders of the Greens and Blues and sentenced them to hang, which made the people angry. The revolt happened in the Hippodrome against Justinian for imprisoning the leaders of two chariot racing groups. His actions of slaughtering all the rebels at once was considered one of the bloodiest things ever decreed by an emperor against his own people.

Sati

A ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced.

Indus River

A river in South Asia that flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea., the location of the first river valley civilization of India

Zambezi River

A river in southern Africa, flowing east through Zimbabwe and Mozambique into the Indian Ocean. 4th largest in Africa

New Laws

A royal edict that helped establish that Indians were human, capable of salvation, and worthy servants of the Crown. It happened in 1542, and helped outlaw Indian slavery as well. It is significant because it determined the human aspect of the Indians as well as freeing them, or helping to, from slavery.

Berke

A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East.

Sofala

A seaport village in eastern Mozambique in the 1300s an important trading center for the gold miners of Great Zimbabwe

Ogboni

A secret society of religious and political leaders that actually reviewed the decisions of the King and his council. Example of non absolute rule of kings in Africa in the postclassical period.

Frontier Wars

A series of nine wars between the Xhosa people and European settlers from 1779 to 1879 in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa.

Maroon Wars

A series of struggles between the British and the Jamaican Maroons, mid 1700s, Jamaican Maroons were runaway slaves who successfully stayed hidden in the topography of Jamaica and eventually signed a treaty acknowledging them as free people as long as they returned other slaves. They made North American slave/plantation owners nervous because they could travel through the island as they wanted and were supposed to stay away from plantations but often didnt.

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

The Prince

A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests

Siege of Acre

A siege that took place in 1291 and ended the last Crusader stronghold in the Middle East.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Sahel

A strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert" Was a point of exchange between the forests to the south and northern Africa

Dependency Theory

A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop.

Usuman Dan Fodio

A studious Muslim Fulani scholar, preached reformist ideology in Hausa kingdoms- ideas became revolution in 1804- preached a jihad against Hausa kings ( who he felt wern't following Muhammad's teachings)

Calligraphy

A style of beautiful or elegant handwriting that became a very important art form in early classical Chinese culture.

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government or the successor to Muhammad on earth.

Barbarian

A term coined by the ancient greek to disparage those that did not speak their language, throughout history it has changed from being a cultural construct( Greeks, Romans) to a social and racial one (Nazi Germany, Dark Age Europe) etc etc.

Iroquois

A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa, Long term profits of this trade are heavily disputed.

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Reforms on The Revolution in France

A treatise by Edmund Burke which largely defended inherited thrones, the aristocracy, while condemning revolutions as radical, dangerous and useless, was very conservative. Attacked by Rousseau, Wollstonecraft, and Paine.

Hymn to Wisdom

A treatise that followed Chan Buddhism, where the ultimate goal is to achieve and know the ultimate Wisdom and find release from the cycle of rebirth.

Obsidian

A usually black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava, was a very important trade thing that was mined in Northern Mexico and maybe traded for Turquoise in the Southwest (Maybe with the Anasazi)

Yangtze River Valley

A valley that the Zhou dynasty seized in order to expand territorial boundaries, also called middle earth.

Junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Inca Socialism

A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.

Mazdak

A visionary reformer and spiritual leader who had won considerable support in the Sasanian Empire(New Persia) , but whose teachings were brutally supressed

Novum Organum

A volume from Instauratio Magna that was published in 1620. Translates to New Method of Acquiring Knowledge . In Sir Francis Bacon insisted on use of the inductive method. Should proceed from the particular/specific to the general, from the concrete to the abstract.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

Liberty Bonds

A war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time.

Crimean War

A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed

Pelopennesian War

A war lasting from 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. Lead to a Spartan Victory, but ultimately to the Greek downfall as Philip 2 of Macedon was able to conquer it.

Tehran Conference

A war time conference held at Tehran, Iran that was attended by FDR, Churchill, and Stalin. It was the first meeting of the "Big Three" and it agreed on an opening of a second front (Overlord), and that the Soviet Union should enter the war against Japan after the end of the war in Europe. (Pic is a joke)

Trojan War

A war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings(like Agamemnon) attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia

Cosimo de Medici

A wealthy Florentine and an astute statesman, who brought power back to Florence in 1434 when he ascended to power; controlled the city behind the scenes, He skillfully manipulated the constitution and influencing elections; through his informal, cordial relations with the electoral committee, and was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signoria (the governing body of Florence, composed of 8 councilors); as head of the Office of Public Debt, He was the grandfather of Lorenzo the Magnificent

Abu Talib

A wealthy clan leader and Uncle who raised Muhammad when both his parents died when he was very young

Indian

A word that is still an insult in most places in Latin America.

Hiram Bingham

A young American explorer and US Senator who discovered the abandoned city of Machu Picchu in 1911.

Ministry of Rites

Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars in the Tang Dynasty.

Sarajevo

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I

Caligula

Adopted son of Tiberius; Had no political experience before becoming emperor; Suffered a nervous breakdown 6 months later; Became increasingly erratic and violent, "Let them hate me as long as they fear me."; Spent money on foolish projects, banished or killed many family members, claimed to be all the gods combined, made his horse a consul; Murdered by his own men after insulting the army, eventually murdered by my bodyguards. Was nicknamed "little boots".

cientificos

Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.

Vodun

African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.

candomble

African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.

Obeah

African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands.

Stateless Societies

African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states, sometimes more large and extensive than state societies.

Sheba

African trading partner to Israel during Solomons reign and they were supposedly married; present-day Ethiopia

Huascar

After Huayna Capac died; there was a civil war between his two sons. He was the older brother and was heir to the throne., fought brother in civil war for leader of Inca, killed shortly before Pizarro's arrival

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

After losing major territory the Russians surrendered and agreed to sign this treaty. The treaty sliced about a third of the Russians western territory away. This officially brought the end of the Russian empire. Was signed by Lenin.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries.

NATO

Agreement made in 1949 to stand firm against Soviet military threats, made between the U.S., Great Britain, France, and eight other nations, Center in Brussels.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus

Hasan

Alis son who took over his position but was pressured by the Umayyads into renouncing his claimes to the caliphate, instead Husayn took up his challenge/

Triple Entente

Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Holy Alliance

Alliance among RUssia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

Castile

Along with Aragon, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims(Reconquista) ; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda. Think marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella / Inquisiton etc

Aragon

Along with Castile, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims(Reconquista); developed a vigorous military and religious agenda.Think marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella/ Inquisiton etc

Methodius

Along with Cyril, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

Corinthian

Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles.

Isabella of Castile

Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Mohenjo Daro

Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. Even had houses with running water.Language of the civilization has NOT been deciphered.

Nara

Along with Heian, capital of the Yamato emperors; patterned after ancient imperial centers of Tang Dynasty China; never fully populated, instituted a series of reforms to centralize power. It was built as a replica of Chang'an

Doric

Along with Ionian and Corinthian; distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles, a plain, sturdy column with a plain capital

Ferdinand of Aragon

Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Adam Schall

Along with Matteo Ricci, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to Christianity

Cyril

Along with Methodius, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

Huari

Along with Tihuanaco, large center for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 CE; located in southern Peru; featured large ceremonial center supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; established widely diffused religious and artistic symbols spread all over Andean zone

Richard the Lionhearted

Along with phillip II he organized the third crusade(Kings Crusade), the Christians took back acre, muslims kept jerusalem, negotiated a settlement with Saladin to allow Christians access to Jerusalem, Actually perferred Muslim Physicians over Christian ones.

Mehmed II

Also called "The Conqueror", Murad's son, conquered Constaninople in 1453 and opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. The rebuilt city was renamed Istanbul.

Tainos

Also called the Caciques. A people indigenous to the Caribbean, and the largest people living there for a while. They were pretty chill; they were into woodcarving, big houses, hammocks, and ceremonial ballgames instead of war.

Laozi

Also known as Lao Tsu; major Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao. Established Daoism

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor

Ataturk

Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models

Ho Chi Minh

Also known as Nguyen Ai Quoc; led Vietnamese Communist party in struggle for liberation from French and U.S. dominance and to unify north and south Vietnam.

Medina

Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca, established in the oases. Early on the political controtl was divided between 2 beduoin tribes and 3 jewish ones, which is the main reason that it did not really rival Mecca in terms of trade or prestige.

National Socialist Party

Also known as the Nazi party; led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Gread Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader; aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Versailles treaty; took power in Germany in 1933.

Vietnamese Nationalist Party

Also known as the Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dong or VNQDD; active in 1920s as revolutionary force committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism.

Kong Fuzi

Also known in the West as Confucius, was an opinated middle aged scholar in the late 6th century BCE, went on a search for an "ideal ruler".` Attracted a number of disciples and published the "Analects". Never found an ideal ruler. He stressed respect for superiors(in a proper hierarchy) , moderation in behavior, veneration of custom and ritual , and love of wisdom. If these were accomplished then a solid political life would develop.

Pearl Harbor

American base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japanese planes on December 7, 1941. The bombing of Pearl Harbor forced the United States to enter the war.

James Watson

American scientist. With Francis Crick, he elucidated the structure and function of the DNA double helix. He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Crick and Maurice Wilkins. He served as the head of the Human Genome Research program from 1989 to 1992.

Henry James

American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."

Creole Slaves

American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation.

Hopewell Culture

Amerindian peoples from Ohio; major part in regional trade, searching for metals, shells, obsidian, manufactured items for their economy and religion, was generally larger and bigger than the other mound building Adena Culture.

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. Boasted that " to promot the welfar of the people, I Hammurabi, the devout, god fearing prince, cause justice to prevail in the land by destroying the wicked and eveil, that the strong might not opress the weak"

Acropolis

An "upper city"; a common feature of ancient Greek cities; an elevated site for religious observances, Was also almost completely destroyed by the Persians when they burned Athens to the ground.

Kush

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.

Andy Warhol

An American commercial illustrator and artist famous for his Campbell's soup painting. He was the founder of the pop-art movement, which like all other art movements in history reflected something back on the present society.

Matthew Perry

An American commodore in the navy, who made a couple trips to Japan. He forced the opening of Japan to western trade, and prompted a revolution against the shogunate. It also foreshadowed later American imperialistic foreign policy.

Pop Art

An American school of the 1950s that imitated the techniques of commercial art (as the soup cans of Andy Warhol) and the styles of popular culture and the mass media

Kush

An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium B.C.E. It was deeply influenced by Egyptian culture and at times under the control of Egypt, which coveted its rich deposits of gold and luxury products from sub-Saharan Africa carried up the Nile corridor. Defeated by the Axum Kingdom in 300 BCE.

Kitchener

An English general that conquered Sudan in 1898. He secured the English control of the Suez Canal and most of the Red Sea.

Buddha

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming an 'enlightened' ascetic under a bo tree (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism.

Mughal Empire

An Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. Founded by Babur

Sufism

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

Matteo Ricci

An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China

Dante Alighieri

An Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice

Mercantilists

An age of prominent economic theorists teaching that a state's power depended heavily on the amount of precious metals a monarch had in its coffers, a steady flow of bullion to Asia was unthinkable.

Ge'ez

An ancient Afro-Asiatic language of Axum; it is still used today as a ceremonial language in the Ethiopian Coptic Church (Christianity), one of the 1st written language in Africa

Abacus

An ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters, a tablet placed horizontally on top of the capital of a column as an aid in supporting the architrave, Was introduced in the Song Dynasty

The Odyssey

An ancient Greek epic by Homer that recounts the adventures of Odysseus during his return from the war in Troy to his home in the Greek island of Ithaca.

Zeno

An ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory. Actually knew Odovacer. Founded a school of philosophy called Stoicism; they believed in a divine power that ruled the universe; thought that people should live a virtuous life in harmony with natural law; promoted social unity and encouraged its followers to focus on things that they could control

La Venta

An ancient island town of Middle America on the east coast of what is now Mexico; center of Olmec culture in 1000 B.C. surrounded by swamps and rivers.

Hubal

An ancient pre Islamic God that was common in Arabia, he was associated with the cool nights and the moon that brought dew. Proof that early on at least they concentrated on praying and sacrificing to these minor gods instead of Allah. Raised by Abu Talib after Mother and Father died.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. Pastoralists played a major role in establishing and expanding this trade network. Major spread of religion(peacefully) because of this, and of technology.

Religious Revivalism

An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism.

Quipu

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

Panama Canal

An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914.

Mass Leisure Culture

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports.

Chechnya

An autonomous republic in southwestern Russia in the northern Caucasus Mountains bordering on Georgia, ethnic republic that declared its independence in September 1991, against which Yeltsin launched a disastrous full-scale military attack in 1994 which led to the death of thousands of civilians.

Ordeal System

An early form of Medieval justice: a task was assigned for wrongdoing.

Paul Ehrlich

An ecologist who warned that the greatest threat to the planet is overpopulation and that resources on earth would quickly become depleted as population grew, FAILED.

Four Modernizations

An economic and social program that called for limited privatization of agriculture and industry, encouraged foreign investment and foreign trade, and resulted in a boost for the Chinese economy. Unlike the Great Leap Forward, the Four Modernizations was an economic success. Sugested by Deng Xiaoping.

Hittite Empire

An empire in Asia minor that had been in conflict with Egypt until a treaty was established, demonstrated an interesting ability to assimilated other cultures into their own, empire ended because of internal problems and attacked by the sea people in Gaza. Smaller states mainly prevailed in the area following it and Egypts downfall.

Kara Khitai Empire

An empire which had actually been established by Mongolian empire, Chinggis Khan mongols swiftly attacked it and annexed it.

Line of Demarcation

An imaginary line that the Pope Alexander VI drew through the New World. The land east of the line belonged to Portugal; the land west of the line belonged to Spain.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yunglo with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Global Warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

Population Boom

An increase in the number of people in the world caused by better medical care, increased food supplies, and decreasing death rates, commonly seen in many African, and Asian counties as families try to create a base on which to survive, however it has frequently has cancelled out the benefits of economic growth in those countries.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

City-state

An independent, self-governing city; a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.

Amnesty International

An influential non-governmental organization that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of political (not economic or social) human rights.

Seismographs

An instrument that records vibrations in the ground and determines the location and strength of an earthquake, first developed in classical period , specifically the Han Dynasty.

World Trade Organizations

An international agency which encourages trade b/w member nations administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.

Warsaw Pact

An international defense alliance between the Soviet Union and many of its Eastern European satellite states as a response to NATO. Formed in 1955.

United Nations

An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality.

Hanseatic League

An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.

Black Death

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. Thought to be related to Mongolian Conquest and fleas on their horses/ equipment.

Chaco Canyon

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

Homer

Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

Arthashastra

Ancient Indian political treatise from the time of Chandragupta Maurya; its authorship was traditionally ascribed to Kautalya, and it stressed that war was inevitable and thus advocated use of spies and assassins, bribery, and scientific forms of warfare

Slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. Used by non sedentary peoples who would farm for a couple of years and then leeave for a couple decades before codming back.

Seeds of Change

Another name of the Columbian Exchange

Oba

Another word for ruler; of Benin; based his right to rule on claims of descent from the first king of Ife

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states(3 Generations). Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. The Muqaddimah

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. Conversed with Tamerlane, proves the strangness of Tamerlane personality.

dhows

Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design, helped them spread their trade empire and sufi missionaries, which lad to the massive expansion of their religion.

Ibn Batuta

Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records, providing historians with much information about the Saharan trade

Zenj

Arabic term for the east African or Swahili coast. By the 13th Century, a string of urbanized trading ports had developed and were governed by separate Muslim ruling families. (Mombasa, Mogadishu, Kilwa, Pate etc etc).

Robert Clive

Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of British raj in northern India (18th century)

Nurhaci

Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing

Settlement Colonies

Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants.

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967. (p 785)

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.

Romanticism

Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Muhammad ibn Qasim

At age 17 was an Arab general. He led warriors into Sind to avenge the assault on Arab shipping.Declared the region of the Indus valley provinces of Umayyad Empire.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

At first was sent into exile, Khomeini came back from exile, established a parallel government. o Defeat of Revolutionary Guard during the air force mutiny led to mass overruns of army bases, secret police HQ, and other police departments by protestors, and were looted. o The Shah's state was essentially smashed. • Initial provisional government was a coalition between secular nationalists and Islamic fundamentalist. o Very quickly became clear that power was in Khomeini. o Created Council of Islamic Revolution and served as head. SKOCPOL, BULLSHIT, ETC!!! Significant because it presented a situation where a political state was subservient to a religious authority, relating back to competitive authoritarianism.

Indira Ghandi

At the death of her father, she became prime Minister. She nationalized India's largest banks, insurance companies, and coal mines. Corruption sapped the government's strength to deal with economic concerns however. She broke with the party bosses of Congress with their attempts to control her and forms the Congress Party, a faction of the Congress Party, and won reelection in 1971. However in 1975, court decision declared Ghandi's 1971 victory corrupt and she declared a state of emergency jailing thousands of her opponents. She then lost in 1977 but won in 1984. In 1984 she used massive military force to expel some sikh extremists. In retaliation two of her bodyguards gunned her down.

Themistocles

Athenian leader in years after Marathon, the man who persuaded Athens to use its windfall silver-mine profit to purchase ships and develop a navy to face the inevitable return of the Persians. He master-minded the naval battle of Salamis

Charist Movement

Attempt to by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during 1840s; demands for reform beyond the reform bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed

Taika Reforms

Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.

Socialist Realism

Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism.

Victoriano Huerta

Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913;(FAILED) forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata

Gregor Mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884) Czech.

Prince Metternich

Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna.

Peter Abelard

Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.

Jose Hernandez

Author of martin Fierro that depicted gaucho as victim of modern world stripping him of freedoms. forces of modernization cause protagonist to become an outlaw. wrote in gaucho dialect

Tlaxcala

Autonomous from Aztec Empire, state of war with Mexica of Tenochtitlan, forced alliance with Spanish, not destroyed after Conquest, under direct protection of Spanish crown after conquest

Curacas

Ayllu chiefs with privileges of dress and access to resources; community leaders among Andean societies.

Pochteca

Aztec merchants. Extremely wealthy. Had a huge quantity of material goods etc. But explicitly forbidden to take part in political hierarchy so as not to throw off the balance of power. May have sold at Tlatelolco

Quetzalcoatl

Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

Battle of Tours

BATTLE IN 732 IN WHICH THE CHRISTIAN FRANKS LED BY CHARLES MARTEL DEFEATED MUSLIM ARMIES AND STOPPED THE MUSLIM ADVANCES INTO EUROPE

Tumens

Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10.

Party Cadres

Basis for China's Communist government organization; cadre advisors were attached to military contingents at all levels.

Battle of Ulundi

Battle between Britain and Zulu in 1879. Britain wanted to make claim to South Africa for gold, diamonds, and power. As a result Britain won and took control of South Africa.

Battle of Hattin

Battle during the 3rd Crsade where Saladin draws crusaders outside of Jerusalem: dehydrates them by building huge fires and defeats them allowing him to recapture Jerusalem.

Battle of lake trasimene

Battle in the Second Punic War. Hannibal vs. Roman general C. Flaminius. Strategic ambush(Hannibal waited for the mist) leads to Carthaginian Victory. Lead to Quintus Fabius Maximus being declared dictator and devising the Fabian strategy.

Claudius

Became emperor after Tiberius' death(appointed by praetorian guard), and conquered Britain. Married Agrippina, and adopted her son Nero. She poisoned Claudius with mushrooms so that Nero could be emperor.Built new harbor at Ostia and new aqueduct for Rome, was said to be deformed and mentally handicapped.

Vicente Fox

Became president of Mexico in 2000 and ended the PRI's reign; Pushed to end official corruption, reduce poverty, and spur economic growth; Tried to protect the rights of Mexico's natives;

Mikhail Gorbachev

Became the leader of the USSR in 1985. He proposed major reforms and adopted policies of greater openness (glasnost and perestroika) and allowed Soviet-bloc states greater independence. In 1991, there was an unsuccessful attempted overthrow of his government. The USSR dissolved in 1991 with his resignation.

