ARCH 250 Klein Test 4

Week Thirteen Tuesday - Technological Developments of the 19th century and the École des Beaux Arts 1. What role did the École des Beaux-Arts and the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures play in 19th century architectural design in France and elsewhere? Who are some of famous graduates from each school? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 413.] 2. What are the most important characteristics of the Beaux-Arts style of architecture? [Lecture] 3. How did the "World Fairs" of the 19th century promote architectural and technological achievements? [Lecture] 4. What are some of the materials and techniques used to build the Brooklyn Bridge? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 413-414.]

1&2.Combined school of painting, architecture, and sculpture • Visitors could find their way around any building without verbal orientation. • Carefully orchestrated sequences of circulation and transitional spaces • Hierarchical arrangements of rooms according to their functional significance • The expression of the axis and cross-axis in elevation section and plan by advancing and receding planes, flights of steps, floor markings etc. • Exterior of building decorated in historic styles, especially Classical and Renaissance architecture. 3. 4.Suspension bridge over the East river, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn. -Built of steel = low carbon iron. -Roebling used both wire cable (for suspension cables) and iron eyebar chains (to attach the suspension cable to the anchorage) in the design. -Innovative construction technique of laying loops of wire rather than manufacturing cable elsewhere then stringing it in place.

Houses of Parliament, London, England, Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, 1836-1868 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 420-411.] 1. Why was it necessary to rebuild the Houses of Parliament in London? What style is the new building and why was this style selected? 2. Explain how Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin collaborated to create this building (who did what?). 3. How does the plan of the building reflect the government of Great Britain? How does it compare to the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C.?

1. 2. The plan is by Barry, designed to reflect the balance of powers in the British Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons. -Decoration by Pugin. 3. Decorated with statues of the patron saints of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, a life-size statue of Queen Victoria and two allegorical figures of Justice and Mercy. -Note pointed arch, blind tracery on walls, heraldic lions, statues above portal. -Houses of Parliament, London, England, rebuilt 1836-1868 by Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin following fire in 1834. -The Elizabeth Tower (Clock ="Big Ben") designed by Pugin. Barry reportedly had a difficult time installing the clock to make it stand from the Gothic design. -Tower was renamed in 2012 in celebration of the 60th year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign.

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London, England, Christopher Wren, 1675-1709 Great Model Plan, Warrant Design Plan, saucer vaults 1. What happened to the medieval church that stood on this location? 2. What do we know about Christopher Wren and his accomplishments? 3. How did Christopher Wren's design of St. Paul's evolve from the Great Model Plan in 1673 to the Warrant Design Plan in 1675? 4. What are some of the design elements based upon Renaissance and Baroque developments in Europe? What specific buildings may have been a source of inspiration? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 370]

1. 2.Christopher Wren (1632-1723) Studied mathematics, astronomy, and anatomy at Oxford. Wren invented a model, the Panorganum Astronomicum, to demonstrate the periodical positions of the earth, sun, and moon. 3. 1673 "Great Model Plan" Major dome on eight piers ringed with secondary domes. 1675 "Warrant Design" Plan based on basilica, references to Gothic architecture. 4. Dome design changed to triple-dome design, with interior masonry, second brick cone, and wooden superstructure of exterior dome. In plan the cathedral is a basilica. Most of Wren's nave and aisle churches were based on Roman basilica. Façade influenced by Church of S, Agnese, Rome, Carlo Rainaldi and Francesco Borromini, begun 1653

Bibliothèque [Library] Ste. Genevieve, Paris, France, Henri Labrouste, 1842-50 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 417-418.] 1. Where did Labrouste go to school? What style of building is this? [Lecture] 2. Describe the appearance of the exterior of this building and identify what historic buildings it reflects. 3. How does the interior combine Renaissance design with new materials such as cast iron?

1. 2. Exterior façade draws inspiration from Renaissance palazzo (built of stone, inspired by Classical architecture). 3.Foyer provides transition to reading room. -Interior reading room inspired by barrel vault, but built with plaster and wire vaults resting on cast-iron semi-circular arches and columns. -Interior reading room inspired by barrel vault, but built with plaster and wire vaults resting on cast-iron semi-circular arches and columns. -Central reading room has nine domes, each ca. 35 feet in diameter, resting on sixteen iron columns.

Week Twelve Tuesday - Baroque, Neo-Palladian, and Romantic Architecture in England 1. What does the term "Neo-Palladian" mean? Who are the Neo-Palladians and what motivated them to move away from the earlier style of Christopher Wren [Lecture, Buildings Across Time , pp. 381-383]?