Chinampas

Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs

European Union

Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic integration.

Alliance for Progress

Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention

Lin Biao

Behind the cultural revolution. Was claimed to be the successor of Mao. Biao wanted the CR to go on longer than Mao did, so Mao called him a traitor, later killing him in a plane crash., He collected Mao's works and published, Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong, also known as "The Little Red Book."

Monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam.

White Racial Supremacy

Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I; supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer.

Manifest Destiny

Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War.

B.G Tilak

Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik revolution of 1917

Straits of Gibraltar

Between the Iberic Peninsula (Portugal) and Africa; according to Plato's account, the legendary Atlantis, a land mass, was just outside the straits. It is also known as the Pillars of Hercules, joined Mediterranean Sea with N.Atlantic Ocean

Guano

Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.

Nestorius

Bishop of Constantinople who called for the council of Ephesus because he believed Jesus was 2 persons, started Nestorian branch.

Walter Sisulu

Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa

Recopilacion

Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies.

Council of the Indies

Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.

Boer Republic

Boer free states established in southern Africa by Afrikans of Dutch descent from the British colonial government in Cape Colony (1850)

Pamela

Book written by Samuel Richardson which focused on a servant girl and her master; virtue is rewarded in the novel , This epistolary form became a popular technique in literature during this time period

Chinggis Khan

Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all MOngol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world. Was shaministic, created a legal code and the Mongolian language to facilitate record keeping. 3 son problem at his death.

Chinggis Khan

Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world, grandson Hulegu continued the coquest.

Clare of Assisi

Born in 1194 to a representative of an ancient roman family in Assisi, She left a wealthy life to pursue holiness through poverty after hearing Francis preach.

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe. Founded the De Beers Mining Company

V. S. Naipaul

Born of Indian parents in Trinidad; winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001,wrote "Mimic Men" and "An Area of Darkness" which dealt with the massive poverty facing India. He castigated governments in the developing countries for corruption, ineptitude, and self-deception. (themes- poignant loneliness and homelessness of people uprooted by colonialism and Western expansion).

Gurus

Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.

Al- Ghazali

Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama, he argued argued human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah and hence could not explain the mysteries of the world, Also known as the "Great Synthesizer". Early Sufi

Thomas Macaulay

British administrator who brought new school system, wrote "Minute on Education" where he stated the English was the supreme language and western civilization the supreme culture.

Natal

British colony in south Africa; developed after boer trek north from cape colony; major commercial outpost of Durban.

Hong Kong

British colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britain and People's Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption, he also wrote "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" which helped consolidate American public opinion agianst the Versailles Treaty in 1919.

Lord Cromer

British proconsul in khedival Egypt from1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Emmeline Pankhurst

British suffrage leader. Led movement to win the vote for women in Great Britain. Founded the Women Social and Political Union in 1903, which held public meetings and led protest marches to the House of Commons. Jailed several times between 1908 and 1913, and used hunger strikes to protest. World War I compelled her to stop her feminist campaigns and join the war effort.

Black Hole of Calcutta

British trading post at Calcutta lay within the important Indian state of Bengal, who's troops(allied with the French) captured Calcutta and imprisoned many British citizens, locking them up overnight in a small Jail cell, by the morning, was only 20 feet square in a fort in Calcutta where as many as 146 English prisoners were held overnight by Siraj-ud-daula, 120 people died before the British were released and they then used it as a rallying point.

Herbert Spencer

British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution, believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavours could be explained rationally and scientifically.

Taiping Rebellion

Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry

Bodhisattvas

Buddhist doctrine that held that some people could gain nirvana through their own meditation. This shows that Buddhism shifted from a system of ethics into a more emotional belief.

Zhu Yuanzhang

Buddhist monk and leader of the Red Turbans became emperor of the new Ming dynasty in 1368, succeeding the Mongol controlled Yuan Dynasty

Suez Canal

Built across isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by european investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment

Hippodrome

Built by Justinian; A huge stadium; Held athletic events and games; Seated 60,000 people located in Constantinople. Site of Nike Revolt

Berlin Wall

Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was torn down at end of Cold War in 1991.

Grand Canal

Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code, people thought he was a "moron", was married to Theodora. Wanted to recapture "Old Rome".

Emperor Leo III

Byzantine emperor who founded Syrian dynasty and sucessfully avoided Arab invasions, , Byzantine emperor who banned the use of icons., 730 AD; banned the use of icons; had his army break into churches and smash icons

Greek Fire

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople

Heian

Capital city of Japan under the Yamato emperors, later called Kyoto; built in order to escape influence of Buddhist monks; patterned after ancient imperial centers of China; never fully populated

Ctesiphon

Capital city of the Parthian and Persian Empire,it is located on the Euphrates River near modern Baghdad; was captured three times by Roman armies; the Sasanids used it as their capital as well

Ravenna

Capital in Western Roman Empire, more strategic than Rome, easily accessible by sea from Constantinople and gave access to Rhine frontier (area of greatest military urgency).

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E, location on key trade routes gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about far empire.

Kumsong

Capital of Korea in the Medieval Era modeled after the Chinese capital of Chang'an

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Cordoba

Capital of Umayyads(established by Abd al Rahman) in Spain; became known as the center for learning and intellectual life b/c of its libraries, was also widely tolerant of "the people of the book".

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Karakorum

Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227.

St. Petersburg

Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants. He lost to Scipio africanus at the battle of Zama.

Sudras

Caste that made up most of the Indian population; most were peasants and manual laborers; they had limited rights in society

Mira Bai

Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women.

Adena Culture

Centered in the Ohio Valley (800B.C. - A.D. 600) left behind enormous earthworks and burial mounds sometimes elaborately shaped like great snakes, birds, or other animals. Also had an elaborate trade network as far as the Gulf and Atlantic.

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

Otto Von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire

Royal African Company

Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia. Early on had a survival rate of 10% due to tropical diseases like malaria.

Weapons of Mass destruction

Chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. These weapons are capable of destroying enormous numbers of people and vast areas, hence the name. Saddam Hussein has used these on the Iranian army during the Iran-Iraq War, and on the Kurds in 1988.

wazir

Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire. Oversaw the building of most of the infrastructure of the Abbasid Caliphate

Indra

Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior. Also known as the God of Thunder and strength

Vo Nguyen Giap

Chief military commander of Viet Minh; architect of vietnamese victory over french at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.

People's Liberation Army

Chinese Communist army; administered much of country under People's Republic of China.

Pragmatists

Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; opposed Great Leap Forward.

Yellow Turbans

Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. Attacked the weakness of the Emperor and self indulgence of the bureaucracy. They FAILED. Epidemics might have factored into it. Han Dynasty did end around this time.

Scholar gentry

Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. (Don't really know why they put it in this chapter but whatever)

Flying Money

Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency, (fei-chien) because it could blow out of your hand. Started in Tang Dynasty

The Romance of West Chamber

Chinese dramatic work written during the Yuan period; indicative of the continued literary vitality of China during Mongol rule.

Wuzong

Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology

Wudi

Chinese empire from 140-86 b.c; brought the han dynasty to its peak; expanded the Chinese empire; made Confucianism the state religion, - conquered foreign territories like Manchuria, parts of Vietnam, and Korea - conquered Xiongng (nomads) terrorized border, defeated them

Yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen.

Li Dazhao

Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.

Daoism

Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns, emphasized harmony and was largely a spiritual alternative to Confucianism, which actually developed at the same time in the last centuries of the Zhou dynasty. Remember Dao, humility, frugalty, learning/politics was IRRELEVANT under this philosophy.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou dynasty, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

Junks

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula, especially in the Song and Tang Dynasty's were the BEST ships in the world.

Kabul Khan

Chinggis khan's great grandfather, defeats army of Jin Kingdom in northern China

Kabul Khan

Chinggis khan's great grandfather, defeats army of qin kingdom in northren china

Copts

Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule, because they were generally treated better, and resented Orthodox Christianity.

Russian Orthodox

Church that developed under Vladimir I whose priests were trained from church leaders imported from Byzantium. This king characteristically ruled over the church as well as many major appointments, shows east west divide.

Cape Town

City at the southern tip of Africa; became the first permanent European settlement in Africa in 1652; built by Dutch immigrants to supply ships sailing to or from the East Indies.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945.

Bukhara

City in Uzbekistan with an oasis on the Silk Road; former capital of Muslim dynasty(Khwarazm)

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until being completely destroyed by Rome in the third century B.C.E. following the 3 Punic Wars.

Mecca

City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam, becaue it has the Kaba

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali Empire, it became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. Has great Sanskore Mosque

Bamian

City where Chingiss Khans grandson died when they Mongols where attacking Muhammad Shah's Khwarazm. Was given the name "accursed city"

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Umayyad

Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty(Caliphate) as rulers of Islam located in Damascus Syria, until the Abbasids took over.

Dinshawai Incident

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.

effendi

Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.

Proletariat

Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries

Maya

Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion

Tang Dynasty

Cnsidered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia (expands from Vietnam to Manchuria ), as well as large parts of Central Asia. Confucianism was revived along with the bureaucracy

Bushido

Code of conduct for Samurai during the feudal period in Japan, did not fully develop until the LATE Postclassical Period.

Augsburg Confession

Codification in 1530 of Luther's doctrines as established since time of Diet of Worms and subsequent confinement at Wartburg, 1521-22. Included priesthood of all believers, two sacraments, authority of the bible, justification by faith alone, end to monasticism and celibacy, consubstantiation. Luther's friend, Philip Melancthon, worked on this codification with him.

Fazendas

Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil.

White Dominions

Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century

Indians

Columbus believed he had reached the Indies and therefore called the people living there _______.

Popular Front

Combination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938

Liberation Theology

Combined Catholic theology and Socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America (20th century).

Baibars

Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.

General Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the UN forces at the beginning of the Korean War, however President Harry Truman removed him from his command after MacArthur expressed a desire to bomb Chinese bases in Manchuria.

Terakoya

Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West, about 40% for Japanese Males.

Long March

Communist escape (6,000-mile)- (9,600-kilometer) from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958.

Viet Minh

Communist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during WW II; employed guerilla tactics similar to Maoists in China.

Abu Bakr

Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. Oversaw raids into Africa and the Ridda Wars.

absolute monarchy

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies, think of the Sun King.

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.

English civil war

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king, Think King Charles I >>>> Oliver Cromwell etc etc.

War of the Pacific

Conflict over the Atacama nitrate fields led in 1879 to this war, which resulted int he humiliating defeat of Bolivia and Peru by Chili. It also resulted in Bolivia becoming a landlocked country.

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. Was pretty much a waste of time ,money, and lives .

Wang Anshi

Confucian scholar and chief minister of the Song emperor Shenzong in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.

Mencius

Confucius's greatest disciple; he has been called the second sage; , Also known as Meng Ko; stressed the consent of the common people.Said that humans were essentially GOOD and that governments required the consent of their subjects.

Augustin de Iturbide

Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.

Cristeros

Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Copernicus published his book the year of his death fearing ridicule, Destroyed the notion for believing in crystal spheres capable of moving the stars around the earth.

Emelian Pugachev

Cossack soldier who sparked a gigantic uprising of serfs (1773) in Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great-he proclaimed himself the true tsar and issued decrees abolishing serfdom, taxes, and army service-thousands joined him, slaughtering landlords and officials-lost to Russian army-he was captured and savagely executed during Catherine the Great's Reign.

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.

Collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Simon Bolivar

Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. "The Great Liberator"

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976.

Scientific Revolution

Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages, was initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics but by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Northern Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than in Italy, Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature

Olmec Culture

Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico circa 1,200 BCE; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems, famous for its HEADS(especially at San Lorenzo)

On the Origin of the Species

Darwin wrote this book in 1859 in which he presented his theory of evolution in the principle of natural selection. The basic idea of this book was that all plants and animals had evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life. In this book, Darwin also presented the theory of natural selection and "survival of the fit." In this book, Darwin discussed plant and animal species only. He was not concerned with humans themselves.

Flowery Death

Death while taking prisoners for the sacrificial knife. It was a fitting end to a noble life and ensured eternity in the highest heaven. (A reward also promised to women who died in childbirth)

Minamoto

Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan.

Khedives

Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.

Tuareg

Desert nomads who live in small groups throughout the central and south Sahara., Nicknamed "the Blue Men of the Desert"

Tim Berners

Devloped the world wide web

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants. Had power 1876-1911

Ponce de Leon

Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth, The place where he first landed was later settled by the Spanish. In 1565, St. Augustine became the first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States. It is the oldest city in our country.

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Developed an accurate theory of how the heart and circulatory system operated. He speculated that humans and animals reproduced through the joining of an egg.

Lin Zexu

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War

Asian Sea Trading Network

Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival: an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks, there was no central control and there was general peace until Europeans arrived.

Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

Rashid al Din

Doctory, historian and adviser to the Il-khans, created some of the most concise writing on the Mongol Empire er who attempted the first history of the world

Princely States

Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers courts to ensure compliance; made up over one-third of the British Indian Empire

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population of Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights, He convinced Charles I to signs the "New Laws" prohibiting Indian slavery and attempted to put an end to the encomienda system by limiting ownership of serfs to a single generation.

Lapu lapu

Due to his victory, he is recognized as one of the first to have successfully fought back Spanish authority. A monument to him stands in Mactan on the site where Magellan was killed.

Levelers

During Cromwell's reign, this group wanted voting rights for all men, the church and state separate, alcoholic prohibition, and universal male suffrage. More radical than radical Cromwell, and crushed by Cromwell. Example of how revolutionaries want to make their changes and then STOP the revolutionary spirit from going any farther. It rarely works.

Luoyang

During Wu's reign, the court frequently moved East to this location to recruit officials.

Cape Colony

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.

Cape Colony

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. The British came to power in 1795- 1806.

Boers

Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Afrikaners.

Yuan dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

Abbasid

Dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished, descended from Abu al-Abbas, the great grandson of Muhammad Uncle. Many Mawali supported to attain full acceptance in the community of believers. Also was a major result of the Battle of the River Zab, Capital at Baghdad and large bureacracy contained many wazirs.

Trinh

Dynasty that ruled in North Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533- 1772; rivals of the Nguyen family in the south.

Kushans

Dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in northwestern India; sponsors of Buddhism; empire did not extend to Ganges River valley., came into central India from northwest; greatest king: Kanishka, converted to Buddhism but hurt religions population;

Choson

Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor Wudi in 109 b.c.e.

Little Tigers

Earliest and most successful imitators of the Japanese model for economic development; they were Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan; turned disadvantages into advantages through a program of export-driven industrialization; corporations from these 4 states undercut original Japanese products w/ lower-costing versions; the original 4 were later joined by Indonesia, Thailand, & Malaysia

Sail al-Din

Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty.

Fort Jesus

Early 1600's barracks found in Mombassa( on the Zenj Coast). Was a Christian and Portugese thing, but then Omani sultans take it over in 1696. in the 1700's Portugese tried to recapture it, but failed.

Francis Xavier

Early Jesuit missionary often called the Apostle to the Indies. He was an associate of St Ignatius of Loyola, with whom he took the vow founding the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). From 1541 he traveled through India, Japan, and the East Indies, making many converts.

Nestorians

Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ. ended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions.

Kuya

Early propagator of Pure Land. Was a dancing monk and entertainer; went around singing and dancing. Wore bells, drums, taught ecstatic worship, appealed to the masses.

Syndicalism

Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics

Great Leap Forward

Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960.

Mass line

Economic policy of Mao Zedong; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955; cooperatives became farming collectives in 1956.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.

Muhammad Abduh

Egyptian intellectual who launched modern Islamic reform movement; said Islam should return to purity of earliest, most essential doctrines, but still flexible and reasoned approach to change and foreign social ideas

Ahmad Arabi

Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support.

Wafd Party

Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

Banner Armies

Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.

Jochi

Eldest son of Genghis Khan and Borte. legitimacy was always questioned because of his conception time.

Getulio Vargas

Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy; leaned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954.

Juan Jose Arevalo

Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit Company

Isolationism

Elite opinion opposed getting involved in European wars in the U.S; adopted after WWI

Alvaro Obregon

Emerged as Mexico's leader at the end of the revolution; wrote a new constitution that promised land reforms

Afrikaner National Party

Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.

Constantinople

Emperor Constantine,AD 330 moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city Byzantium in the east, and renamed the city. This city became the capital of the Roman empire. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes.

Shenzong

Emperor who gave power to Wang Anshi to make mainly legalistic changes during the Song Dynasty

Basil II

Emperor who led the Byzantines to their last period of greatness; nicknamed "Basil the Bulgur Slayer"

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. Timbuktu, Sundiata, Griots, juula, Mansu Musa, (GOLD and lots of it) might also come to mind. Was after Ghana Empire but before Songhay Empire.

Empress Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. Even built a boat out of marble.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire., German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.

Natural History

Encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder written in 79 A.D. One of the first books that analyzed the historical and contemporary art.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended thirty years war in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the holy roman empire to choose their own religion-either protestant or catholic

John Wesly

English Anglican minister and founder of Methodism, a new religious movement

Sir Walter Raleigh

English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure.

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada

Gibbons

English historian who wrote the famours work "the decline and fall of the Roman Empire" explained that Chrisitianity made romans turn the other cheek, laid foundation for future discussions

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.-

Florence Nightingale

English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910). Est 1st nursing school. Est. Standards for hospitals. Est. nursing education, made nursing a respectable occ. for women.

Francis Bacon

English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method

Issac Newton

English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, mother of Mary Shelly(* Yeah the one that you are thinking about), she also wrote a "Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Rubaiyat

Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine

World Economy

Established by Europeans by the late 16th century; based on control of seas including the Atlantic and Pacific; created an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products. Early on was based on SILVER not gold.

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Asante Empire

Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650.

Adam Smith

Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces

King Lalibela

Ethiopian king and monarch of zagwe dynasty who directed a remarkable building project in which 11 great churches were sculpted from rock into the ground

Hakka

Ethnic minority people of south‑central China. Famous Hakkas include Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan and the Soong family.

Pugachev Rebellion

Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Leon Pinsker

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land

September 11

Event that led to the beginning of the War against Terrorism when Arab suicide bombers hijacked United States airliners and used them as bombs

Hyundai

Example of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern Korea; virtually governed Korea's southeastern coast; vertical economic organization with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units.

Harappan Culture

Existed three millennia ago in the age of bronze and copper. Advanced and developed for its time. Traded with the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia. Believed in life after death but there was no concept of reincarnation. Also known as the Indus Valley Civilization.

Francisco Cordoba

Explorer who arrived in Yucatan by orders of Velazquez, credited with founding Nicaragua. Was captured and beheaded.

Muhammad the Great

Extended the boundaries of Songhay to include Central Sudan so by the mid 16th century, Songhay dominated the area. a great Askia (songhay ruler)

Sinification

Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.

Childrens Crusade

Failed crusade made by children; european reaction to corruption of fourth crusade, Pope sent some of them back home and others reached southern france where they were tricked onto boarding ships that carried them off into slavery and thousands were lost

Suleymaniye

Famous Ottoman mosque. Obelisks/minarettes. Built 1550's during reign of Suleyman, who also built resthouses, schools, gardens, and coffee houses. Designed by Sinam.

Machu Picchu

Famous fortress city high in the Andes Mountains (provides us with great examples of Inca building skills). The ruins of the city were rediscovered in 1911 by Hiram Bingham.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Aeschylus

Father of Greek tragedy, wrote Oresteia; proposed the idea of having two actors and using props and costumes

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.

W.E.B Du Bois

First African-American to recieve a doctorate. America's foremost black intellectual at the turn of the twentieth century, and an outspoken leader of the black cause. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's accommodationist posture and called upon blacks to insist on equal rights. He was a founder of the NAACP and editor of its journal, "The Crisis."

Kim IL Song

First Leader of N Korea. He wanted to unify N and S Korea militarily and thought 1950 was the perfect opportunity b/c the US has recently decided that Korea is not part of the United states Western Defensive Perimeter. He wants the help of Mao and Stalin, who are both very reluctant to get involved. He misjudged the political situation, and the Korean war is known as Kim Il Sung's war.

Kangxi

First Manchu emperor of the Qing Dynasty who became emperor in 1661, ruling for 60 years. Reduced government expenses and lowered taxes. Patron of the arts and enjoyed Jesuits in his court.

Hongwu

First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentryncreased amount of food production, improved irrigation, raising cotton and sugar cane, made changes that improved the Chinese government, later grew suspicious and untrusting

Vasco de Balboa

First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains. He also led an expedition across Panama and "discovered" the Pacific Ocean.

Caribbean

First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Mesopotamia

First civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture, was WAY more fertile back then.

Truman Doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

Tang Tiazong

First great Tang emperor, and 2nd son of Li Yuan its founder., Was able to conquer into Afghanistan.

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. Islam was mainly used to reinforce the concept of kingship(A Royal Cult), and much of the population never converted.

Battle of Isandhlwana

First major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. Despite a vast disadvantage in weapons technology, the numerically superior Zulus ultimately overwhelmed the poorly led and badly deployed British, killing over 1,300 troops, including all those out on the forward firing line. The Zulu army suffered around a thousand killed.The battle was a crushing victory for the Zulus and caused the defeat of the first British invasion of Zululand.

Teotihuacan

First major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

5 pillars

Five requirements of Islam; Declaration of Faith,Daily prayer, alms for the poor, fasting during Ramadan, Hajj

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting,characterized by brilliant coloring and minute realistic detail, include Arnolfini and His Wife, Actually would influence Grant Wood centuries later.

Giotto

Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style, and THUS led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body, apprentice to Cimabue

Dnieper River

Flows from Russia through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. Kiev is a port city here.

Humanism

Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages, Renaissance.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Follower of Gandhi who became India's first prime minister. He wanted democracy, unity, economic modernization and neutrality in the Cold War. Tried to elevate lower castes and rights of women.

Pizzaro

For Spain. led a small army in an invasion of the Inca Empire. He conquered the Inca and gained huge amounts of gold and silver for himself and Spain.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

World Zionist Organization

Formed by HERZL and other prominent European Jewish leaders to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in advance of the creation of a Zionist state in Palestine

Ariel Sharon

Former Israeli Prime Minister (mainly responsible, in 2004, for the unilateral withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and the evacuation of Jewish settlements there. He visited Temple Mount in 2000, which made the Arabs very angry. He suffered a stroke in 2006 and has been in a vegetative state ever since

Suriname

Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America, location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence attempts to crush goriella resistence

Bangladesh

Formerly known as East Pakistan, went to war with Pakistan for its independence(With Indian Help) and became a country.

Ukraine

Formerly the breadbasket of the Soviet Union, with its abundant natural resources and vast expanses of fertile soil, this country is still overly dependent on Russia which has inhibited free-market reforms. Site of Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

Batavia

Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in INdonesia; today the city of Jakarta.

Mexican American War

Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States.

Seven Years War

Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America, loss of New France at the Treaty of Paris of 1763 to the British,However France did gain back a lot of sugar colonies,

American Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

Zulu Wars

Fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire in Africa. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.

Battle of Coral Sea

Fought on May 7-8 1942; Caused heavy losses on both sides; Japanese won a tactical victory because they sank US carrier Lexington; Americans claimed a strategic victory by stopping Japan's drive towards Australia

Mexican Revolution

Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

St. Augustine

Founded in 1565, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory

Muslim League

Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement

Whampoa Military Academy

Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek

Liao Dynasty

Founded in 907 by Nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; mantained independence from Song dynasty in China.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.Was a Spanish soldier whose leg had been shattered fighting from Charles V against the French. He said that salvation could be achieved by self-discipline and by doing good deeds

Yorimoto

Founder of Kamakura Shogunate

Zhao Kuangyin

Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Emperor Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. Was also a scholary man who collected books while out on campaigns.

Benedict of Nursia

Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire.

Jurchens

Founders of Qin kingdom(Jin) that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced the Song to flee south.

Khanates

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

The Wretched of the Earth

Frantz Fanon's most famous work, written during and regarding the Algerian struggle for independence from colonial rule. As a psychiatrist, Fanon explored the psychological effect of colonization on the psyche of a nation as well as its broader implications for building a movement for decolonization.

Jean Calvin

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America

Louis Pasteur

French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)

Vichy

French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans.

New France

French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system, had capital in Quebec, founded 1608. Fell to the British in 1763. Under King Louis the 14th(Sun King).

Dien Bien Phu

French fortress in northern Vietnam that surrendered in 1954 to the Viet Minh; the defeat caused the French to abandon Indochina and set the stage for the Geneva Conference, which divided the region and led to American involvement in Vietnam.

Jean de Venette

French friar and master of theology at the University of Paris; account of plague, monk who witnessed the ravages of the Black Death in France, he wrote this account in the late 1350s, died in 1368

Journal des Dames

French journal written originally by a man for women, but taken over by Madame de Beaumere. In Germany a similar publication suggested that men were partly to blame for women's lowly position in society.

Alfred Dreyfus

French officer and Jew who was falsely accused of spying for Germany in the late 19th century; his mistreatment spurred Herzl and other Zionists to increase their call for a Jewish homeland.

Rousseau

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland, believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property

Jean Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution Wrote "The Social Contract"; Emile.

Auguste Comte

French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded "sociology." Influenced Realpolitik

Denis Diderot

French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France, encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Georges Clemenceau

French prime minister; nickname "the Tiger" wanted to punish germany a lot by dramatically reducing its military army and letting French troops occupy the Rhineland until Germany had paid lots of reparations.

Tsar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III

tsar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).

Sappho

From Lesbos, teacher of women, a poet, wrote about love (sometimes about sexual love (sometimes about women)) Called the 10th muse by her peers.

Western Front

Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.

Quadruple Alliance

G.B., Austria, Prussia, and Russia united to defeat France and their Bonapartism, and also to ensure peace after war. After Napoleon, they resotred the Bourbon monarchy to France.

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; international trade organization ehtat encourages free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

General under Nobanga; suceeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.

Protestanism

General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many many MANY varieties of religious belief

Christopher Columbus

Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon(Ferdinand and Isabella); successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas.

Johannes Gutenberg

German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. His printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on of the most important inventions of all time.

Martin Luther

German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church, also he was excommunicated by Catholic Church in 1521 after dispute with Charles V. Translated the Bible into German, and this contributed to the further development of the German language

Battle of Stalingrad

German offensive against Soviet Union in which the Soviets counterattacked and catastrophically destroyed Hitler's armies. By 1943 the Soviet Union was no longer on the defensive side, and moved further onward against Germany. A major turning point of the war. Up to 2 million troops died at this battle.

Wilhelm Wundt

German physiologist who founded psychology as formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879

Karl Marx

German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship.

Blitzkrieg

German word meaning lightning war. It was a German army tactic during World War II which called for quick moving, hard hitting drives into enemy territory.

Odovacar

Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy after the Senate decided not to elect a new one.

Franks

Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 the Franks had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe.

Kami

Gods or nature spirits of Japanese religion, which lived in all things, such as waterfalls, sand, and great trees

Perestroika

Gorbachev's policy of "restructuring" which included reducing the direct involvement of the Commuist Party leadership in the day to day governing of the nation. It ws a decentralization of economic planning and controls.

Mandates

Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied these in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922.

Vladimir I

Grand prince of Kiev who converted to Orthodox Christianity and made it the state religion, One of the first Czars; Tried to expand south, which conflicted with Byzantine Empire. Eventually formed deal with emperor of BE

Michael Romanov

Grandnephew of Ivan IV's wife, Anastasia, chosen by an assembly of Russian boyars and representatives to be the first Czar of the Romanov dynasty in 1613

Husayn

Grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali and Fatimah. He was martyred when refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I of the Umayyad Caliphate and especially revered by the Shi'a Muslims for this. Died at the battle of Karbala

Natchez

Great Sun was their ruler. His advisors were noble men and were chiefs of villages. The Stinkards were peasant farmers. They were a tribe of the Mississippi Valley. Lived past the time of whites. Were warlike, practiced torture as well as sacrifice. Died of European conquest and disease.

Mahayana Buddhism

Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. Main start in Tang Dynasty

Galen

Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)

Herodotus

Greek historian whose writings, chiefly concerning the Persian Wars, are the earliest known examples of narrative history, and is thus called the "father of history" Came from Anatolia( modern day Turkey), also researched in Egypt and gave them the name"Gift of the Nile". He also did a lot of other things but I'm getting really lazy. Wrote "The Histories" (which is actually split into 9 parts)

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. (Greek Classical Era)

Plato

Greek philosopher; believed that knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled. Wrote "The Republic.

Sophocles

Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex and Antigone

National Congress Party

Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.

G-20

Group of 20 leading economies; new great powers, International forum for constructive discussion between industrial and emerging market economies

Fabian Society

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, Emmeline Pankhurst, Beatrice Webb, and H.G Wells who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.

Dutch Studies

Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan.

Young Turks

Group of revolutionary and nationalistic Turks who revolted against Ottoman empire in 1908 attempting to make reforms and then sided with the central powers in WWI

Zapatistas

Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation.

Wu Ti

Han "Warrior Emperor" who greatly expanded the empire, (140-87 BCE); promoted peace; supported Confucianism; Conducted trade with the Parthian Empire in the Middle East. He also conducted the FIRST Civil service examinations in the world.

Nam Viet

Han dynasty conquered the kingdom of ?, northern Vietnam, , 207- vietnam dominated by Mahayana Buddhism. 939- victory brought independence from China, founding Dai Viet.. adopted confucianism.

Kamehameha

Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations.

Renes Descartes

He developed analytical geometry; relied on math and logic; he believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason; believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings, Cogito Ergo Sum

Khrushchev

He emerged as the Soviet leader two years after the death of Stalin. He talked about peaceful coexistence with the U.S.; listened and began to bargain with the U.S. but the U-2 spy plane incident ended all potential for progress.

Babur

He founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 when he defeated the Lodi army and the Hindu warrior princes, he encouraged military buildup and arts, contributions: creation of a centralized government with ministries that controlled the provinces and introduction of a policy of religious toleration (unity with the Hindu princes), he introduced a new calendar, helped the poor, made an anti-alcohol campaign, and tried to improve the lives of women, was actually trying to raid in order to get other kingdom back.

Euclid

He is the father of geometry and wrote a book explaining geometry that was used as a text book till the 1900(The Elements)

Eugene Dubois

He uncovered what he believed to be the remains of a human ancestor. He named his find Homo erectus, meaning human who stands upright. It was nicknamed Java Man

Vitus Bering

He was a Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait which made it easier to travel to North America.Led the way for future Russian mariners, who eventually reached Hawai`i. He discovered Alaska and the Aleutian Islands

Maximilien Robespierre

He was a lawyer and a member of the National Convention. Led the Mountain side of the National Convention(Montagarde). and Chairman on the Committe of Public Safety. Helped France's financial situation through the concept of planned economy (setting price limits on certain products). Was a very large part of the radicalization of France, but efforts eventually led to the fall of France and take-over by Napoleon Bonaparte. He claimed that the Revolution was over. In a sense he was right; the last reforms were made in 1791. The people strongly disliked him for his views on the disablement of speaking against the republic. He was one of the main contributors to the laws that stated the death penalty for those who went against the revolution.

Liu Shaoqi

He was a moderate CCP politician and designated successory to Mao Zedong. He died during the cultural revolution. He held the position of official headship of state, and had a strong base in the parties. He came to power after Mao stepped away following GLF. He rolled back Mao's reforms but kept China's communistic views in tact.

Augusto Sandino

He was a nationalist leader who fought against the U.S. Marines in Nicaragua. He led an army of peasants and Indians to restore Nicaraguan national sovereignty; rediscovered the guerilla tradition, been influenced by the anti-yankees and socialist ideas of the Mexican revolution, returned to Nicaragua.

Juan Sepulveda

He was the adversary of Bartolomé de las Casas in the Valladolid Controversy in 1550 concerning the justification of the Spanish Conquest of the Indies.Was the defender of the Spanish Empire's right of conquest, of colonization, and of evangelization in the so-called New World.

Sun Yat-sen

Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925

Murad

Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.

Jizya

Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories, Eliminated by Akbar during his reign, but reinstated by other rulers.

Jizya

Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories.

Calcutta

Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal.

moldboard

Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.

Summas

Highest works of Aquinas, eliminated opposition to Aquinas theories

Bhaktic Cults

Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva

Procopius

Historian of the Byzantine Empire who in his "Secret History" revealed the cruelty of the autocratic system in which the emperor ruled by divine providence., Wrote two histories of Byzantine Emperor Justinian's rule. One good and sponsored by Justinian, one bad and secret.

Charles Boxer

Historian who says that no people can enslave another for 400 years without developing an air of superiority..

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

Anschluss

Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain as Charles I . He summoned the Diet of Worms (and the Council of Trent, He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation.

Iliad

Homer's great epic that tells the story of the Trojan War

Population Revolution

Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent.

Zaibatsu

Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the Meiji Reforms as part of the process of industrialization

Theodor Herzl

Hungarian-born, Jewish journalist. Expressed a new sense of Jewish identity. Witnessed the Dreyfus affair and all the virulent anti-Semitism it brought to the surface. This stimulated him to found the Zionist movement which sought a Palestinian homeland. The First International Jewish Congress was held in Basel in 1897.

Peter III

Husband of Catherine the Great, was mentally unstable, and was murdered by a group of Russian army officers. Whether or not Catherine was involved in the murder is unknown, but she did benefit by it as she then had the throne to herself., Withdrew from the Seven Year's War because he liked Frederick II of Prussia. This essentially stopped the war.

Lebensraum

Idea that Germany was too crowded and needed more living space, Hitler promised space by invading Europe and Russia

Patriarchalism

Ideas that social organization should be ordered with the male as the head of the family and institutions.

Han Dynasty

Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) 400 YEARS and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization, succeeded the Qin Dynasty. Expanded into Korea, Indochina( Cambodia) , and central Asia. Was a very prosperous and large dynasty(established the FIRST Civil Service examinations), however the nomadic Huns overturned the dynasty, and marked the end of the classical period for chinese civilization.

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, they Built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. May have traded with Toltec/ Aztecs/Mayans

Pericles

Important leader and warrior in Athens during the Golden Age who strengthened democracy, made it possible for poor people to be in the government of Athens, and said there should be equal justice for all people. Was an aristocrat also. Died during the beginning of Pelopennesian War.

Syngman Rhee

Imprisoned by the Japanese in WW2, then came to America and studied at Harvard and Princeton; Struggled for Korean freedom for 50 years and was elected president of South Korea, He was the American-favored candidate, Korean nationalist. He was elected president. Supported Anti-communism.

Toledo

In 1085 the king of Castile won a great victory over the Moors by capturing the city of ?

Dadu

In 1264, Khubilai established this new capital at the site of the Liao and Jin capitals. It became the main capital of the khanate of the Great Khan, which stretched from Mongolia through north China and Korea.

Principia Mathematica

In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion. NOT the one by Whitehead and Russel/.

Ivan Kuskov

In 1812 he led a group pf Russian and native Alaskan fur trappers to north San Francisco and founded Fort Russia.

Belgian Congo

In 1879 King Leopold II hired H.M. Stanley to make treaties with African chiefs, giving control of the Congo to Leopold. It became his personal playground and was recognized as such in 1884 by the Berlin conference. Was quested for its rubber and ivory. Soldiers of the Belgian army forced the natives to do work and treated them savagely, often cutting off their hands to prove they used ammunition on humans when they were really using the ammunition on wildlife. Twain and author Conan Doyle spoke out. The Belgian Parliament was horrified and took the colony away from the king in 1908 and it became a Belgian colony.

21 Demands

In 1915, Japan presented Yuan Skikai with this, which sought to make China a Japanese protectorate. Yuan was too weak to resist some of the demands, made his nationalism less popular in the eyes of the common people, and because Mao Zedong said he would not surrender it gave him and the communists more power.

Evil Empire Speech

In 1983, President Reagan made the __ __ __, in which he claimed that the USSR was "the evil of the world." Also that there would be a inevitable failure and collapse of global communism

mujahideen

In Afghanistan, holy warriors who banded together to fight the Soviet-supported government in the late 1970s

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin rulers and early Han rulers invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. Not as popular as Confucianism, and did not seek popular approval anyway.

Chaucer

In England, he was a courtier, who traveled and mastered philosophy and literature. He wrote from the perspective of various pilgrims to a tomb, and uses them as individuals representing many different walks of life. He thus subtly commented on cultural, religious and literary traditions., Remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

Kreditanstalt

In May 1931, this bank in Vienna that was the major institution for much of central and eastern Europe collapsed; German economy very nearly collapsed and Germany could no longer pay reparations. Worsen the worldwide Great Depression.

Mahdi

In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan

Pope Urban 2

In The First Crusade he can be seen as one attempt to realize this vision, He was the successor to a legacy of extensive ecclesiastical reform, a legacy unpopular with many powerful people, he tried to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims

Varuna

In Vedism, god of the night sky( who changed to the guardian of right and wrong) who with his thousand eyes watches over human conduct and judges good and evil and punishes evildoers.

Senate

In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of 300 aristocrats.

Sultan

In arabic it means "Victorious", first used by the Buyids dynasty after they had captured Baghdad away from the Abbasid Dynasty. This term came to designate Muslim Rulers especially in the West.

Creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

Prester John

In legends popular from the 12th to 17th centuries, he was a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim conquests; Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this ruler.

Lineage

In many African societies, family are organized into these groups, these members believe they are descendants of a common ancestor, besides living members, this includes pass and future generations, within this group members feel a strong loyalty to one another

Hadrians Wall

In present day Scotland, built to keep barbarian invaders from Roman Britain. Punctuated with forts, customs stops, signal posts and on either side, a 30 foot moat for added protection. Soldiers were posted on its top which functioned as a road.

Consuls

In the Roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government.

Maji Maji

In the ___________ rebellion, African warriors in German East Africa sprinkled "magic water" on their bodies in hopes that it would turn the German bullets into water

Ecomienda

In the spanish colonies, the grant to a spanish settler of a certain number of indian subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor.

Split Inheritance

Inca practice of descent, all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendents for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy, was Major reason that Inca pushed to expand,

Temple of the Sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas.

Allyus

Incan society lived in a community, or village and family extension

Kent State Shooting

Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial number of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Plan of Iguala

Independence plan for Mexico that included three promises (written by Iturbide): 1) Iturbide was to be emperor, 2) the Roman Catholic Church would remain official church of mexico, 3) Equal rights for all mexicans

Silla

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.

Paekche

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century.

Caudillos

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of latin america

Gran Colombia

Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.

Rajas

India was a world of warring kingdoms... Aryan leaders; a term for princes

Ganges River

India's most important river, flows across northern India into Bangladesh. this river is considered sacred to Hindus and is used for spiritual cleansing, funeral rites, and other Hindu rituals.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Mahabharata

Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries BCE; previously handed down in oral form

Chams

Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south.

Khmers

Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south

Aryans

Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC after the fall of Harappan Culture, vedas from this time show the subjugation of the the existing inhabitants and institution of the caste system

Iwasaki Yataro

Industrial entrepreneur who founded the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, the second largest of the family-owned industrial-financial combines that dominated the economic life of Japan in the late 19th century and early 20th centuries.Originally built steamships for government, then tanks, aircrafts.

Neocolonial Economy

Industrialized nations' continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Tycho Brahe

Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.Kepler was one of his assistants

Augustine

Influential church father and theologian; Bishop of Hippo; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination

Chabi

Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese.

Fourth Crusade

Initiated by Pope Innocent III six or seven years after Saladin's death; crusaders attacked Constantinople and set up their own government; Byzantine Empire restored by 1261 but never fully recovered from the fourth crusade

War on Terror

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

New Economic Policy

Instituted by Lenin in 1921 - the state continued to set basic economic policies, but now efforts were combined with individual initiatives. This policy allowed food production to recover

PRI

Institutional Revolutionary Party which dominated Mexican politics and claimed to represent all groups

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior.

IMF

International Monetary Fund//a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies.

League of Nations

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member

Great Depression

International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century.

Comintern

International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.

Guillotine

Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror.