1. "Neo-Palladian"- (away from Baroque architecture, associated with the Stuart kings). Andrea Palladio. Leaders included: -Colen Campbell (1676-1729), a Scottish architect and editor of the influential book Vituvius Britannicus, which appeared in three volumes. -Richard Boyle, third Earl of Burlington (1694-1753), a wealthy nobleman who practiced as an architect in addition to fulfilling government duties -William Kent (1685-1748), an Englishman who originally trained in Rome as a painter and branched out into architecture and landscape design under the patronage of Lord Burlington

Auditorium Building, Chicago, IL, Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, 1886-1890 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 447-448. Video available on eCampus through Mediamatrix] 1. What type of building is this? What sorts of activities took place here? How did this contribute to its financial success? 2. Explain what Adler and Sullivan each contributed to their partnership. How does this building exemplify the Chicago School and its approach to design? 3. How does the façade of Sullivan's buildings connect their form and function? 4. What style did Sullivan use for architectural decoration inside?

1. Auditorium Building -Built with masonry, load-bearing walls. -Exterior style reflects medieval Romanesque as well as Renaissance principles.

Chiswick House, London, England, Lord Burlington (Richard Boyle) and William Kent, 1725-1729 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 381-383] Palladian window (Serliana), thermal window 1. What building inspired Lord Burlington when he designed Chiswick House? What about his design is new or innovative? 2. Describe the exterior appearance of Chiswick House. What are some of the characteristics borrowed from the Italian Renaissance?

1. Based upon the design of Palladio's Villa Rotunda, Vicenza, 1566-1570. -Not intended to be a residence, it was intended to display works of art and for entertainment. -The half-round windows are called thermal windows after the ancient Roman baths (thermae) which provided the source of inspiration to Palladio. 2.-The shape of the windows is based upon Palladios's Basilica in Vicenza =Palladian window or Serliana.

Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England, Horace Walpole, begun 1748, [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 406] 1. What are some of the characteristics of Horace Walpole's house Strawberry Hill? What style of architecture is it? 2. What are some of the medieval monuments it deliberately imitates?

1. Built by Horace Walpole with the help of a group of friends, including amateur architects, as his own Gothic castle and intended to be a 'plaything house'. The style is called Georgian Gothic revival (also Gothick), and served as a source of inspiration for the first gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto. 2. The Library bookcases are based on an illustration of the Gothic doorways from Old St. Paul's in London. -The decoration around the fireplace is a copy of the tomb of Archbishop Wareham in Westminster Abbey. -The ceiling is based upon the design of a round window from Old St. Paul's cathedral in London. -The ceiling, which imitates the Perpendicular Style pendant vault (like the early 16th century Henry VII chapel in Westminster Abbey), is made out of papier mâché and gilded.

E. V. Haughwout Department Store, New York, Daniel Badger and John P Gaynor, 1856-1857 [Lecture, see Buildings Across Time, pp. 443-444 for discussion of cast-iron facades.] 1. How does the design of the Haughwout Department Store reflect Renaissance architecture? How do the materials reflect the industrial developments of the 19th century? 2. What did Elisha Otis's invent and install in this building? How did it contribute to the development of tall buildings?

1. Façade is designed to look like Renaissance palazzo. (e.g. Medici Palace, Florence, Michelozzo, 1444). -Built of mass-produced cast iron building elements. Deign repeats same elements over and over to achieve desired size. 2. Earliest steam-driven passenger elevator with a safety brake was invented by Elisha Graves Otis in 1852 and first installed in this building. Safety elevator.

Red House, Bexley Heath, Kent, England, Philip Webb, 1859-1860 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 422-423.] 1. Who was William Morris and what was his role in the Arts and Crafts Movement? 2. How do the outside and inside of Red House exemplify William Morris's ideas about craftsmanship and the Arts and Crafts movement?

1. Follower of John Ruskin, founded a company that employed craftsmen to make household objects and furnishings by hand. • Interest in promoting craftsmanship • Quality of life for the working class • Social consciousness • Responsibility of architecture and design to contribute to the well- being of society 2. Built for William Morris Emphasis on local materials (brick, slate roof) and traditional building forms. -The interior was designed and decorated by William Morris and his friends. -Emphasis on natural materials, artistry, and craftsmanship.

Eiffel Tower, Paris, France, Gustave Eiffel, 1889 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 418-419.] 1. Describe Gustave Eiffel's area of training (where did he go to school) and technical expertise. What types of structures did he build, what materials did he use, and what are some of his greatest innovations? 2. Why was the 'Eiffel Tower' built in Paris at this time? 3. How long did it take to build and what materials and processes contributed to its rapid construction?