Operation Just Cause

Invasion of Panama by the US in 89. Leader Noriega was deposed, Endara sworn in. Bush cited that 1) the aim was to safeguard US citizens 2) defend human rights and democracy 3) combat trafficking 4) Protecting integrity of Torrijos-Carter Treaties (neutrality of Panama canal)

proto-globalization

Is a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800. First introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly, the term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of so-called 'modern globalization' in the 19th century

Back Problems

Is a problem caused largely by evolutionary history, came about because of upright structure.

The Tale of Kieu

Is an epic poem in Vietnamese written by Nguyễn Du, and is widely regarded as the most significant work of Vietnamese literature ,the poem recounts the life, trials and tribulations of Thúy Kiều, a beautiful and talented young woman, who had to sacrifice herself to save her family. To save her father and younger brother from prison, she sold herself into marriage with a middle-aged man, not knowing that he is a pimp, and was forced into prostitution.

The Water Margin

Is known as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Attributed to Shi Naian, the novel details the trials and tribulations of 108 outlaws during the Song Dynasty period of Chinese history.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Deshima

Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter.

Easter Island

Island located in the eastern pacific ocean, 2,300 miles west of chile. The Polynesian name is Rapa Nu. Has the famous statues on the island called moai that were made mysteriously hundreds of years ago.

Taiwan

Island off Chinese mainland; became refuge for Nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek as Republic of China in 1948; successfully retained independence with aid of United States; rapidly industrialized after 1950s.

Polynesia

Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island

Polynesia

Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island, a sub region of Oceania.

Azores

Islands in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal.

Menachem Begin

Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992)

Social Question

Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.

Hellenistic Culture

It began from Philips conquest of Greece to the beginning of the Roman Empire. During this time the laws, calendar, money, and language of Greece was used by millions of people. Homes and public buildings were very elaborate.

Hellenistic Culture

It began from Philips conquest of Greece to the beginning of the Roman Empire. During this time the laws, calendar, money, and language of Greece was used by millions of people. Homes and public buildings were very elaborate. , Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.

Fourteen Points

It was Wilson's peace plan. Each of the points were designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The only point which remained was the 14th (League of Nations). Each one was appealing to a specific group in the war and each one held a specific purpose.

Aswan Dam

It was built in 1956 to control the flooding of the Nile River. The dam gives Egyptian farmers a more dependable source of water for their crops. It also gives Egypt electrical power. Which increased Egypt's farmable land by 50% and protected it from droughts and floods, however Egypt's population boom soon cancelled out the gains of this dam.

Robert di Nobili

Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites at first; strategy later widely adapted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian Renaissance writer, described government(practically) in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).Florentine statesman and historian, was reacting against Humanist of the time who only seemed to write in LATIN. Wanted a internally reunified Italy.

Giorgio Vasari

Italian painter and art historian wrote "The Lives of the Artists". Massive patronage of the arts came from this and was lead by families like the Medici's and also the churches, who saw art as a means of glorifying God.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Lorenzo Medici

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

Thomas Aquinas

Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

Ivan the Great

Ivan III, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government

Fort Ross

Ivan Kuskov and a group of fur trapper built this fort near San Francisco., a trading post, near Bodega Bay, built by Russians in 1812. It was a base for sea otter hunters. they sold tools in exchange for salt, wheat, and other foods

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.

Fujiwara

Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power. By the end of the 10th century one chief minister of this family had sent FOUR of his daughters married to Emperors.

Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).

Diet

Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it.

Admiral Yamamoto

Japans Greatest naval strategists, who called for the attack on Pearl Harbor. He also commanded the fleet that attacked Midway Island.

Gang of Four

Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China from the pragmatists; arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong's death.

Dutch East India Company

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed until the British took over.

Hulegu

Khubilai's brother who conquered the Abbasid dynasty and established the Ilkhanate of Persia. Captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad after besieging it in 1258. Attempted to capture Syria but was expelled by Egyptian Muslims, who stopped Muslim expansion to the southwest

Hulegu

Khubilai's brother who conquered the Abbasid dynasty and established the Ilkhanate of Persia. Captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad after besieging it in 1258. Attempted to capture Syria but was expelled by Egyptian Muslims, who stopped Muslim expansion to the southwest, defeated Seljuk Turks.

Chandragupta Maurya

King and founder of the Mauryan Empire, he seized power along the Ganges River following Alexander the Great's Incursion. Was the first of the Mauryan Rulers to unify the entire subcontinent, he was highly autocratic. His grandson was Ashoka

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England(Anglican Church) in 1532.

Louis XVI

King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor in order to distract his main rival the Hapsburg ruler of Austria and Spain. Illustrated the increasing abandonment of religious and feudal justifications of the previous era.

Clovis

King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy

Nzinga Mvemba

King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of his kingdom. He also tried to end slave trade and limit Portuguese officials and was somewhat successful early on.

Nezhualcoyotl

King of Texcoco. Wrote hymns to the "lord of the close vicinity" (an invisible creative force that supported the gods) that survived in oral form until being written down in the 16th century. His poetry wondered about life after death and the existence of the gods. Believed in a monotheistic concept.

Charlemagne

King of the Franks emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.

Mansa Musa

King of the Mali empire in West Africa from 1312 the 1337, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali, also brought the attention of Muslim world to Mali. Also constructed the Great Mosque of Jenne during his time.

Dahomey

Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves.

Axum

Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity

Jin

Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by the Jurchens in 115 after overthrowing the Liao dynasty; ended in 1234.

Palmares

Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan.

Xi Xia

Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry.

Mataram

Kingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in 17th century; Dutch East India Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670's allowed Dutch to exert control over all of Java

Takrur

Kingdom that was in northern Mali, declared it's independence from Mali, was located near the Senegal River at the same time Ghana was at the height of its power.

Monomotapa

Kingdom which stretched between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers of southern Africa, named that by Portuguese, dominance over gold found in interior of Africa, communicated with Arab port of Sofala on coast

Monomotapa

Kingdom which stretched between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers of southern Africa, named that by Portuguese, dominance over gold found in interior of Africa, communicated with Arab port of Sofala on coast. Also called Mwenemutapa by Africans. Just Think GOLD, GOLD , GOLD.

Kongo

Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy.

Zen Buddhism

Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty. Main start in Tang Dynasty

Chan Buddhism

Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society

Francesco Petrarch

Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no latin.

Yi Dynasty

Korean Dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; resotred aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence

Koryo Dynasty

Korean dynasty that ruled from 935-1392, Replaced the Silla Dynasty in Korea capital was Songak metal type print led to mass productionn of books also produced celadon

Mita

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.

mita

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. However the Spanish also imposed it on the Indians in order to get silver and resources from them.

ejidos

Land taken away from landlords and foreigners and redistributed to peasants.

Himeji

Largest Castle in Japan

Great Mosque of Jenne

Largest Muslim architecture in (Sub-Sahara), was constructed during the Mali King Mansu Musa's reign.

Monk's Mound

Largest prehistoric structure in the United States Covers 16 acres with 4 platforms with ceremonial structure at the top possibly temple of chiefs residence, could be seen through the city Artifacts at Cahokia (Woodhenge formed by upright timbers that align with solstices and equinoxes, also rebuilt multiple times)

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.

Atahualpa

Last Inca ruler who was tricked into a conference by Francisco Pizarro, tried to ransom himself with a hoard of gold, and was executed by garroting. The Spaniards then fought their way to Cuzco and conquered his Empire

Puyi

Last emperor of China at end of Qing Dynasty; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912

Puyi

Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the 5 "Good Emperors", at the end of "Pax Romana" Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs which solidified his stoic philosophy ,

Chongzhen

Last of the Ming Emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City of Bejing.

Nguyen Anh

Last surviving member of Nguyen dynasty following Tayson Rebellion in Vietnam; with French support retook southern Vietnam; drove Tayson from northern Vietnam by 1802; proclaimed himself emperor with capital at Hue.

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Battle of Okinawa

Lasted almost 3 months.The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.Largest amphibious assault in Pacific; last battle of WWII

self strengthening movement

Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

Upanishads

Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority; religion/mysticism, also stressed the very shallowness of wordly concerns

Federalists

Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals

Centralists

Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.

Sa'd Zaghlul

Leader of Egypts nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations w/ British led to limited Egyptian indep. in 1922, however British gov't told him to stop and was eventually exiled.

Queen Liliuokalani

Leader of Hawaii who took the throne after her brother died. Was forced to give up her throne when the U.S. marines were sent.First and only reigning Hawaiian queen

Sunni Ali

Leader of Songhai that drove out the Berbers and built the largest empire in West Africa by his death in 1492, conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire , was very ruthless even with fellow Muslims who got in his way. Line of leaders after him were called "askia"

Timur-i-lang

Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405

Mu'awiya

Leader of Umayyad clan proclaimed in Jerusalem; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali. Pressured Hasan( Ali's son after Ali was assinated).

Jose de San Martin

Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He develpoped economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues

Toussaint L'Overture

Leader of slave rebellion on the french sugar island of st. domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789)

Kanishka

Leader of the Kushan Empire in Classical India, 120-162 CE, Created Therarvists and Mahayanists, Considered "Second Ashoka" Warrior before converting to Buddhism Had deep support of Buddhism. Actually hurt Buddhism in India because it was associated with foreign rule

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite.Thought himself the younger brother of Jesus

Jomo Kenyatta

Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU); failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau.

Trung Sisters

Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society.

Shaykhs

Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. The aythority was enforced by a band of free warriors whose families made up a majority of a given clan group.

Xuanzong

Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, though he encouraged overexpansion. Defeated Empress Wei.

Kenya African Union (KAU)

Leading nationalist part in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s.

Sigmund Freud

Leading psychologist of the twentieth century. Assumed that a single, unified conscious mind processed sense experiences in a rational and logical way. Analyzed dreams and hysteria. Believed that rational thinking and traditional moral values will repress sexual desires too effectively, causing guilt and neurotic fears.

Hernan Cortes

Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan

Mohandas Ghandi

Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I. Stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.

Mustafa Kemal

Led the Turkish nationalist overthrow of the Ottoman sultan in 1922. He then became the president of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. To modernized Turkey, he separated Islamic laws from the nation's laws.

Rurik

Legendary Scandinavian(Swedish), regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.

Rurik

Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E., ALL Russian Rulers claimed to be descended from him.

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Domingo F. Sarmiento

Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation.

Alexander Kerensky

Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom

Qutb ud din Aibak

Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Dhimmi

Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists, were treated very well by Muslim conquerors.

Samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. , Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor

Bolsheviks

Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution.

Satyagraha

Literally, truth-force; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States

negritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Divine Comedy

Literary work of the religiously-influenced humanist, Dante Alighieri, which, in addition to Petrarch's sonnets, make up the cornerstone of Italian vernacular literature, about a imaginary journey to places where Christians believed souls went in afterlife

mullahs

Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism

mullahs

Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism.

zemstvoes

Local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy.

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America, produced 80% of all Peruvian silver

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.

Fez

Located in Morocco, the oldest continuous operating university in the world

Huancavelica

Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí.

Nelson Mandela

Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. De Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid 1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country';s history. (p 855)

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806

Doolittle Raid

Lt. Colonel Doolittle's psychological point was to bomb Tokyo and several other Japanese cities. This did little damage. It was an important psychological point for both Americans and Japanese: Japan was vulnerable to attack. It was the first mainland bombing in Japan, it did little damage but boosted American morale.

Philip Melancthon

Luther's friend who helped with the codification of the Augsburg Confession, big supporter of education and literacy, Arrived in Wittenberg in 1518 at the age of 21 to teach greek and Hebrew.

Philip 2

Macedonian King,he was a brillliant military leader who defeated the Greeks folowing the weakening after the Pelopennesian War. Alexander the Great was his son.

Captain James Cook

Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777-1779 resulting in openings of islands to the West; convinced Kamehamehah to establish a unified kingdon in the islands

Tlaloc

Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain

Juula

Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa

Qing

Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.LAST Dynasty

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Mary Wollstonecraft's treatise of 1792, in which she argued that reason was the basis of moral behavior in all human beings, not just in men. She concluded that women should have equal rights with men in education, politics, and economics. Also attacked Edmund Burke

Quit India Movement

Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India

Moai

Massive statues on Easter Island made by the Polynesians. ancestor figures, "discovered" on Easter sunday 1772

Ziggurats

Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. Each city had a patron god that they prayed to and professional priests operated theses temples.

Chac

Mayan rain god; appears in the form of a serpent

Pax Romana

Means Roman peace,' Was a sense of stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E(lasting from about lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180). The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas. Ended with the death of Marcus Aurelius.

Yalta Conference

Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war.

Kuriltai

Meeting of all Mongol chieftans at which the supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes was selected.

Osei Tutu

Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire; utilized Western firearms. Took the name asantehene.

Cossack

Member of a group form Ukraine, many of whom served as horsemen to the Russian czars and were famed for their fierceness in battle

Wendi

Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty. ALSO known as Tang Jian, Was murdered by his son (the Yangdi Emperor)

Ashikaga Takuaji

Member of the Minamota family; overthrew the Kamakuro regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.

Mandarins

Member of the elite class of civil servants in Chinese government and the aristocracy during the classical period. (Highest Class), picture is a joke, couldn't find a better one.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Consulado

Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return.

Andres Santa Cruz

Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.

Nguni

Meta-cultural classification referring to the Zulu, Swazi, and Xhosa peoples in Southern Africa; heavy emphasis on singing (Mande), began their unification under Shaka Zulu by 1818.

Diego Rivera

Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Jose Clemente Orozco

Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican revolution; like Rivera's, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology

Benito Juarez

Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico

Father Miguel de Hidalgo

Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.

Muhammad of Ghur

Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; borught much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control.

Bakufu

Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai

Juan D. Peron

Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after militiary coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became President in 1946, forced into exile in 1955, returned and won presidency in 1973

Shoguns

Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration.

Free Officers Movement

Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.

Red Army

Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background

Korekiyo Takahashi

Minister of finance in Japan during the 1930s; increased government spending to provide jobs; created export boom and elimination of military spending.

MVD

Ministry of Internal Affairs in Imperial Russia, later USSR, the secret police.

Ines Suarez

Mistress of the conqueror of Chile, fundamental in attacks on indigenous populations (Pedro Valdivia)

Francisco Madero

Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913

Khans

Mongol family that conquered a vast empire from Pacific to Danube River; there were five great these, the most famous was Kublai Khan of China.

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan; In 1271, he founded the Yuan Dynasty, and became the first Yuan emperor., He defeated the Song Dynasty in the process

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis(chingiss) Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty

Tatars

Mongols who captured Russian cities and destroyed the Kievan state in 1236. However, they left the Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact.

Liberal Democratic Party

Monopolized Japanese government from its formation in 1955 into the 1990s; largely responsible for the economic reconstruction of Japan.

Pyramids

Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.

Taj Mahal

Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal

Hagia Sophia

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Harun al-Rashid

Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession

Harun al-Rashid

Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession. Sent presents to Charlegmane's court. Al- Ma'mun would succed him

Li Bo

Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. , son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India.

United Fruit Company

Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954

Eastern Front

Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.

Yukio Mishima

Most popular writer in Japan, modern samurai, formed an army and tried to overthow government after WWII and killed himself, , This author wrote about Kazu's marriage to Noguchi in the novel After the Banquet. Name this Japanese author who included the novels Spring Snow and The Decay of the Angel, also known as Hiraoka Kimitoke.

Gangetic Plains

Most populated area of India; Place where the Aryans searched for Iron ore for axes, tools, and new land.

Demak

Most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports

Pope Innocent II

Most powerful pope; claimed to rule the whole world; covened 4th Lateran Council---annual confession of sin mass on Easter, mass became sacrifice, Jews live in ghettos, declared ordeal system was "irrational"

Zhu Xi

Most prominent neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life.

Ka'ba

Most revered religious shrine in Pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important Shrine in Islam. Owned by the Quraysh for a while.

Devi

Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual

Cultural Revolution

Movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao's political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968.

Great Trek

Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal.

Balkan Nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death, Was a despotic ruler whose strict laws would ultimately led to divisions and decentralization of government in the Mughal Empire.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death, despotic ruler, whose strict laws led to divisions and decentralization of government in the Mughal Empire

Shah Jahan

Mughal emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra)

Banu Hashim

Muhammad's clan in the tribe of Quraysh Named after Prophet's great grandfather Poor clan with traditional emphasis on tribal connectivity that shift to individualism with Islam's emphasis on individual responsibility to God and society, not tribes.

Muhammad Ahmad

Muslim cleric, Mahdi, led a revolt in 1881 that gave him control over much of Sudan, British sent an army to overthrow but they were overthrown

Kabir

Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam

al-Afghani

Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. Supported the Umayyads.

Magyars

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary, barbarian people who migrated into southern Europe, and in the early 10th century ad occupied Hungary, from where their horsemen raided into France, Italy, Germany, and even Spain

Ottoman Turks

Muslims, that took over Constantinople in 1453; and renamed it Istanbul; as a result the Byzantine people flee to Italian City-States which becomes a catalyst for the expansion of language and art; established a large empire and ended the Byzantine empire

Facism

Mussolini's invention, right-wing radicalism or revolution from the right, seeks to bring about change, anticommunist, anti capitalist, antidemocratic, characterized by hyper nationalism and a state-sponsored campaign of racial and ethnic bigotry

Stab in the Back

Myth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspired to surrender to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920s.

P'an Ku

Mythic ancestor whcih ancient chinese said was their creation myth, he created the world after breaking out of an egg.

P'an Ku

Mythic ancestor which ancient chinese said was their creator.

Achaemenids

Name for Persian rulers because they traced their lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes. Married members of the Median court.

Great White Fleet

Name for the steam-powered ships of the enlarged and modernized American Navy of the early 1900s, Navy force that circumnavigated the globe to show off US naval prowess

Viet Cong

Name given by Diem regime to Communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam; reorganized with northern Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958.

Nabobs

Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation.

Red Heads

Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear.

August Coup

Name given to the 1991 crisis, in which Gorbachev was kidnapped by his political opponents as part of an abortive attempt to seize power. Accelerated the processes of national decay.

Saur Revolution

Name given to the Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) takeover of political power from the government of Afghanistan on 28 April 1978. The name is derived from the Dari name of the second month of the Persian calendar, the month in which the uprising took place

Luddism

Named after mythical leader, Ned Ludd, machine-breakers tyrannized parts of Great Britain in an attempt to frighten masters. Workers damaged and destroyed property for more control over the work process, but were met with repression.

Corridos

Narrative song and poetry form, a ballad, of the mestizo Mexican cultural area

Suez Canal Crisis

Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.

NOW

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

Duma

National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

Eastern Bloc

Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany

Core Nations

Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.

Nahuatl

Native Central American people who live(d) in southern Mexico and Central America, including the ancient Aztecs; also, the language spoken by these people

Adolf Hitler

Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.

Swazi

New African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived mfecane.

Welfare State

New activism of the west European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning

Technocrat

New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II.

New Feminism

New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female

Sandinista Party

Nicaraguan Socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a Socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s. (p. 824)

Golden Horn

Nickname for Constantinople (capital of Byzantine empire) because it was shaped like a horn and brought in lots of trade (money, gold) because of its access to the Mediterranean, Black, and Aegean seas

Luo

Nilotic people who migrated from Upper Nile valley; established dynasty among existing Bantu population in lake region of central eastern Africa; center at Bunyoro. ( I'M THIS )

Little Rock Nine

Nine african american students who first integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957.

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly, followed the failure of the splinter Buyid Dynasty to prevent the disintegration of the Abbasid dynasty. Were very staunch Sunnis.

Bedouin

Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam., the key towns(Mecca, Medina) found in Arabia were as much an extension of these groups culture and were heavily shaped by them, also largely contributed heravily to the safety of the trade routes.

Khitan

Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century

Mawali

Non-Arab converts to Islam., In the Umayyad Era they still had to pay the Jizya.

INGOs

Nonprofit, open membership organization that is not connected to any government and active in at least 3 states

People's Democratic Republic of Korea

Northern half of Korea dominated by USSR; long headed by Kim II-Sung; attacked south in 1950 and initiated Korean War; retained independence as a communist state after the war.

Luzon

Northern island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort.

Yang Jian

Northern ruler who finally ended the Period of Disunion., Founder of Sui Dynasty, considered the "cultured emperor" In Public work: repair Great Wall, constructed Grand Canal, rebuilt former capital Changan, used FORCED laborers; Emperor Wen. Was murdered by his son (the Yangdi Emperor)

Orange Free State

Now called Bloemfontein, is the judicial capital of South Africa.

Baku

Oil feilds in this region is what Hitler's army wished to capture by invading the U.S.SR, but they failed.

Winfield Scott

Old Fuss and Feathers, marched on Mexico City in 1847, considered to be the ablest general of his generation, nicknamed old fuss and feathers.

Antigua

Old capital of Guatemala, noble and loyal of , was a British West Indian island colony used for sugar export in the age of imperalism.

Jebe

One of Chinggis' leading generals who first attracted his attention when he held his ground against overwhelming opposition and shot Chinggis' horse out from under him.

Jacques Coeur

One of Europe's most extrordinary merchants; demonstrated the opportunities and risks of new forms of trade.

Ellora

One of India's( along with Ajanta) most important holy sites in the Deccan Plateau. It is a series of caves carved into a huge cliff

Belisarius

One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of Western Europe; commended in North Africa and Italy, best general of the late Roman world, quickly destroyed Vandals in North Africa, defeated Ostrogoths in 552, , slaughted rebels in Nike Rebellion

Cimabue

One of first artists to break away from Italio-Byzantine style, Giotto's teacher,

Golden Horde

One of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's Death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia, Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

St. Thomas

One of the 12 who doubted God's resurrection and , he evangelized in present day Turkey and Iran and the Gnostic book states he started the Church in India and was martyred there.

Great Wall of China

One of the biggest building projects in history that was started by Shi Huangdi and took thousands of forced workers and hundreds of years to complete/built to protect the empire from northern invaders

Paul

One of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish Law; use of Greek as language of the Church, initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian

Declaration of the Rights of man and the Citizen

One of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defining a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are universal: they are supposed to be valid in all times and places, pertaining to human nature itself.

Martin Luther King

One of the main leaders of the American civil rights movement, a political activist, a Baptist minister, and was one of America's greatest orators. In 1964, HE became the youngest man to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (for his work as a peacemaker, promoting nonviolence and equal treatment for different races). On April 4, 1968, He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

Fon clan

One of the major ethnic groups in the West African nation of Benin;Ruled Kingdom of Dahomey in 18th century.

Nero

One of the more perverse emperors, who began massive execution of Christians to deflect suspicions that he burned most of Rome's residential section, last of the Augustinian line. He had his mother killed, forced his advisers to commit suicide, and divorced his wife and had her killed, and committed suicide in 68 A.D

Deng Xiaoping

One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, and emerged as China's most influential leader in the early 1980s.

Xhosa

One of the original ethnic groups of South Africa. There population was largely diminished by the 1779-1878 Frontier Wars. One day, a young girl was down by the creek, and she claims to have been told by her ancestors that if the killed of their remaining cattle population (a large majority had been killed off due to a disease like anthrax), then their ancestors would rise up and defeat the white men. They killed off their cattle, but died off due to the lack of food and a great famine.

Olympic Games

One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

Crassus

One of the three men who emerged as victors to form the first Triumvirate; feared Caesar and disliked Pompey; died fighting in Persia; his wife died in childbirth, defeated Spartacus and crucified 6,600 slaves on the Alpennine way. Considered the wealthiest man in Roman history, and perhaps one of the richest men in all history

Oda Nobunga

One of the three unifiers of the late warring states period, known for his ruthlessness in battle, and for establishing many of the institutions contributing to lasting peace during the Tokugawa era.

Brahmans

One of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; the priestly class (in charge of the religious ceremonies that were so important in Indian society), also called Vedic Preists, were the dominant force in Indian Society during the Classical Era.

Catal Huyuk

One of the world's first Neolithic cities(founded in 7000 BCE, the remains of this large city were found in 1958 in modern Turkey. Houses were largely made of mub brick set in timber frames. Worship of a "Mother Goddess". Was actually larger in population than Jericho and had a greater degree of social stratification.

Ramayana

One of two classical Hindu epics written in Sanskrit telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne.

Mahayana

One of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone, bigger boat. Also called the "Greater Vehicle", found mainly in China/ Tibet etc. Bodhisattvas remained important.

Canton

One of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty along with Macao

Macao

One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty along with Canton

Macao

One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty, controlled by the Porteguese.

Henry 4

Only 6 years old when he became King. Pope Gregory's the 7th greatest struggles were with __________. ____________ was Excommunicated by Pope Gregory the 7th and then ________ pleaded for mercy to come back. Finally Gregory Revoked his excommunication after he agreed to several conditions of the pope's forgiveness. Conflict was over lay investiture.

Abd al-Rahman

Only survivor of the abbasid raid, he crossed the arabian peninsula into spain and was accpeted into Cordoba as unquestioned leader. He set up to Ummyyad Cordoba Caliphate in Spain.

Operation Market Garden

Operation developed by Gen Field Marshall Montgomery—largest airborne operation; Allied WWII operation in Netherlands and Germany that required the capture/control of several bridges along a predetermined route crossing the lower Rhine which would give a direct entrance for Allied forces into Germany. While a great idea, the last bridge was not captured resulting in the entire operation becoming a complete failure.

Iranian Revolution of 1979

Opposition to the Shah, Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi, grew from the brutality, inefficiency, malfeasance, and corruption of his regime. The shah had exiled his main opponent, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and massive street demonstrations and crippling strikes against the existing government forces the shah to leave the country in 1979.

Fulgencio Batista

Opressive dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro. Marred by corruption

Secret Army Organization (OAS)

Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence.

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called the "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution.

Pan-African

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I

Chichen Itza

Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs circa 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzacoatl).

Safavid Dynasty

Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. Disputed with Mughal Dynasty frequently because of Sunni-Shia split.

Tlatelolco

Originally a separate island city in Lake Texcoco; later incorporated into Tenochtitlan; Market remained the most important in combined city.

Communist Party of Vietnam

Originally a wing of nationalist movement; became primary nationalist party after decline of VNQDD in 1929; led in late 1920s by Nguyen Ai Quoc, alias Ho Chi Minh.

European Style Family

Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married.

Parliamentary Monarchy

Originated in England(Glorious Revolution) and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.

Ulama

Orthodox Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. Pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology, and opposed non islamic ideas and non scientific thinking, was probably the result of the Crusades.

Vizier

Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 15th century often more powerful than sultan

Abdul Hamid

Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908

Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Red Scare

Outbreak in U.S, began in 1919, as a result of communism in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

French Revolution of 1848

Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850.

Topac Yupanqui

Pachacuti's son and successor from 1471 to 1493; conquered northern coastal kingdom of Chimor by seizing it's irrigation system; extended Inca control into the southern area of what is now Ecuador.

Benazir Bhutto

Pakistani politician who was the chair of the PPP (Pakistan People's Party); served as PM from 1988-1990, 1993-1996 and was removed from her post both times for alleged charges of corruption which forces her to leave the country in 1996; returned in 2007 and was assassinated

PLO

Palestinian Liberation Organization; formed in 1964 with the purpose of creating a homeland for Palestinians in Israel

Supreme Soviet

Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions.

Oedipus Rex

Part of a triad of tragedies written by the classical Greek playwright Sophocles concerning the life and death of Oedipus and his daughter, Antigone., a tragic king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta

Singapore

Part of the British colony of Malaya with a mostly Chinese population; after World War II emerged as a flourishing, independent city-state.

PRI

Party of the Institutionalized Revolution; dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico.

Fulani

Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto. Their attack on a fellow Muslim kingdom(Bornu) demonstrated that it was for political not just religious gain.

Arawaks

Peaceful tribe from the Carribean who were exploited by Columbus for gold and eventually wiped out by war and disease., The first "Indians" so called because they were taught to be residents of India.

Tayson Rebellion

Peasant revolution in southern Victnam during the late 1770s; succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty; subsequently unseated the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam.

Gallipoli

Peninsula south of Istanbul. Site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.

Sumerians

People who migrated into Mesopotamia ca. 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. Also developed the cuneiform alphabet, the FIRST known case of human writing. Devloped a system of numbers based on 10, 60 , and 360, founded Astronomy and built massive Ziggurats.

Portenos

People who settle in and around Buenos Aires were Europens who came to the port city for trade. Resented Spanish Trade Restrictions.

Hausa

Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions.

Hausa

Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions. Largest City state at Kano.

Reign of Terror

Period in the French Revolution. It was established by the government on Sept. 5, 1793, to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (including nobles, priests, and hoarders). Controlled by the radical Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre, the Terror eliminated enemies on the left (Jacques Hébert and his followers) and the right (Georges Danton and the Indulgents).

Age of Revolution

Period of politcal upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848

Omar Khayyam

Persian Sufi poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation. Wrote the Rubaiyat

Shah-Nama

Persian literary work written by the poet Firdawsi, related history to Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests (Book of Kings

Darius

Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. However no wide participation in politics. He followed Cyrus the great. After he died Xerxes took over the persian empire.

Yes and No

Peter Abelard's book; issues or Biblical statements with theological resolutions not provided, 158 theological questions—Bible & various authorities not agree. —theology enslaved to citing examples —sought overcome limitation & reconcile authorities... Method: 1. Pose question, 2. Cite authorities for various answers 3. Solution... Abelard's method will be used by Scholastic movement

Ideographic

Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.

Ajanta

Place where Buddhist artists painted rich murals in cave temples in Western India Give evidence along with Ellora to the religious ferment that could be found in India during the Classical Period. Also a testament to religious blending (Hindu, Jain, Buddhist) that is a part of India's enduring culture.

Rowlatt Act

Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919, Allowed the British ruling government to jail any protester without trial for a maximum of two years.

Romance of the Rose

Poem written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung during the 13th century; details the ideas of courtly love. Romance between men and women of the upper class

Glasnot

Policy of "openness" initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980's that provided increased opportunities for freedom

Apartheid

Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in south Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. Wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres "

Solidarity

Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland.

Kautilya

Political adviser to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra( a political treatise ; believed in scientific application of warfare.

Anarchists

Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881

Corporatism

Political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Political leader of South Vietnam; established as president with United States support in the 1950s; opposed Communist government of North Vietnam; overthrown by military coup support by United States

Green Movement

Political movement and party that arose in several western European nations in the 1970's that opposed unfettered free market economies and unchecked industrial pollution

Socialism

Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Political opportunist and general who served as president of Mexico eleven different times and commanded the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution in the 1830s and the war with the United States in the 1840s.

Convention Peoples Party

Political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition of continued British control of the Gold Coast colony. CPP.

Decembrist Uprising

Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I.

Trasformismo

Political system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo.

Liberal

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

Nationalism

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.

Conservatives

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th Century; opposed revolutionary goals; advanced restoration of monarchy and defense of Church

Radical

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes

Fabius Maximus

Politician, consul, General ,and appointed dictator to save the country during the campaign of Hannibal (2nd Punic War). He followed Hannibal and laid wast to his own land to prevent supplies to Hannibal's army. However, his defenses were criticized and not aligned with the Roman imperialism idea, but his "Fabian Strategy" lead to victory

Chopin

Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1; Polish[2][3] composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period. He is widely regarded as the greatest Polish composer, and ranks as one of music's greatest tone poets

Boxer Rebellion

Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of chinese enhanced control by europeans and the power of provincial officials

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca.

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519, The same year Charles V became empreor, he wa skilled in the Philippines in 1521, but one of his ships returned to Spain in 1522 completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Luanda

Portuguese factory established in 1520s south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola. Showed how Portugal tried to dominate existing trade system of the African Ports.

Ormuz

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into the Asian sea trade network

Goa

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the Western Indian Coast; site for forcible entry into the Asian sea trade network.

Joao VI

Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire.

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion, spread Christianity to new lands.

Factories

Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.

Factories

Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.(First and most important was El Mina.

Taira

Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with the Minamota family; defeated after the Gempei Wars.

Saladin

Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin and took Jerusalem, sultan of Syria and Egypt, was defeated at some point by Richard the Lionhearted.

Multinational Corporations

Powerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production as well as distributin operations in man different countris. Multinationals surged in the decades after World War II

Bernard of Clairvaux

Powerful monk who stressed the importance of a mystical union with God and believed reason was dangerous, Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Peter Abelard and had him driven from the universities.

Footbinding

Practice in chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household, Song Dynasty

Mastodons

Prehistoric furry elephants, the retreat of big game animals like this one after an ice age lead to the increasing importance of agriculture, which catalyzed the movement and population boom among our species.

Proto-Industrialization

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

Harry Truman

President after Roosevelt died, put the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan into affect, entered US into the Korean War, dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, "Fair Deal"

Ronald Reagan

President from 1980-1988 ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Allende Salvador

President of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of lands and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States.

Hosni Mubarak

President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his polices of cooperation with the West. Overthrown in 2011.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; responsible for redistribution of land (44 million acres), primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education. Nationalized oil industries that refused to obey state laws and created state monopoly.

Constantinople

Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes. Later became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and is know known as Istanbul

Margaret Thatcher

Prime minister of Britain; strong relationship with Reagan; supported NATO, allowed US to store missiles in England; one of the first Western leaders to act warmly toward reformer Gorbachev. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism

David Lloyd George

Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed., He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

Alexander Nevskii

Prince of Novgorod. He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde.

Ethnic Cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Maximilian von Habsburg

Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.

Griots

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

Blank Check

Promise of support from Germany to Austria-Hungary after Ferdinand's assassination; Austria-Hungary sought reprisals against Serbia

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

Ali

Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law; a leading figure in the Shi'a branch of Islam, the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites,he was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman Us

Jesus of Nazereth

Prophet and teacher aamong the Jews, believed by Christians to be the Messiah, executed 30 CE.

Muhammad

Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632. Married Khadijah, and established the Koran and the 5 pillars of Islam after a "revelation" from Gabriel.

Gao

Prosperous capital city of the kingdom of Songhai, had caravan trade routes.

Bohemia

Protestant kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire where the people defied their new ruler who tried to close down Protestant churches. It is in modern day Czechoslovakia. Was conquered by Russia in one of ts many late phases of expansion.

Morley-Minto Reforms

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

Bread and Circus

Provision used by the goverment of Rome, free food and entertainment(Circuses) designed to divert the masses, especially the poor, from engaging in political action, also , ancient Roman metaphor for people choosing food and fun over freedom; free food and entertainment

Fredrick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy, abolished the use of torture except in treason and murder cases. He also granted limited freedom of speech and press, as well as greater religious toleration.

Galileo

Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.

Das Kapital

Published in 1867 by Karl Marx. Volumes II and III edited by Engels and published after Marx's death. More mature thought and sophisticated/academic approach than the Manifesto. Outlined the system for producing the revolution. Concentrated on economic theory. Emphasized the labor theory of value. Saw capital as "stored-up labor from former times." Justified his theories in more academic way. Had spent years in British Museum doing his research. Justified his brand of "socialism" as being more scientific.

Pyramid of the sun

Pyramid found in ancient Teotihuacan, it was 200-feet tall and had a base larger than that of the Great Pyramid in Egypt. Located on the Avenue of the Dead

Zeng Guofan

Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on Northern China

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

National Liberation Front (FLN)

Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success led to independence of Algeria in 1958

Land Freedom Army

Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau

Pheidippides

Ran from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over Persia in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) Told them Rejoice we conquer before dying. Since you probably don't need to know this I'll tell you the name starts with a P.

Primary Products

Raw materials and agriculture products, typically unprocessed or only slightly processed. The primary sectors are distinguished from secondary sectors (industry) and tertiary sector (services).

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

Canudos

Rebellious village angered at locals leaving and labor shortages (deadliest civil war in Brazil's history)

War Plan Orange

Refers to a series of United States Joint Army and Navy Board war plans for dealing with a possible war with Japan during the years between the First and Second World Wars. It anticipated a withholding of supplies from the Philippines and other U.S. outposts in the Western Pacific (they were expected to hold out on their own), while the Pacific Fleet marshaled its strength at bases in California, and guarded against attacks on the Panama Canal.

Witchcraft Persecutions

Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans b/w 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas

Lord Charles Cornwallis

Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790's; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption. YES also the same one that surrendered at the battle of Yorktown.

Stolypin Reforms

Reforms introduced by the Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry.

Pacific Rim

Region including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan; typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization; either Chinese or strongly influenced by Confucian values; considerable reliance on government planning and direction, and limitations on dissent and instability.

Transvaal

Region of Southern Africa originally founded by Afrikaners; became a source of interest for the British following the discovery of gold and diamonds => Boer War

Kosovo

Region of Yugoslavia that had autonomy until Milosovic attempted to crush the Albanian group with ethnic cleansing; 1999 NATO used military strikes against Yugoslavia until the crisis came to an end in 1999

Rajput

Regional princes in India following collapse of the Gupta empire; emphasized military control of their regions

Buyids

Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of "sultan"; retained Abbasids as figureheads

Bushi

Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies. Helped weaken the Imperial power of Japan during the Postclassical Period.

Din-i-Ilahi

Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindu and Muslims in India, but FAILED.

Trinity

Religious dogma which professes the belief in the three persons in one God, The father, the son, and the Holy Spirit

Topiltzin

Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power; went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula. disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

Zakat

Religious tax, one of the five basic requirements (arkan or "pillars") of Islam(The 4th). All adult Muslims of sound mind and body with a set level of income and assets are expected to pay this

Argentine Republic

Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists.

Ashikaga Shogunate

Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan, ; ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority

Hadiths

Reports of sayings and actions of Muhammad, written down fairly early after his death, but took a deal of time (over several hundred years)

George H.W. Bush

Republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation, called supply side economics "voodoo economics".

George W Bush

Republican-president , neo-conservative, foreign policy dominated by war on terror, No child left behind, tax cuts, high deficits, major economic problems, proposed privatizing social security, opposed stem cell research/pro-life/carbon reductions/ international law, but wanted more domestic drilling to alleviate oil dependence, major contributions to HIV/AIDs

Population Bomb

Required only three things: a rapid rate of change, a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving the limit.Predicted that in the 1970s & 1980s hundreds of millions would starve to death; later proven false. Paul Ehrlich

May Fourth Movement

Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism.

Catholic Reformation

Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils(Like council of Trent) that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.

Mehemet II

Restored the Ottoman military to it's former power. Kept empire expanding. Defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, overcame Italian crusaders,repelled by Greek Fire

One Child Policy

Restrictive, antinatalist policy in China that aimed at immediately reducing China's birth rate to replacement level and below. Is going to reult in a deficit of 50 million women relative to men by 2050.

Neo- Confucians

Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.

Kulaks

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Seppuku

Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.

Nguyen

Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue.

Yellow River

River in China at a high plateau in Tibet. Loess soil carried by the river, gave river it's name, very fertile. "China's sorrow" when it had extensive flooding.The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated here.

Khartoum

River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.

John White

Roanoke's colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools--when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished--the only clue he found of Roanoke or the "Lost colony" was the native american tribes name "CROATAN"

Trajan

Roman emperor and adoptive son of Nerva, Adopted by Nerva (previous emperor); One of the "Good Emperors"; Professional soldier from Spain; 1st non-Italian emperor; Brought Rome to it's height in size (about size of US)

Diocletian

Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happened he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians

Constantine

Roman emperor. After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. "By the sign, Conquer"

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama/Africa, leading to Carthages surrender.

Julius Caesar

Roman general, statesman, and historian who invaded Britain , crushed the army of his political enemy Pompey pursued other enemies to Egypt, where he installed Cleopatra as queen returned to Rome, and was given a mandate by the people to rule as dictator for life On March 15 of the following year he was murdered by a group of republicans led by Cassius and Brutus, who feared he intended to establish a monarchy ruled by himself. "Crossing the Rubicon"

The 12 Tables

Roman laws, written law code, patricians engraved on bronze tablets and put them in the Forum, became the basis for all future Roman laws, established the principle that all free citizens had a right to the law's protection

Cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers, father of prose

Yang Guifei

Royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt.Young woman belonging to harem of Tang prince; raised to status of royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong

Suleyman

Ruled Ottoman Empire for 46 years and when it was at its height, he was also called "The Magnificent", spread the empire, many cultural interests, expanded military, millet system, devshirme system,

King Louis XIV

Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years as the self proclaimed "Sun King" of France, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right of Kings, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn't be trusted to govern themselves. Also built the magnificent palace at Versailles. He said " I am the State".

askia

Ruler adopted name for the muslim leader of the Songhai Empire after the death of Sunni Ali. Best was Muhammad the Great.