1. French engineer, trained at the École Central des Arts et Manufactures. -Early commission (age 26) included construction of an iron railway bridge. Creates a company to build bridges and viaducts. -Innovations; Ponte Dona Maria railway bridge over the Douro River in Oporto, Portugal, completed 1877. Made of wrought iron. Largest non-suspension bridge in the world at that time. Five piers, central parabolic arch (525 span) supports a girder 1158 feet long. 2. 1886 French Ministry of Trade held a competition to build 'a new world wonder', an iron tower to symbolize technological progress and industrial development. 3. 1010 feet tall, built of iron with masonry foundations, 15,000 pieces of iron; 1,050,846 rivets. -Components prefabricated then assembled on site with four pivoting cranes. -Construction took 26 months with 250 workmen.

L'Opéra, Paris, France, Jean-Louis-Charles Garnier,1861-1875 [Lecture, video available on eCampus through Mediamatrix] 1. Where was Garnier trained as an architect? 2. How does the Paris Opéra exemplify the principles of the Beaux-Arts style?

1. Garnier was a student at the École des Beaux-Arts, traveled in Italy and Greece. -The Opéra is his most famous work and an important example of the Beaux-Arts traditions. 2. Elaborate rooflines with figural sculpture silhouetted against sky. -Decorative swags and garlands -Pairs of colossal columns -Projecting and receding elements -Designed with different parts of the building having different volumes. -Designed with different parts of the building having different volumes. Each space is linked, visually and spatially. -Decorative style of the interior is called"Second Empire"

Holkham Hall, Norfolk, England, William Kent, 1734 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 384] 1. What Palladian characteristics are seen on the exterior of Holkham Hall? 2. How did Coke's travels on the "Grand Tour" lead to the interior being designed to be a 'temple of the arts'? What ancient buildings does it imitate? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 384] 3. How does this great house manage to survive in the 21st century?

1. Holkham Hall exemplifies Palladian ideas including tripartite design, rustication, temple façade. Note 'Palladian' windows. Garden was designed by Lancelot "Capability" Brown. 2. Colonnade is a copy of the Temple of Fortuna Virilis in Rome. Ceiling inspired by Pantheon. The statues are plaster copies of ancient Greek and Roman gods. -Coke went on the "Grand Tour" of France and Italy, to collect works of art. -The Statue Gallery showcases a collection of ancient Roman sculpture dating to the 1st-3rd centuries. 3. ?

Altesmuseum (Old Museum), Berlin, Prussia (Germany), Karl Friedrich Schinkel, 1823-1828 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 398-401] 1. Why did Schinkel choose to use the Classical orders in his buildings? 2. Who paid for the construction of this building? 3. What type of building is this and why is this historically significant? 4. What are some of the classical design elements found in the Altes Museum? How effective are they for the purpose of the building?

1. Importance: First public art museum in Europe, establishes connection between Neoclassical architecture and the fine arts in modern Europe. 2. 3.Wall imitates painting from Roman houses (House of Sallust, Pompeii, ca. 150 B.C.) 4.Interior rotunda is reference to the ancient Roman temple, the Pantheon, ca. 125

Boston Public Library, Boston, MA, McKim, Mead, and White, 1887-1895 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 442-443] 1. How do the early buildings of McKim, Mead and White express the principles of the Beaux-Arts tradition? 2. What type of building is this and what does it symbolize about the cultural heritage of this city? 3. Explain why the National Park Service designated the Boston Public Library a National Historic Landmark? 4. How does it compare to Henri Labrouste's Bibliotheque Ste.-Geneviève in Paris?

1. In 1986, the National Park Service designated the McKim Building a National Historic Landmark citing it as "the first outstanding example of Renaissance Beaux-Arts Classicism. in America." 2. The Boston Public Library was the first large free municipal library in the United States. Charles Follen McKim referred to this as his "palace for the people." -Many of the rooms are decorated with painted murals by leading artists, including John Singer Sargent, "Triumph of Religion", and Edwin Austin Abbey, the "Quest of the Holy Grail." 3. 4.

United States Capitol Building, Washington, D.C. William Thornton, Benjamin Latrobe and others, 1793 -1866 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 402-403] 1. Why did people like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson believe that the Neoclassical style of architecture was appropriate for the capitol building of the United States? 2. Who was the first architect of the capitol building? What was so symbolic about his original design? 3. What do we know about Benjamin Henry Latrobe's training and career? What did he contribute to the United States Capitol Building?