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca called "he who shakes the earth"

Lee Kuan Yew

Ruler of Singapore from independence in 1959 to present; established tightly controlled authoritarian government; ruled through People's Action party to suppress political diversity.

Batu

Ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.

Tangut Tribes

Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China(Tibet; one of the regional kingdoms during period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226, collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry

Tangut

Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Chinggis Khan's Mongols in 1226.

Southern Song

Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; Culturally, one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.

Haciendas

Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.

Tsushima Strait

Russia sent its baltic fleet halfway around the world to the east, only to be defeated by the new japanese army here-__________ off the coast of japan

Boyars

Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe

Battle of Kulikova

Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde; helped break Mongol hold over Russia

Aleksander Solzhenitsyn

Russian author critical of the Soviet regime; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago(1978). Still hated western "materialism".

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts, In Picture is a ______ House

Boris Yeltsin

Russian leader who stood up to a coup attempt in 1991 that would have displaced Gorbachev: First President of the Russian Republic following dissolution of Soviet Union.

Sergei Witte

Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia.

Dostoevsky

Russian novelist who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight (1821-1881), Fear of loss of spiritual belief b/c people were only using human belief. Wrote "Crime and Punishment"

Intelligentsia

Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic systems; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West

Peter the Great

Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Old Believers

Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.

Isfahan

Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture.

Abbas the Great

Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.

Padishah

Safavid term used for king of kings

James Watt

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.

Monsoons

Seasonal reversals of wind patterns caused by the differential heating and cooling rates of the ocean's and continents. During the summer it can bring massive rain throughout India, and if it comes too late induce drought.

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.Succeeded the Xia . Rulers and their relatives gave orders through a large network of cities

Alexis Romanov

Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church

SALT II

Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Minh Mang

Second emperor of a united Vietnam; successor of Nguyen Anh; ruled from 1820 to 1841; sponsored emphasis of of Confucianism; persecuted Catholics., Gia Long son

Yangdi

Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system;Extravagance and luxurious he also built a new palace at Luoyang, forced peasants to build a game park responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; Led his subjects into a series of unsuccesful wars against Korea and he was assassinated in 618.

French Revolution of 1830

Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.

White Lotus Society

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule

Sikhs

Sect in northwest India; early leaders tried to bridge gap between Hindus and Muslims, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feelings

Rasputin

Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy. He had much influence over Tsarina Alexandra and she often went to him for advise on political issues. He was believed to be having a sexual affair with Tsarina Alexandra and was assassinated by three members of the higher aristocracy; Tsarina Alexandra was very distraught and depressed due to his death (coincidence? I think not).

Tanzimat Reforms

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire started under Mahmud II between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Meiji Constitution

Set forth the principle all citizens were equal, the emperor had autocratic power, but still a Diet or one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor; voting rights were limited; ended distinction between classes, set up schools, literacy increased, womens position went up; what were all these a part of in Japan?

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, a respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003

Mumtaz Mahal

Shah Jahan's wife who had a building named after her (Taj Mahal) , as he was only passinate about her and beautiful buildings,took an active political role in Mughal court;

Oracles

Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bone led to Chinese writing.

Anyang

Shang's oldest and most important building; one of the capitals; built of wood; located in forest, wa also the capital.

Betty Frieden

She wrote The Feminine Mystique to denounce the housewife trap. The National Organization of women owe their popularity to her book.She calls it the problem that has no name and deplored the narrow view that women should seek fulfillment solely as wives and mothers.She wanted women to establish goals that will permit them to find their own identity.

Hussein

Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931.

imams

Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors.

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

Tokugawa shogunate

Shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas

Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain.

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. Was laid out on a planned grid pattern.Language of the civilization has NOT been deciphered. Part of Indus River Valley Civilization

Marshall Islands

Site of the first test of the Hydrogen Bomb, Bad weather caused a large cloud of nuclear fallout over a large area. Harmed sailors, killing one. Radioactivity forced people to move out.

Mamluk

Slave soldiers who converted to Islam the mamluks eventually became a powerful military caste and even governed Egypt from 1250 to 1517.

Saltwater Slaves

Slaves transported from Africa (African-born); almost invariably black

Bulgaria

Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014

Rus

Slavic word for "Viking"; land Rurik the Viking ruled was called "Rus" or "Russia"

Revisionism

Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions.

Civilization

Socities distinguised by a reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and the existence of non- farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. Also involves the formation of formal political ties or states , as opposed to a dependence on family or tribal ties.

Bernal Diaz del Castillo

Soldier in Cortez's army, wrote the True History of the Conquest of New Spain, a populist history, exalting courage of common soldier. Along with Cortes he greatly admired the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Winston Churchill

Soldier, politician and finally prime minister, Winston Churchill was one of Britain's greatest 20th-century heroes. He is particularly remembered for his indomitable spirit while leading Great Britain to victory in World War II.

Nadir Khan Afshar

Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom.

Terracotta Army

Soldiers and horses of the first Chinese emperor ( Shi Huangdi). The soldiers dated back to 210 B.C. discovered by a farmer. Vary in height and are usually 6 feet. They are all different and have different characteristics. Their purpose was to help rule another empire with Shi Huang Di in the after life. Made during Qin Dynasty

Humayan

Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly thereafter

Chiang Ching-Kuo

Son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978; continued authoritarian government; attempted to lessen the gap between followers of his father and indigenous islanders

Pedro I

Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.

Jahangir

Son of Akbar he was the "Grasper of the World." He married the Persian princess Nur Jahan, who really controlled the state affairs because he was a weak ruler. He was overthrown by his son Khusrau.

Manding Bory

Son of Maghan Kon Fatta and Namandje Kamara; half-brother and best friend of Sundiata; (aka Manding Bakary)

Feminist Movements

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

Lesotho

Southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government

Republic of Korea

Southern half of Korea sponsored by United States following World War II; headed by nationalist Syngman Rhee; developed parliamentary institutions but maintained authoritarian government; defended by UN forces during Korean War; underwent industrialization and economic emergence after 1950s

Mindanao

Southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim Kindom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

Francisco Franco

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

New Spain

Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.

Pedro Valdivia

Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. With the help of the Indian allies, he and his followers won. Although the Aztec confederacy put up a stiff resistance, disease, starvation, and battle brought the Tenochtitlan. down in 1521

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima, took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532 .

Bernardino de Sahagun

Spanish missionary to Aztecs of Mexico, "Florentine Codex", wrote encyclopedia "Father of modern ethnography" (study of culture) and described the effects of smallpox on the Aztecs in, "Seeds of Change."

Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form

Averroes

Spanish-Arabian philosopher and doctor, wrote and translated commentaries on Aristotle, emphasized the compatibility of faith and reason, said philosophical knowledge was derived from reason, strongly influenced medieval Christian scholars with his writings on Aristotle

Averroes

Spanish-Arabian philosopher and doctor, wrote commentaries on Aristotle, emphasized the compatability of faith and reason, said philosophical knowledge was derived from reason

Five year plans

Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products. Increased machinery outut 14 fold in 10 years and let it become the world's third biggest industrial power.

Nikita Khrushchev

Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Stupas

Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.

Red Guard

Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit Mao's political enemies

Toltec Culture

Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic ethic (set of principles) including human sacrifice; established a capital at Tula about 968;influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E. Actually spread as far as Chichen Itza in the Yutacan Peninsula at some point

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368 and was founded by a rebel peasent leader Zhu Yuanzhang ; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge state sponsored trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. Means "brilliant". Capital at Beijing was built.

Berlin Airlift

Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city.

Khalifa Abdallahi

Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defated by British General Kitchener in 1598

Alexander the GREAT

Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 BCE; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures, Spread Hellenistic Culture.

Songhay

Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

Joseph Stalin

Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of Communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953.

Isma'il

Sufi commander who conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed "shah" or emperor

Santo Domingo

Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon's dreams of a vast New World empire, now known as Haiti.

Selim III

Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at modestly improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807

Battle of Kursk

Summer of 1943, Hitler's generals had urged him to build an East Wall based on river barriers to halt the Soviets. Instead, Hitler gambled on taking the offensive by making use of newly developed heavy tanks. Berman forces were soundly defeated by Soviets at the battle of _______(July 5-12), the greatest tanks battle of WWII. Germans lost eighteen of their best panzer divisions.

animism

Superstitious religious belief that attributes human qualities to material objects or nonhuman living creatures, oldest belief system.

Manoralism

System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the MIddle Ages.Large fields for agriculture, and serfs to work the land. The land and inhabitants were called a manor and both belonged to the lord.

Cultures

Systems of belief that help explain the environment and set up rules for various kinds of social behavior. Emerged in the late Paleolithic and was also accompioned by the rapid spread of speech(languages)

Empress Wu

Tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhism establishment; she tried to elevate Buddhism to state of religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created

Great Temple

Temple where priests made sacrafices. One shrine dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, other dedicated to Tlaloc

Banana Republics

Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.

Arab Spring

Term that was used beginning in March 2005 by numerous media commentators to suggest that a spin-off benefit of the invasion of Iraq be the flowering of Western-friendly Middle East democracies. The term took on a new meaning in 2011, as democratic uprisings independently arose and spread across the Arab world in Egypt, Tunisia, and Syria.

Indies Piece

Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave.

War of the Triple Alliance

That conflict with Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina was known by this name, and so decimated Paraguay's eligible soldiers that polygamy flourished in the country afterwards.paraguay suffered immense economic and emotial devastation, losing over one half of its population and almost all of its adult males.

Panchatantra

The "Five Books" of fables, or moral stories, from the Gupta period in India, advocates proper behavior and high moral standards, including "Sinbad the Sailor" and "Jack the Giant Killer." Best-known Indian stories around the world. The Epics final written form during the classical period

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The (crown prince) heir to Austrian throne from 1896: assassinated on June 28, 1914 during good-will mission in Sarajevo, Bosnia (Aus-Hung) by Serbians, sparking WWI: caused Germany and other Austro Allies to declare war on Serbia and its allies

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Battle of Britain

The 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities, countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of German assault aircraft

Umar

The 2nd Caliph. Friend of Muhammad. A merchant. Spread Islam to Syria, Egypt, and Persia; redesigned government; paid soldiers; held a census; made taxes more fair; built roads & canals; aided poor, Assasinated by an angry Persian

Laboring Masses

The 2nd highest group in China's classical Era, included the peasants and the urban artisans who manufactured goods.

Jimmy Carter

The 39th President who created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

Ifriqiya

The Arabic term for eastern north Africa and the , term used by the Romans for Africa. Also largely called Tunisa was ruled by Muslims between 640 and 700 CE.

Maghrib

The Arabic word for western North Africa, the part of North Africa that is today the Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco

Battle of the River Zab

The Battle victory near the Tigris of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

Shiva

The Brahman, later Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.

Vishnu

The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped, who, in the trinity of gods, is the Preserver

Qin Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty (221 BC to 204 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall, Replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. Burned a lot of books that would be "subversive" to his autocratic rule. There was the National Census, Great Wall of China, standardization of coinage, weights, and measures throughout the entire realm, and made all script length uniform. Shi Huangdi unpopularity lead to the dynastys downfall and a peasant family established the Han Dynasty

Shi Haungdi

The Chinese ruler(First Emperor) who came to power in 221 B.C. and unified and expanded China by ending internal battles and conquering rival states, established the brief Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE, which only lasted for 14 years. Name means the "the tiger". He vigorously organized and centralized the government into a bureaucracy , selected his officials from non-aristocratic backgrounds. He also built the Great Wall of China(3000 miles) to the North to protect against nomadic invaders.

Coptic

The Christian church of Egypt, with dioceses elsewhere in Africa and the Near East. This is a branch within Orthodox Christianity, tolerated an Islamic takeover.

Dutch Trading Empire

The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products.

King Charles I

The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (Mid 1600s).

San Salvador

The FIRST Land claimed for Spain by Columbus. Renamed "Holy Savior", now the capital and largest city of El Salvador

Diktat

The German term for the Treaty of Versailles which they were forced to sign without being allowed to negotiate any of the details. This was an important factor in the anti-Versailles resentment of later years.

Kinkakuji

The Golden Temple built by Ahikaga Yoshimitsu, built on a small lake near Kyoto in the 15th century, zan and shinto stress of simplicity

Reincarnation

The Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions

Manchuria

The Japanese invaded here in Manchuria, China, in the year 1931.They wanted to use Manchuria as a place to colonize. Declared it independent state of Manchukuo

Mesolithic Age

The Middle Stone Age.12,000-8,000 BCE; ability to fashion stone tools & such improved greatly; made better weapons & cutting edges; had increased population growth accelerated producing more conflicts & wars;(Large amount of bone breaks and skull fractures.

El Mina

The Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa. Located in present day Ghana

Granada

The Muslim kingdom that Spain later conquested. In 1502, the Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or be expelled or killed.

Neolithic Age

The New stone age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals.

Siege of Constantinople

The Ottoman Empire(Sultan conquered Constantinople in 1453. Through expansion into the Balkans and the Mediterranean the Ottoman empire gained political stability. From a European perspective this event ended the Middle Ages and gave way for the Renaissance.

Congress of Vienna

The Quadruple Alliance met, to discuss the Balance of Power. Great Britian got to have their conquered colonies, Austria got Venetia and Lombardy and Polis lands, and Prussia and Russia were compensated.

Hadrian

The Roman Empire in AD 117-138. He ordered the construction of this wall. He traveled though his empire to strengthen it's frontiers and encourage learning and architecture. Was also born in Spain,built bridges, roads, and aqueducts, ruled during the height of the Pax Romana, adoptive son of Trajan

Gavriel Princip

The Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, his actions that were enforced by the Black Hand led directly to WWI

Black Hand

The Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, part of the Pan-Slavism nationalist movement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing South Slav populations (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, etc) annexed by Austria-Hungary.

Francisco Pizarro

The Spanish conquistador who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532., Double crossed Indian people. He captured their chief, Atahualpa, and promised to release him if they paid a huge ransom which they agreed to pay, yet he killed the chief anyways. Then he made the Inca empire under Spanish rule.

Spanish Armada

The Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Muhammad Shah

The Turkic ruler of Khwarazm, __________ II, attempted to resist the Mongol conquest by Chingiss Khan but failed. Fled and left his people, he would later die on a island in the Caspian Sea.

Damascus

The Umayyads moved the capital to ____, which was centrally located in the expanding Islamic state

VNQDD

The Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang, a revolutionary group committed to creating a democracy

Sons of Heaven

The Zhou called themselves the __________, because they supposedly derived their lineages from the old Shang Rulers and heavens Mandate.

5 minutes before midnight

The amount of time that humans have been on land if you set it relative to a 24 hour day. Approximate time is about 2.5 million years on earh as a species out of 4.56 billion.

Bactria

The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent. and ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander's campaigns

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Battle of Salamis

The battle that effectively ended the Persian war. The Greek fleet, although vastly outnumbered, defeated the Persian fleet. This helped end the Persian war, freeing Greece.The Greeks largely won because the Persian ships were big and bulky and got congested and the Greek ships were agile and didn't. Persian navy destroyed.

Battle of Poitiers

The battle(732 CE) between the invading Arab army and the french, led by Charles Martel. It marked the height of Arabian expansion in Europe, and the French won, However the Arabs did not go back below the Pyrenennes until a couple of decades after this battle.

Modernization Theory

The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed.

The Republic

The best-known dialogue of Plato, in which Socrates is shown outlining an ideal state, ruled by philosopher-kings.

Pope

The bishop of Rome and supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church

Shi'a

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendents as the rightful successors of Muhammad, FOLLOWERS OF ALI. HATED Umayyads.

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Cuzco

The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru

Cuzco

The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru.

Chang'an

The capital city of the Tang Dynasty located in the Wei Valleywhere 2 million people lived during the 700s and 800s... it was the center of government, culture and trade.

Tula

The capital city of the Toltec; when it was destroyed, the civilization ended

Lima

The capital of Peru, founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1535.

Hue

The capital of the Nguyen dynasty was located here.

Hagia Sofia

The cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian. Frequently converted to other uses , now a museum.

Huitzilopochtli

The chief god of the Mexica or Aztec. Originally associated with war, as the empire grew, he became the Sun god and was worshiped throughout Mesoamerica. Aztecs believed he required a steady diet of human hearts.

Abu al-Abbas

The chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab

Wittenberg church

The church on which Luther posted his 95 theses

Operation Overlord

The code name for the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy on June 6, 1944; also known as D-Day

Operation Barbarossa

The codename for Hitler's attack on Russia, despite the Russo-German Non-aggression Pact. Hitler's reasons for attacking Russia include: Lebensraum; Resources (oil in the south and coal and food in the north); Russia had Europe's largest concentration of Jews; Crusade again Communism. Russian armies retreated slowly, "scorching the earth" as they did to deal with Napoleon. Communist Guerilla bands harassed the invaders.

Analects

The collected saying of Confucius, laid the foundation for China's enduring civilization. It idealized a strong rulers, the consolidation and centralization of power, a highly educated , EXCLUSIVELY male elite, that was responsible for the well being of all the subjects in the state. ("Confucious Says")

House of Wisdom

The combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s by Al- Ma'mun

Bretton Woods Conference

The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.

Council of Trent

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.

Domestication

The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves. Along with agriculture it effectively changed the roles and relationships between men and women and patterns of childbearing , leading to social stratification, political organizations, expression, and larger more lethal war.

Zhou Dynasty

The dynasty that displaced Shang Dynasty, Lasted from (1029 - 258 BCE); alliances with regional princes and families, overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven" rationality in goverment; and beginnings of Mandarin Chinese language(Resulted in the largest single group speaking the same language in the world). They banned human sacrifice. Fell because of an inability to control vassals, external nomadic invaders which lead to a mini- assimilation of cultures and also to a new dynasty(Qin) and ruler Shi Haungdi who united ALL of china. (Think of this as China's Feudal Period)

Guptas

The dynasty the succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century CE in classical era India; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized(and smaller) than Mauryan Empire; claimed divine rule; demanding system of taxation; established many universities

Thatcherism

The economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Reduced state economic power and introduced free market and privatization with certain constraints. Deregulated the UK's market. This was done at a social cost

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. Ended with Ferdinand and Isabella who unified it into a powerful nation state.

Shi

The emerging social scholar gentry that was developing in the classical period.; transformed into corps of professional bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty.

Sapa Inca

The emperor of the Incan Empire. People believed that he was descended from the sun god.

Politburo

The executive committee of the Soviet Communist party; 20 members

Medici

The family members were wealthy politicians, businessmen, and patrons of the arts who influenced both individuals and the bigger picture, in Florence and all of Europe. Cosimo de Medici ruled Florence for five years after strategically getting himself elected, used his grandson Lorenzo as a diplomat to get aquainted with other leaders of Europe, and became a great patron of the arts, like other members of his family, and helped many artists such as Michelangelo Used diplomatic prowess to end a war against Naples and the Papacy in 1479, but shortly after his death, wars tore apart Italy and lowered it from its status of the center of European civilization.

***uzawa Yukichi

The father of the Japanese Enlightenment. ***uzawa translated works of great foreign thinkers into Japanese and also changed them in such a way so that their works would be relevant to specifically a Japanese audience. He was very influenced by Dutch Learning, and valued a scientific, objective approach. Therefore, he hated Chinese learning and hated its influence on his country.

Battle of Zama

The final decisive battle of II Punic War. Publius Cornelius Scipio defeated Hannibal. He made inside of the line weak while calvary flanks were strong and surrounded the Carthaginian army, led to surrender

Battle of Ayacucho

The final stand of Spanish royalist forces in which they suffered a defeat against the liberating army of Bolivar and San Martin. Thwarted the final Spanish effort to retain their empire in the Americas.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., they co created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. Most remembered for their large stone heads.