1. Inspiration: Neoclassical architecture of Europe (classical orders, tripartite façade, dome) 2. William Thornton, 1793 Thornton won a competition to design the capitol building. -Symbolism: Two equal wings (Senate, House of Representatives) linked by central dome (unity of the nation). 3. Born in England, member of Freemasons. -1796 Emigrated to the United States. Recognized as the first professionally trained architect to practice in the United States. -1803 Appointed Surveyor of Public Buildings in Washington, D. C. by Thomas Jefferson. Latrobe continued work on Thornton's design, but enlarged the porch. He also designed the House and Senate chambers. -Old Senate and House Chambers, Supreme Court designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe after the fire of 1814. Latrobe was noted for his use of arches and vaults in his designs. Latrobe's contribution to the United States Capitol Building: -The interior of the Hall of the House has decorations inspired by Classical Greece. In the north wings, the capitals of the columns are sculpted to look like corncobs and leaves. -In the Senate Reception Room, the Corinthian capitals have Magnolia flowers, tobacco and corn leaves (in addition to the usual acanthus leaves).

Great Exhibition Hall or 'Crystal Palace', London, England, Joseph Paxton, 1851 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 414-415.] 1. What was Paxton's training and background? How did he earn the commission to build the exhibition hall? 2. What are some of the innovations in material and construction introduced by Braxton's 'Crystal Palace'? 3. What happened to this building after the Great Exhibition had closed?

1. Joseph Paxton: -English horticulturalist, garden designer, and architect. -Son of a farmer, no formal education, became head gardener for the Duke of Devonshire who had a country estate at Chatsworth. -Public commissions include landscaping public parks, including those studied by Frederick Law Olmsted, who designed New York's Central Park. 2. Designed greenhouses and hothouses, originally of wood and glass, but later using iron. The Conservatory at Chatsworth (1836-1840, dest. 1920) uses nearly an acre of sheet glass held by wood, but supported on an internal iron frame. -Built by contractors Sir Charles Fox and George Henderson. -1850 feet long, 406 feet wide, -70,000 sq. meters. -24 foot modules using cast- and wrought-iron. -300,000 sheets of glass, in the largest size ever made (4ft 1in x 10ins). 3. The Great Exhibition in London was the first international exposition intended to showcase nations and technological developments and artistic accomplishments. -At the close of the Great Exhibition in 1852, the 'Crystal Palace' was dismantled and rebuilt (with gardens) at Sydenham. -It was destroyed by a fire in 1936.

Week Twelve Thursday - Neoclassical Architecture in France, the United States and Germany LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. How does Boulée's design (shape, concept) for Sir Isaac Newton's cenotaph reflect French rationalism? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 390-391] 2. What do we know about Pierre Charles L'Enfant's background and training? How does his plan for the city of Washington D.C. reflect ideas from the European Baroque, specifically the design of Versailles in France? [Lecture]

1. Most powerful shapes were pyramid, cube, cylinder, cone and sphere => "Geometric Neoclassicism" 2.

Saline Royale de Chaux (Royal saltworks), France, town plan, Claude-Nicholas Ledoux, 1775-1779 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 390-392, video available on eCampus through Mediamatrix] Utopian city 1. Describe the types of buildings and their arrangement in Ledoux's plan for the town of Chaux. How do the location and decoration of each building reflect its purpose? How does the decoration draw upon Italian Mannerist architecture? 2. How does the gatehouse combine Neo-classical architecture and decorative details that relate to salt production? 3. How does this complex demonstrate the rising importance of industrialization in the 18th century?

1. Planned industrial community (Saltworks) with director's house at center, workers' houses around the perimeter, and buildings for the production of salt across diameter. Areas beyond the houses include gardens, recreational facilities, communal buildings = Utopian city. Buildings should be recognizable for what they were = 'Speaking Architecture' Decoration reflects Classical forms, Renaissance developments, especially Mannerism. 2.The façade has a monumental Doric colonnade, entablature and cornice. The actual entrance is designed to look like a salt mine. 3.Reference to Etienne-Louis Boullée's cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton, the sphere represents the eternal cosmos

Fine Arts Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, IL Charles Atwood, 1893 1. Describe the architectural elements on façade of this building. What ancient buildings inspired its appearance? 2. What happened to this building after the Columbian Exposition?

1. The Fine Arts Building includes decorative elements from Greek architecture. The original stucco Fine Arts Palace was rebuilt as the Museum of Science and Industry and opened in in 1933. -The Fine Arts Building includes caryatids in place of columns. These are based on the temple of Athena Polias (Erechtheion) on the Acropolis of Athens, which dates to the late 5th century BCE.