Augustus Caesar

The first emperor of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace, name was given to him after he defeated Mark Anthony and Cleopatra( was called Octavian)

Copper

The first metal that people learned to use and work with, soon replaced by the stronger bronze. An early example of humans(and civilizations) impact on the enviroment is exhibited when the large scale production of copper along the Danube Valley led to extensive deforestation that ended up depleting the fuel supply, and the industry collapsed around 3000 BCE.

Kamakura Shogunate

The first of Japan's decentralized military governments., (12th-14th century) First shogun position instated after toppling the Fujiwara . Named after the home town of the first shogun of the Minamoto clan

Camp David Accords

The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

Hijra

The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era(or at least of the Islamic Calender. Was helped by his cousin Ali.

Almoravids

The followers of the Great Puritanical Reformist Movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; rejected Sufism and were very violent (launched a series of jihads, or holy wars)

Red Fort

The fortified structure built by the Mughal emperor in Delhi that served as the home of the imperial family of India under Shah Jahan.

Sundiata

The founder of Mali empire and the "Lion Prince" according to the griots. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes., a leader whose exploits were the foundation of a great oral tradition. created unified state & basic rules for malinke society. Created "16 clans" and divided up the world.

Syncretism

The fusion of cultural elements from more than one tradition. In colonial Latin America religious this was common, with both Amerindians and Africans blending their existing beliefs and rituals with Catholicism. There was a small amount of this developing during the classical period which would hint at what would occur much later.

Wehrmacht

The german armed forces of the years prior to and during WWII

Patricans

The great landowners and aristrocrats, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic

Tropical Dependencies

The greater portion of the European empires consisting of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific were small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of non-Western peoples.

Himalayas

The highest mountains in the world, which stretch along northern India, separating it from the rest of Asia. Is the main example of how topography helped shape vital features of its civilization in the classical period. Made political unity very difficult and contributed to greater diversity in culture.

Encomendero

The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. Was responsible for their integration into the church.

Homo Erectus

The humanoid species that developed a larger brain capacity, erect stance(leading to better tool use) emerging between 500,000 and 750,000 ears ago. First developed a nd spread in Africa, then to Asia and Europe, reaching a population size of perhaps 1.5 million 100,000 years ago. Now Extinct

The White Mans Burden

The idea that the more civilized countries need to take care of the countries that "need" it.Rudyard Kipling: poem addressing the unpopularity of foreign rule and that it was a duty to bring order and serve people

Araucanians

The indigenous group native to chile, resisted many attempts made by the more organized incas to conquer them, and also killed Pedro de valdivia when he tried to take over chile. The ___ held off the Spanish for a considerable amount o time

Henry IV

The irst Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris, also devised Edict of Nantes.

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Farouk

The king of Egypt before Nasser. In politics, he was an inept, corrupt and incompetent ruler, for whom many Egyptians felt nothing but contempt.

Agamemnon

The king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War

Religion

The lack of this(or at least the abundance) is the main reason that the Chinese classical period was not marked by a large amount of monuments( excluding the Great Wall of China/ Terracotta)

Lake Titicaca

The lake between Bolivia and Peru; highest lake in the world on which ships can travel

Tierra del Fuego

The large island, maybe archipelago whose name means "Land of Fire". it is located near the southern tip of Chile, but administered by Argentina and Chile.

Mesa Verde

The largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest, built between about AD 1150 and AD 1300

Sahara

The largest desert in the world, stretching 3,000 miles across the African continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, and measuring 1,200 miles from north to south.

Pyramid of the sun

The largest single -structured monument in Mesoamerica which was built in the city of Teotihuacan in 100 CE by the Aztecs, occupies as much space as the pyramid of Khufu in Egypt, although it's half in size.

Nicholas II

The last czar of Russia, he abdicated in 1917 and was murdered in 1918 along with his family. Though generally regarded as a decent man, he was an extremely weak and ineffective leader.

Romulus Augustulus

The last emperor of the Western Roman Empire; young son of Orestes., taken prisoner by German King Odovacar

Committee of Public Safety

The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Harem

The living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household which first developed in the Abbasid Caliphate. Along with the Veil it became a symbol of women's increasing subjugation durring this period.

Volga River

The longest river in Europe and Russia's most important commercial river, includes canals connecting Moscow to the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas

Mean People

The lowest and 3rd group in China's Classical Era, Were people without "meaningful skills". Performing artists and household slaves were included, this group was punished more harshly than any others and required to wear green scarves. <(Again the Picture is a joke)>

Don Quixote

The main character in Miguel de Cervantes' book about the changing times in the early 1600's. He was a man who did not like how the Middle Ages were ending and people were becoming more materialistic, so he set of to become a knight and bring back chivalry to Spain

Mandarin Chinese

The main language of (ancient) China, had the most people speak it, with other languages spread out over China aswell. Mainly established by the Zhou rulers.

Chiang Kia-Shek

The military subordinate of Sun Yat-Sen, became head of nationalist party (GMD) when Sun yat-sen died of cancer, he tried to get rid of the communists by first pretending to support an alliance with them, and then striking out and making them go into hiding, he had a strong commitment to Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles and Ideas

Giovanni Carpini

The monk who asked the Mongols to join the Crusades(Pope Innocent the 4th sent him). He also wrote a book about the Mongolian empire.

Qibla Wall

The mosque wall oriented toward Mecca indicated by the mihrab

Battle of Cannae

The most decisive military defeat in Roman History, which occured in the the 2nd Punic War against Carthage/Hannibal Prompted more serious defections to the Carthaginian side. This was a turning point in the war. Rome responded by raising taxes and calling for more troops. This call was fabulously received and by the end of the year, the army was back to the size it was before Cannae. After the battle, Romans finally understood the brilliance of the Fabian strategy.

Ibn al-Wardi

The most important figure in the field of History and Sociology in Muslim History. Wrote an account of the Black Plague , died in 1349

Kano

The most prosperous Hausa city-state, 14 mile circumference; 30,000 people, best king was the Muslim Muhammad Rumfa ( Picture is of a Kano knot)

Operation Sea Lion

The name given by Hitler for the planned invasion of Great Britain in 1940. Never carried out due to the loss at the Battle of Great Britain.

Great Society

The name given to the programs of President Lyndon B. Johnson, which elevated the federal government to the most prominent role it would play in the twentieth century. the philosophy of this program was that government should try to solve large social problems like hunger and poverty.

Pahlavi Dynasty

The name of the dynasty that ruled Iran between 1921 and 1979. Reza Pahlavi (1921-41) the founder of the monarchy and the initiator of Iran's development during the twentieth century. Muhammad Pahlavi second ruler (1941-79).

Sassanid Empire

The name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years. Was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, in Persia,also involving a revival of a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism). Fought the Byzantines, which weakened them both.

Khan of the North

The name that Peter III( The Great) used when he was talking to the Mongols, he also swore his promises on the Koran while he was in their territories.

Iberians

The natives or inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula, where Spain and Portugal are located. They conquered much of Latin America between 1450 and 1750. During this time the Catholics kicked the Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula in the Reconquista.

Sasanian

The new people descended from the Achaemenids that challenged the Romans; the last of the Near Eastern groups, Was driven out by Arabs.

Homo Sapiens

The newest human breed, which emerged as the most successful(and therefore survived), and of which ALL humans in the world are descendants.

Social Contract

The notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others

noble savage

The notion, often associated with Rousseau, that non-Western or "primitive" people are actually happier and more virtuous than Westerners. Based on the idea that humans are free and equal in "a state of nature" but that social institutions deprive them of that freedom and equality.

Chernobyl

The nuclear power plant in the Ukraine that suffered two large explosions which released massive amounts of radioactive materials. It is the worst nuclear accident in history and thousands were and continue to be impacted by the disaster.

Five pillars

The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj

Paleolithic Age

The old stone age perio ending in 12,000 BCE, typified by the use of CRUDE stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. Takes the majority of the 2 million plus years during which are species has existed. Homo Erctus first developed during this age.

Era of Warring States

The period of Chinese history between c. 402 and 220 B.C.E. characterized by the breakdown of the central government and feudal war.; regional rulers made their own armies and fought for control; during this time Zhou Dynasty disentigrated.

Meiji

The period of Japanese History from 1867 - 1912 during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutsuhito and Experienced Modernization. "Enlightened"

Sick man of Europe

The phrase is used to describe economic poverty in a European country. This term was coined when the Ottoman empire was in decline and increasingly began to lose territory to the Europeans through defeats in battle. (Overstatement).

hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca, which every adult Muslim is supposed to make at least once in his or her lifetime: the fifth of the Pillars of Islam.

Pure Land

The place where Amida Buddha has vowed to have reborn those who call on his name ten times at death

Bastille

The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles

Domino Theory

The political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control. (Eisenhower)

Plebeians

The poorer majority of the roman empire; the working class; couldnt be part of government; could vote but not hold office; couldnt be in army

Gregory 7

The pope from 1073 to 1085; excommunicated Henry 4 over the issue of lay investiture and then forgave him, and later deposed by Henry, wanted to institute reforms, limit secular influence on the church

demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. First observed in Western Europe and the United States in the 19th century.

hunting and gathering

The process of living that involves hunting for meat, gathering edible produce, and traveling frequently.

Devolution

The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government

Agriculture

The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber, this is what MOST clearly moved the human species, led to the massive explosion in population, was triggered by the end of an ice age.

Eastern Question

The question of who will benefit from the crumbling Ottoman Empire. The Great Powers are like vultures circling a corpse. Which will dive first to pick over the bones of the Ottomans.

Dubai

The rapidly expanding commercial and business capital of the middle east; in the united arab emirates

Taika

The reforms enacted in 646 that intended to thoroughly incorporate chinese culture and politics into Japanese society

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Locke, maybe (Paine, but not likely ) etc etc.

Shintoism

The religion of the early Japanese culture; worshiped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world (polytheistic, animistic); offered food and prayers to gods and nature spirits

British Raj

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India company and then by a British Government

The Great Speaker

The ruler of Tenochtitlan that was considered a living god. His court was magnificent and surrounded with elaborate rituals. Those who approached him could not look him in the eyes and were required to throw dirt upon their heads as a sign of humility (humbleness).

Osman

The ruler of the turks who began to build a new empire in the corner of Asia Minor. these turks became known as the Ottoman Turks

Koran

The sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

French Revolution

The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799.

Kshatriyas

The second level of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; Warriors and the governing class.

Gestapo

The secret police force of the German nazi state, notorious for its terrorism and brutality

October Revolution

The seizure of power by force by the Bolsheviks from the Provisional Government (that had replaced Tsar Nicholas II after the February Revolution) in November of 1917. After the forceful seizure of power, Lenin set himself up as the first head of a Marxist state with aspirations to change the country, making several decrees in his effort use socialist ideas (Confiscation of large estates and businesses & establishment of political monopoly- no rival political parties).

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. Probably the first populist President.

Sui Dynasty

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

Sui Dynasty

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

Marathon

The site of the famous battle fought between the armies of Persia and the outnumbered Athenians. Athens was victorious and a messenger (Pheidippides) was sent to run the 26 miles back to the city with the news.

varnas

The social divisions of the Aryan Society that included from top to bottom: 1)priests (Brahmins), 2) rulers or warriors; 3) farmers, craftspeople, traders; 4) workers and servants (Sudras)

Al- Ma'mun

The son of Harun al-Rashid and a Caliphate; founded astronomical observatory and a foundation for translating classical Greek works, established House of Wisdom.

Cold War

The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare.

Strait of Magellan

The strait separating South America from Tierra del Fuego and other islands south of the continent, found by Magellan at the tip of South America during his voyage around the globe

Buddhism

The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth, provided the most powerful challenge to the brahmans and many of the ancient Vedic beliefs and practices, also helped establish the Mauyran Empire.

Council of Ephesus

The third ecumenical council in 431 which delcared Mary as mother of God and condemned Pelagius, Also began to refute the Nestorian "heresy}"

Yunglo

The third emperor in the Ming dynasty. Launched the expedition of the seven major overseas and sends Zhenghe as the leader. Orders the expeditions in order to explore other lands and proclaim the glory of the Ming empire to the wider world. Successor did not continue his interest and the overseas expedition died out.

Manikongo

The title given to the king of Kongo.

Globalization

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

Anchluss

The uniting of Austria and Germany as one country.

Terrorism

The use of violence by non-governmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal by instilling fear and frightening governments into changing policies

Ayan

The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule

Ayan

The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. Was a reason that many peasants during this dynasty did not own there own land.

Theodora

The wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. Was seen as being overambitious, and power hungry by the public.

Khadijah

The woman who consoled Muhammad and expressed her faith that God had chosen him as a prophet to communicate his words to the people. She ended up marrying him, and helping him establish himself.

1498

The year that Vasco da Gama of Portugal reaches India by sailing around Africa

476 AD

The year that the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus (?-476 AD) taken prisoner at Ravenna in 476 AD by German King Odovacar, ending 505 years of the Roman Empire., also marks the end of the classical period in the Mediterranean area

1441

The year the first slaves were brought to Portugal from Africa, early on this was very limited(maybe 50 a year till 1450) before the Europeans realized that raid tactics were not working and tried trading.

Battle of El Alamein

There were two battles of _______ , both during 1942. In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. It was a turning point for World War II. oon after the Allies were able to take back more land from the Vichy Government

Lateran Council

These were gatherings of high ranking Church officials in a council, formed to resolve issues within the Church.

Praetorian guard

They evolved from the bodyguards that protected a general. Augustus established several units from his own troops and they became the later emperors' personal elite force

Uthman

Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan

Gaozong

Third emperor of the Tang Dynasty. He had a stroke and became a vegetable, rendering him unable to technically rule China for several decades. Ws the Husband of Empress Wu. Under his rule, Korea was over run by Chinese Armies ans Silla was created

Vaisyas

Third level of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; identifies merchants who engaged in commerce; COMMONERS

Al-Mahdi

Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession(EPIC FAIL ), his court was also known for extravagant excess. His death did clear the way for Harun al Rashid to ascend to the throne

Mahmud of Ghazni

Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

Ashoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India.He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. Believed in Dharma. After his death the empire began to disentigrate and new invaders( Kushans) from the Hindu Kush Mountains surfaced.

Ogedi

Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongold following his father's death, Attacked Russia, E. Europe, Was a diplomat, not fighter,Islamic heartlands, and China

Franco-Prussian War

Third stage in German unification. Bismark sought to unify all Germans by creating a common enemy in France. Germany defeated France easily and German unification upset the balance of power A war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871. Also contributed to WW1 because of Frances lost territory of Alsace and Lorraine.

General Patton

This American general was one of the most successful and controversial in American military history. He was dedicated, well-trained, intelligent and a brilliant strategist. He was also arrogant, quick of temper, foul-mouthed, and believed in reincarnation. He was briefly relieved of command for slapping a soldier who suffered from battle fatigue, but returned to defeat the Germans in important battles( The most important of which is the Battle of the Bulge)

Magna Carta

This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights

Versailles

This enormous, ostentatious monument to the power of the French Monarchy, built by Louis XIV over a long period of time, served as a manifestation of the power of absolute monarchy. Meant to impress and scare nobility, foreigners, and commoners alike, this palace was where Louis XIV moved his court in order to keep them under his control and away from the uncontrollable social scene in Paris.

Polygamy

This form of marriage was common ONLY among the nobles, and not allowed among the peasants in Aztec society.

Hideki Tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

Iran-contra Affair

This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Northwest Passage

This is the passage that many European explorers attempted but never succeeded to navigate to reach other nations more quickly, the Engish thought they might have found it by discovering the St. Lawrence River, but alas it was but a foolish dream.

Elba

This island in the Mediterranean Sea off of Italy where Napoleon was initially exiled after he abdicated the throne for the first time. He promised to never leave, but does so and regains power in France for a short period called the Hundred Days

Ivan the Terrible

This king of Muscovy defeated the Mongols and added a great deal to his kingdom. He did not, however, conquer Livonia, a port on the Baltic sea which he desperately wanted. He was known as terrible for his treatment of boyars, the hereditary nobility in Muscovy, as he abused, killed, and/or transplanted them and then replaced them with others who were loyal to him. (Ivan IV), also killed his son, which is what the above painting entails.

Elizabeth I

This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England, was the daughter of Henry the 8th.

Neolithic Revolution

This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers. (Was actually very slow)

Burlingame Treaty

This treaty with China was ratified in 1868. It encouraged Chinese immigration to the United States at a time when cheap labor was in demand for U.S. railroad construction. It doubled the annual influx of Chinese immigrants between 1868 and 1882. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Russo-Turkish War

This war had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the Black Sea and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire.

Battle of the Bulge

This was Germany's last attempt at success against the Allies during WWII. This was an epic failure and basically served as a way to waste men, supplies, and fuel. The Germans went through Belgium (which was a bad idea because Belgium was a neutral country, and it caused more tension and hostility) to get to the Western Front for this historic offensive battle. Patton

Arabian Nights

This was a book thought to be written by a courtier from the court of Harun al-Rashid. Story telling like this one was created by the Arabs and was considered high art. It is one of the most famous books of fictional history in the world.

Orange Revolution

This was a series of events using civil disobedience, general strikes, and protests in Ukraine in 2004 and 2005., during and after what revolution did Ukraine experience fair elections and a shifted focus toward western Europe and the EU

Thermopylae

This was the battle at which the Greek forces lost. They were led by King Leonidas while Xerxes led the Persian forces. The 300 Spartans lost the battle but they fought to the last man. They ultimately lost the battle because a traitor showed them another way through the pass, means the Hot Gates

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia,encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations, gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry

Pope Alexander VI

This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America

Presidencies

Three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India; capitals at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay.

Jinshi

Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office

Khagan

Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.

Asantehene

Title taken by rule of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool.

Edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Madame de Beaumere

Took over the direction of the French Journal des Dames from a man.

Battle of the Pyramids

Took place at Embadah, near Giza; the French routed 20,000 Mamluks, Napoleon defeated Mamluk forces at this battle

Battle of Plassey

Took place on June 23, 1757; how Great Britain really gained control in India. Despite their low number of soldiers, the British were able to win the battle against Siraj, the leader of Bengal, and his army. Soldiers fighting for Great Britain(Robert Clive leading) had a few specific qualities that made them successful on the battlefield—a strong army, gun skills, unity of their army (unlike Siraj's army), the Royal Navy, and support from other countries

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956

Minarets

Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer.

Kiev

Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.

Shrivijaya

Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.

Cell Phones

Transmit and receive signals using high frequency microwaves. Signals are sent as microwaves to towers that then send the signal to a HUB. The HUB then transmits the signal to the receiving cell phone.

Treaty of Paris of 1763

Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British. However France did gain back a lot of sugar colonies,

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain an indemnity of $100 million from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain for 99 years.

lateen sails

Triangle-shaped sails whose design allowed ships to sail against the wind. These sails were perfected by Arab traders.

Koguryo

Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification.

Sepoys

Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India.

Emancipation of the serfs

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.

Vivaldis

Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic.

Celadon

Type of pottery having the a pale green glaze, originally produced in China. Chemically it is formed by combining chromium oxide, cadmium yellow, and titanium-zinc white. It was most commonly used in Korean art.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

U.S.S Missouri

U.S. vessel in Tokyo Bay that the Japanese formally surrendered on

Reagan Doctrine

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan, Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan - aiding mujahideen to hurt Soviets

Homelands

Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria , defeated MONGOLS.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria, they defeated the Mongols.

King Agaja

Under this King, the kingdom of Dahomey moved toward the coast (seizing the port town of Whydah in 1727

kivas

Underground chamber in a pueblo village(especially Anasazi Culture), used by the men especially for ceremonies or councils

Babylonian Empire

Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1,800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1,600 BCE

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.