Week Thirteen Thursday - Gothic Revival and Opposition to Industrialization LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. What were Pugin's views on Gothic (medieval) architecture, especially as compared to Renaissance or Neoclassical architecture? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 420-421.] 2. Who was John Ruskin and what role did he play in defining 19th century opposition to the Industrial Revolution? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 422.]

1. Trained in architectural drafting and design based on Gothic architecture. • Rejection of industrialization • Middle Ages and Gothic architecture = greater spirituality and craftsmanship. 2. Ruskin lived in England from 1819-1900 -Art critic, writer, social commentator -Opposed industrial revolution and technological progress on the grounds that they led to a decline of social values and artistic quality. -Creator of the Arts and Crafts movement (ca. 1850-1900) that promoted craftsmanship over industrial production. -Wrote The Seven Lamps of Architecture, promoted historical styles of architecture, especially that of the medieval period.

Week Fourteen Thursday - Early Factories and Skyscrapers Menier Factory, Turbine Building, Noisel-sur-Seine, France, Jules Saunier, 1871-1872 1. Describe the materials and techniques used to build the Turbine Building at the Menier Factory. [Lecture] 2. What materials are used to provide exterior decoration and how does this tell us about its original purpose? What purpose does this factory complex serve today?

1. Turbine Building, built over the Marne River, uses water to drive the turbines that produce power for the factory. -Wrought-iron frame (exterior lattice girders) with brickwork skin. Interior had cast-iron columns. 2.The framework is exposed on the surface of the building. -Wrought-iron frame (exterior lattice girders) with brickwork skin. Interior had cast-iron columns. -Integration of structure and decoration seen in polychrome brickwork. -Decorative pattern of cacao tree and M for Menier in the circular panels.

Week Fifteen Tuesday - Late 19th century Architecture 1893 Chicago World's Fair (Columbian Exposition) [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 447-452.] 1. What role did Burnham and Root play in the development of the Columbian Exposition? 2. What did Burnham think the legacy of the fair should be? 3. What style was used for the main buildings in the "Court of Honor" at the Columbian Exposition? 4. What materials were used in their construction and how did this contribute to the speed with which they were built? What contributed to the uniform appearance of the buildings and why was it called the 'White City' 5. How did architectural design and the architects of the Columbian Exposition influence public architecture across the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century?

1. • Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root were consulting architects 2. 3. The buildings were made to be temporary and were built with iron and timber frames, the outer surface was of staff, a mixture of plaster, cement, and jute fibers. Painted white = "White City" -The Beaux-Arts traditions are seen in the buildings of the Court of Honor, with inspiration from Greece, Rome, and the Renaissance. 4. The Fine Arts Building includes caryatids in place of columns. These are based on the temple of Athena Polias (Erechtheion) on the Acropolis of Athens, which dates to the late 5th century BCE. 5. Daniel Chester French. -American Sculptor -Created statue of Lincoln in Washington, D.C. Influence of the Chicago Fair: • Shaped expectations of what a fair should include (midway, halls to display the arts, buildings dedicated to showcasing inventions) • Introduced millions of people to architectural styles from around the world and demonstrated how planning could shape modern cities. • The Classical and Beaux-Arts architecture influenced the design and construction of public buildings in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Reliance Building, Chicago, Il. Daniel Burnham, John Root, and Charles B. Atwood, 1894-1895 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 445-446.] 1. What are some of the materials and techniques used to build the Reliance Building? 2. What are some of the challenges faced by their architects? What were some of their innovations in design and structure that made their buildings a success? 3. What was the original purpose of this building? What is it today?

1. • Internal steel skeleton, load carried by trusswork columns • Decorative terracotta cladding and glass is attached to the structural frame. • Extensive use of glass on facades, large central picture window framed by double-hung sashes = Chicago window. 2. • Factory-assembled two-story steel columns made it possible to erect the top ten stories in fifteen days. 3.Office building, fifteen stories tall, has high-speed elevator.

University of Virginia campus, Charlottesville, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson, 1817-1826 [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, pp. 401-402] 1. What are some of the building types that Jefferson designed for the campus? How do the buildings adapt the classical orders and ancient Roman buildings to serve the needs of the university? 2. What are some of the ancient Roman buildings that served as prototypes for these buildings?

1.Design based upon the Roman temple, the Pantheon. -Interior design based upon classical and Palladian models. -Pavilion VII, now the Colonnade Club, faculty club of the University, established April 1907. -Pavilion X, Ornamented in the Doric Order of the Theatre of Marcellus 2.Design is based upon the Roman temple known as the Maison Carrée, in Nîmes, France, 16 BCE