Letrados

University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions

Lady Murasaki

Upper class women who married and widowed early on and later become the lady to an Empress and would describe the lives of aristocrats in the Tale of Genji, becoming the first ever novel.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.,and he served Kublai Khan

Grand Testament

Villons, includes legacy to a prostitute, exposes and celebrates human condition, humor, depth, rebellion

Yaroslav

Vladimir's son became a Grand Prince in A.D. 1019. Under his rule, Kievan culture reached its "Golden Age". First library established and legal system organized.

Gempei Wars

Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira, and the establishment of the Bokufu Gov't, this war brought great suffering to the peasantry.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Anglo-Zulu War

War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.(1879)

Crimean War

War bewteen the Ottoman Empire and Russia from 1853 to 1856. Britain and France supported the OE so that the Eastern Question wouldn't have to be answered. Russia loses.

Sino-Japanese War

War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula.

Spanish American War

War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Spanish Civil War

War pitting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of the royalist forces.. Francisco Franco wins.

Thirty Years War

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia, destroyed 60 % of population of Germany in some areas and stagnated it for the next hundred years.

Total War

Warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity.

Yuan Shikai

Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916.

Daimyos

Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of the Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates

Hojo

Warrior family closely allied with the Minamota; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamota rulers who claimed to rule in name of the Japanese Emperor at Kyoto.

mfecane

Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa.

Ridda Wars

Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam.

Mark Anthony

Was Caesar's chief assistant. He and Octavian successfully defeated the conspirators and began to rule Rome together(2nd Truimvarate). However he lost support of the people because of his affair with Cleopatra and Octavian defeated him and became Emperor.

Park Chung-hee

Was a Republic of Korea Army general and the dictator of South Korea (the Republic of Korea) after Syngman Rhee, from 1961 to 1979. He has been credited with the industrialization of the Republic of Korea through export-led growth. His rule was ended by his assassination in 1979 by his intelligence director.

Eric the Red

Was a Viking who found and named Greenland. Even thought this was a cold land he named it Greenland to encourage people to come to this area to settle. Father of Leif Ericsson

Rape of Nanking

Was a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army As a result of the nationalist efforts to deny or rationalize the war crimes, the controversy created surrounding the massacre remains a stumbling block in Sino-Japanese relations, as well as Japanese relations with other Asia-Pacific nations such as South Korea and the Philippines.

Axum

Was a trading center and a powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia. Had th language of Ge'ez

Encyclopedie

Was an encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1766 by some of the most prominent philosophers. It originally consisted of 28 volumes and covered everything then known about the sciences, technology, & history. It criticized the Church and government and praised religious tolerance, Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society; compiled by Denis Diderot

Paper

Was developed by the Chinese classical society in the Han Dynasty, far before it was created in Europe, it was an example of a large amount of technological innovation( like Pulleys, Ox drawn Plows, water powered mills etc etc)>

Disinheritance

Was one of the tools that made woman that were married with warrior elites(In Comparison with Woman in the merchant class, whose quality of life increased) increasingly more dependent, where they received little or no land or income< In addition they were also replaced in theatrical performances by men>

Pompey

Was part of the Roman Triumvirate, and was lieutenant of Sulla. He took credit for repressing the slave revolts led by Spartacus, even though Crassus actually stopped them. His ultimate goal was to get land in the east for veterans. Quarreled with Caesar(his allies in the Senate ordered Caesar to give up his armies) and and was forced to flee with his army to Egypt (after the battle of Pharsalus) where he was murdered

Li Yuan

Was the Duke of Tang, he founded the Tang dynasty; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.Dismissed Bismarck in 1890. Did not renew Bismarck's treaty with Russia and "Forced" Russia to look for another ally, France.

Ewuare the Great

Was the greatest warrior legend andand the most outstanding Oba in the history of the Benin Empire, "it is cool, or the trouble has ceased, and as a result the war is over." The title symbolizes an epoch of reconciliation, reconstruction and the return of peace among the warring factions in Benin between 1435-1440 AD

Atahuallpa

Was the last emperor of the Inca Empire.He was invited to a dinner and kidnapped by fought unsuccessfully against Pizarro and spent the rest of his life in captivity. the Inca empire raised a large ransom for his return, but after it was paid he was executed Pizarro

Tambos

Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages

Capetian

Weak dynasty but unified France for 300 years and helped it become sovereign

Compradors

Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world

Nok

West Africa's earliest known culture; lived in what is now Nigeria; between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200; first people known to smelt iron; fashioned iron into tools for farming and weapons for hunting

Djenne

West African city that became a center of learning and culture, conquered by Mansa Musa. Known for it's libraries and universities. Also later by Songhay leader Sunni Ali.

Marattas

Western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century and contributed to its downfall mainly because of Aurangzeb's draconian religious policies.

Darfur

Western section of the country of Sudan which has suffered civil war since 2003 and has had over 500,000 people killed and 21/2 million people displaced from their homes

Yellow Peril

Western term for perceived threats of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased western imperialism in region

Speech Gene

What enabled our early anscestors to communicate better(beyond the sounds and gestures common to a number of animal groups), developed about 70,000 years earlier.

Pokemon

What is one of the most popular japanese shows on tv? Proof of cultural globalizations

People's Action party

What is the sole political party in Singapore since 1965?

Tae Kwon Do

What martial art originated in Korea?

Chan Chan

What was the capital of the Chimor?

Ceylon

What was the colonial name of Sri Lanka? gained BY THE British in the Early Modern Era (about 1756) fro the British. It followed after a series of wins against the French in India.

Mass Consumption

When large amounts of a single product are consumed by a large portion of the population for a sustained period of time. the demand for the product is steady and is assumed by the population to be available at any time.

St. Helena

Where Napoleon was exiled until the end of his life. 1815,1821 Revolution comes to an inglorious end.

Tolstoy

Which famous artist warned the Czar of growing class tension?, Also remembered for "War and Peace" and" Anna Karina".

F.W de Klerk

White South African prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, de Klerk helped to dismantle the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time.

Nur Jahan

Wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal Empire during later years of Jahangir's reign

Jiang Qing

Wife of Mao Zedong; one of Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported Cultural Revolution of 1965; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976.

Tsarina Alexandra

Wife of Nicholas II left in power when he joined army on front lines; allowed Rasputin to control government and went into shock when he was assassinated

Self determination

Wilson called for national independence from colonial rule before Versailles; This encouraged colonial subjects in Asia and Africa until they discovered Wilson intended his rhetoric only for Europe.

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Empress Wei

Woman who poisoned her husband, son of Empress Wu, to try and get power but failed.

Muhammad Ali

Won power strugle in egypt following fall of mamluks; established mastery of all egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge ottoman government in constantinople; died in 1848

Twantinsuyu

Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina

Guest Workers

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

Atlantic Charter of 1941

World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization

The Feminine Mystique

Written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities, launched the modern women's movement.

The Tale of Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.

The Communist Manifesto

Written by Marx and Engels; said that human societies have always been in warring class; put the middle class as "haves" and the working class as "have-nots"; said that IR had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor, predicting that the workers would overthrow the owners; inspired revolutionaries to adapt Marx's beliefs to their own situations

The Second Sex

Written by Simone de Beauvior, teacher, novelist, and writer; challenged marrige, the basic unit of modern society; theorized that marriage held women back because of male-dominated societies; recognized females as the "Other" and as second-class citizens

Jamaica Letter

Written by Simón Bolívar in response to a letter from Henry Cullen, in which he put forward the reasons that caused the fall of the Second Republic of Venezuela within the context of the independence of the nation; fundamental objective was to gain the attention of the most powerful liberal nation of the 19th century, Britain, with the aim that it would decide to involve itself in American independence

Kamasutra

Written by Vatsayana during Gupta dynasty offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and instruction on lovemaking

Plan de Ayala

Written by Zapata after he was angry with Madero for not enforcing land reform, rejection of Madero's presidency, reform of political landscape

Secret History

Written by the historian Procopius; says bad things about Justinian and his wife(Theodora); published posthomuously

Pliny the Elder

Wrote Naturalis Historia (Natural history) - refers to marine fishes and bivalves (shellfish, clams, and mussels), Killed during Vesuvius' explosion while trying to learn

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.

Villon

Wrote about reality beauty and the hardships of life for people on earth, "Grand Testament"

Oduduwa

YORUBA (IFE) one of OLODUMARE's two sons, saw OBATALA sleeping and got the board mask and chicken and set it free on earth. it scratched up 16 mounds of dry ground and became the 16 kingdoms and the first one was the kingdom of IFE(YORUBA), CREATION MYTH WHATEVER PROBABLY doesn't matter

Vladimir Putin

Yeltsin's PM in 1999, then RUssia's president from 2000 to 2008, Putin gained popularity by prosecuting Yeltsin's war on Chechnya, restoring economic and social stability and the power of the Russian state, he was also elected Prime Minister in 2008.

Kamakura

Yorimoto's capital during his shogunate, destroyed in 1331 significance: head of the true power of Japan

Mutsuhito

Young emperor of Japan who took control of the nation's government from the shogun in 1867. He led a reform and modernization movement in Japan that resulted in it being a world power.The Meiji Era began under this Empero

Saint-Just

Younger member of Committee of Public Safety who said, " whatever is outside the French revolution is an enemy" Executed with Robespierre

Marshall Tito

Yugoslavian Dictator who broke with stalin and developed his own form of communism (Titoism), tried to bring peace with the Serbs, after he died Yugoslavia broke up. Only independant communist state.

Ryoanji Temple

Zen Buddhist temple (in Kyoto), design of garden consists of islands of volcanic rock set amidst white pebbles.

Yongle Emperor

Zhu Di - . 3rd emperor of the Ming. Ruled in the early 1400s and relocated the capital to its present-day capital of Beijing; rebuilt the whole city, built the Forbidden City. Immense symbol of power. He is known for appointing Zheng He to captain the treasure fleet and sending him on seven major expeditions around the world

Haganah

Zionist military force that spearheaded Jewish resistance to the British presence in Palestine.

Cetshwayo

Zulu chief in 1879 who refused to dismiss his army and accept British rule, the British invaded the Zulu nation and lost control of their kingdom in the Battle of Ulundi in 1887

Swahili

a Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast (The official language of Kenya) and MY Ancestors.

Parliment

a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation, The lawmaking part of the British government

Canterbury Tales

a book written by Geoffrey Chaucer are stories that a group of pilgrims tell to entertain eachoter as they travel to the shrine of Saint Thoman Becket in Canterbury. Fictional stories.

Agora

a central area in Greek cities used both as a marketplace and as a meeting place

Berber

a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of northern Africa west of Egypt, also an ethnic minority descended from and Arabs and living in northern Africa

Direct Democracy

a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Kwa

a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria

Nimbus

a halo or aureole appearing around the head of a holy figure to signify divinity

Ramadan

a holy month in the calendar of Islam. During this time Muslims must fast between dawn and sunset. A simple meal is eaten at the end of the day. This reminds Muslims that their spiritual needs are more important than their physical needs. A special time during this month is the Night of Power, which is said to be when Gabriel gave Muhammad his message. Is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and is observed by Muslims everywhere, and the 3rd pillar of Islam.

Balkans

a large peninsula in southeastern Europe containing the Balkan Mountain Range, , including Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia

Caspian Sea

a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River, the largest inland body of water; the largest lake made of salt water

Edo

a member of a west African people living in the tropical forest region of southern Nigeria, founded Benin kingdom with Ewuare the Great

Bantu

a member of any of a large number of linguistically related peoples of Central and South Africa

Islam

a monotheistic religion meaning "submission to the will of Allah." Muslims, or followers of this religion, are monotheistic and believe Allah is the only God and that Muhammad is his messenger. It was started by Muhammad in Mecca at around 610. Muslims follow the five pillars: faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage and believe in their holy book the Qur'an.

metates

a mortar, a ground stone tool used for processing grain and seeds; in traditional Mesoamerican culture,were typically used by women who would grind calcified maize and other organic materials during food preparation, this pointed to a lack of technological sophistication that increasingly defined and limited female Gender Roles.

Great Schism

a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

Fuedalism

a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land

Red Turbans

a religious sect believing in the incompatibility of the forces of good and evil; rebelled against the government(Mongol controlled Yuan Dynasty in China) in 1351 and were joined by Zhu Yuanzhang

Icon

a representation or image of a sacred personage, often considered sacred itself; an image or picture; a symbol; a graphic symbol on a computer monitor display; an object of blind devotion

Sanskrit

a sacred Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

Madrasas

a school or college attached to a mosque where young men study theology

Polis

a self-governing city-state; the basic political unit of the Greek world, comprised a city, with its acropolis and agora and the surrounding territory.

Siege of Paris

a siege of Paris by the Prussian force in order to force a French surrender; Paris never did, but Versailles did

Gothic

a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries

three field system

a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.

Cuneiform

a system of writing used in ancient Mesopotamia(around 3500 BCE) , in which wedge-shaped characters were produced b pressing a stylus into a soft clay tablet, which was then baked or otherwise hardened. Early writing such as this enabled socities to tax more efficently, make contracts, treaties, and generate an intellectual climate which promoted "rationality"

Ionic

along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian, a taller, thinner column with scroll shapes on its capital

Hasan al-Banna

an Egyptian social and political reformer, best known for founding the Muslim Brotherhood, one of the largest and most influential 20th century Sunni revivalist organizations

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Feng Shui

an ancient Chinese system of aesthetics grounded in astronomy that strives to pair human-built environments with locations that have perfect qi, or energy - literally wind and water, may have been firdt used with compasses.

Guilds

an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards

Flower Wars

aztecs, to catch prisoners to use in human sacrifice, to control time and purpose of war was to capture people. (olmecs were before Aztecs, sacrifice was the main reason, felt necessary to "civilize"

Nomads

cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies.

Byzantine

characterized by elaborate scheming and intrigue

Yoruba

city-states that developed in northern Nigeria; Ile-Ife had an artistic style similar to that of the Nok culture. ag society supported by peasantry; dominated by an aristocracy

Pope Innocent III

clashed with King John and won; Church reached height of political power under his papacy; believed pope was the supreme judge of all European affairs; used interdicts, initiated the Fourth Crusade. Summoned the Albigension Crusade. Creates order of the Franciscans- formed to fight heresy.

Predestination

doctrine of John Calvin that adhered to the idea that each person's fate is predetermined by god(COMPLETELY Retarded to Think about)

Aryabhatta

famous mathematician, wrote a book that summarized Hindu mathematics, discovered pi, calculated the length of the solar system, and the circumference of the earth during India's Classical Era.

Russia

formerly the largest Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR occupying eastern Europe and northern Asia

mirab

hole(niche) in wall, the direction of mecca

Huacas

holy shrines; mountains, stones, caves, rivers, tombs, temples, etc; places of worship and prayer

Vasco da Gama

in 1497 he sailed eastward past the Cape of Good Hope across the Indian Ocean and landed in India in 1498 and returned home with spices and jewels. His successful voyages represented a tremendous stroke of good fortune for the Portuguese.

Nirvana

in Buddhist teachings, the ideal state in which the individual loses himself in the attainment of an impersonal beatitude

Dharma

in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste, In Hinduism, it stands for law, obligation and duty. To follow this, it means to perform and live life as one should.

Minbar

in a mosque, the pulpit on which the imam stands

William the Conqueror

invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy

Nguyen Du

is a celebrated Vietnamese poet who wrote in Chữ Nôm, the ancient writing script of Việt Nam. He is most known for writing the epic poem The Tale of Kiều.

Indus River Valley

located in modern Pakistan; also known as Harappan Culture (including Mohenjo-Daro); highly advanced organized: sewer system, grid streets, uniform building construction, all examples of centralized government, home of dravidians., Language of the civilization has NOT been deciphered.

Vinland

means "Land of Wine", given by Leif Ericsson to the present-day Canadian province of Newfoundland

Zionists

members of a movement known as Zionism, founded to promote the establishment of an independent Jewish state

vassals

members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty

serfs

men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection

Luba

modified the older system of village headmen to a form of divine kinship in which the ruler and his relatives were thought to have a special power that ensured fertility of people & crops in Katanga

Seljuk Turks

nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century; able to restore political initiative to the much reduced caliphate; ended threat of Shi'a conquest

Greek

of or relating to or characteristic of Greece or the Greeks, actually used more in the Eastern civilization than in Western/

Carolingian

of or relating to the Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father

Vikings

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.

The Song of Roland

one of the earliest and most famous Medieval epic poems; it's glorifies a band of french soldiers who perished after fighting the Muslims from Spain

Dravidians

one of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago

mass consumerism

refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economy capacity to afford some of these goods, can be found in several premodern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in western Europe, from the 18th century onward.

ayatollahs

religious leaders of the highest authority among Shia muslims

Betel nut

seed of betel palm (used as a stimulant in SE Asia), can mouth and throat cancer (addictive substance chewed in India and Vietnam, Chinese found repulsive.

Kim Jong IL

son of Kim Il Sung, became ruler of North Korea after his father's death. He developed nuclear weapons.under his rule the North Korean economy has continued to deteriorate

Jati

sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function

ethnocentrism

tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups, Happens ALL the time in historical accounts.

Green Revolution

term used to describe the transformation of agriculture in many developing nations that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s.

Charles Martel

the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.

Huayna Capac

the Incan ruler under whom the Incan empire reached its widest extent (died in 1525), onsolidated conquests and suppressed rebellions on the frontier, instead of allowing his oldest son Huascar to succeeed him to the throne, he divided the empire between him and his favorite son, the youngest, Atahualpa which lead to Civil War which led to an easy conquest of them by The Europeans.

Romanov

the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917(Revolution)

demography

the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations

Ile-Ife

the capital of a kingdom with a lot of sculptures of the West African rain forest; seen as the birthplace of the Yoruba, holiest city; an agricultural society dominated by a ruling family and an aristocracy

Dao

the central idea of Daoism also called "The Way"

Sharia

the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed, was not followed to some extent in early sudanitic socities as anscestors were traced from the matrilineal line.

indigenism

the concern for the indigent peoples and their contribution that was below many reforms after indianization in the works of Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco.

Predestination

the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved, Calvinism etc etc.

Amharic

the dominant and official language of Ethiopia, was actually first used in the 13 and 14th centuries.

Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

San Lorenzo

the first Olmec ceremonial center that arose about 1200 B.C.E. a. Farming: dry gardens and fields on river levees Religion: pyramids, public rituals and authoritarian display. Monumental architecture: pyramids. Art: monumental stone statues and carvings of rulers Trade: obsidian and semiprecious stones

Free will

the human ability to make decisions without being forced to choose or act in one specific way

Quechua

the language of the Inca Empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands, a member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire

Beowulf

the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century, a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

Low Countries

the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands

excommunication

the most severe penalty for refusing to obey Church laws; if this happened to you (as it did to Holy Roman Emperor Henry 4 - could not be buried on sacred ground and could not receive the sacraments

Bantu Migration

the movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

Untouchables

the name of the group of people in the caste system that were the outcasts of society; were not considered a part of Indian society or the caste system, also called pariahs

Jihad

the obligation of Muslims to struggle or exert themselves "in the way of God ; doesn't necessarily refer to an armed struggle, early on in Islamic histrory it did not involve mass conversions but instead to increase the amount of booty.c (BTW Picture is a Joke)

Middle Ages

the period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval."

Purdah

the practice among Hindu and Muslim women of covering the face with a veil when outside the home

lay investiture

the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office

Allah

the supreme God in the monotheistic Islam

Akkadians

this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; conquered Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great

Oba

title for the king of Benin

Khagan

title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes; Chinggis Khan chosen 1206

Romanesque Arches

typical rounded arches are usually called.

Leif Ericsson

was Eric the Red's son. He was probably the first European to set foot on North America. He founded a Viking colony called Vinland in North America.

Simone de Beauvior

was a French existentialist philosopher, public intellectual, and social theorist. She is now best known for her metaphysical novels, including She Came to Stay and The Mandarins, and for her 1949 treatise "The Second Sex," a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism.

Anglo-Boer War

• War between Britain and Boers • 1899-1902 • South Africa • Bloodiest conflict in colonial times. Boers won the first time. British won the second time. Brought about the first concentration camp ever.