ARCH History test 6, 7, and 8

During the ninth century on Java, the Sailendra dynasty constructed this Buddhist shrine of ___________. It is a consummate realization of a mandala in three dimensions. a. Borobudur b. Dhyani c. Prambanan d. Bhrama

a. Borobudur

The central core of Chchén Itzá included a cylindrical tower known as the __________, or "snail." The concentric corbelled vaults supporting its spiral stair were pierced with narrow slots at four positions to align to the planet Venus at different times of year. a. Caracol b. Cenote c. El Castillo d. Temple of the Warriors

a. Caracol

Rome's first imperially sponsored church employed the basilica meeting hall type to avoid typological associations with pagan temples and donated the palace next to the site, which came with his wife's dowry, to the bishop of Rome (known as the pope). a. John's in the Lateran b. Peter's Basilica c. Maria Maggiore d. Stefano Rotondo

a. John's in the Lateran

This courtyard in the Alhambra ran perpendicular to the Court of the Myrtles and served the domestic needs of the caliphs. a. Lions' Court b. Mexuar c. Cuarto Dorado d. Lindaraja

a. Lions' Court.

The Arch of Constantine includes numerous recycled fragments from earlier buildings, including sculpted figures of Dacian slaves taken from Trajan's forum. These fragments, stripped from preexisting buildings, are known as _______. a. spolia b. cipollino c. breccia d. relics

a. spolia

Designers of both Buddhist and Hindu temples used this seventh-century building manual that advocated organizing buildings and cities according to diagrams of the mandala, or series of concentric geometric figures that represented cosmic order. a. axis mundi b. Manasara c. candi d. padas

b. Manasara.

The urban structure of Constantinople, an extension of the ancient Greco-Roman city of Byzantium, was dominated by a grand, colonnaded central boulevard known as the __________. a. tetrapylon b. Mese c. Augusteon Forum d. Apostoleion

b. Mese

Among the first important interventions in imperial Ravenna was the octagonal structure that featured an interior space covered with mosaics, painted stucco, and colored marbles. This structure is called _______. a. Ravenna Cathedral b. Orthodox Baptistery c. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia d. Church of San Vitale

b. Orthodox Baptistery

This building at Aachen drew its layout and form extensively from Byzantine examples in Ravenna and displays ablaq patterns similar to those at the Great Mosque of Cordoba. a. St. Gall b. Palatine Chapel c. Cluny d. Lorsch

b. Palatine Chapel.

Where Constantine's rival Maxentius (r. 306-312) built a grand basilica in Rome that included a central groin-vaulted nave and coffered transversal barrel vaults adjoining the nave, Constantine constructed a much simpler basilica, with side walls rising on tall arches and roofed with wooden trusses. Constantine's basilica is located in this city: a. Milan b. Trier c. Nicomedia (modern Izmit, Turkey) d. Salonica

b. Trier

The voussoirs of the stacked arches in the hypostyle hall of the Great Mosque of Cordoba were rendered in alternating red brick and white limestone, called ______, which produced a dynamic visual effect. a. qibla b. ablaq c. maksura d. muqarnas

b. ablaq

The rock-cut hall at Karli features a great oblong hall, called a _______, lined with columns that lead to a stupa. a. stambha b. chaitya c. harmika d. vihara

b. chaitya

The shore temples at Mahabalipuram were built around 720 and were among the first structural temples built in durable materials in the region. As a Hindu shrine, it included a womb chamber and a sculpted phallus known as a _________. These features reflected the dialogue of genders, which occupied the core of the Hindu cosmic vision. a. garbha griha b. lingam c. ratha d. parkara

b. lingam

With many rows of projecting eaves, the small Wild Goose Pagoda in Chang'an represents this pagoda type. a. louge b. miyuan c. shanmen d. dadian

b. miyuan.

During the mid-twelfth century the Almohad dynasty seized power in Morocco. They built the Koutoubia Mosque in 1147. The nave leading to the mihrab included domes with fanciful _________, a complex pattern that subdivided the curvature of a pendentive, an arch, or a vault into a multitude of rows of squinches. a. ablaq b. muqarnas c. maksura d. qibla

b. muqarnas.

A layered wooden structure that protected the stupa memorial for a relic or act of the Buddha, this building had its origins in Nepal but became the most distinctive building type of Chinese Buddhism. a. vihara b. pagoda c. shoden d. shanmen

b. pagoda

The Durga Temple at Aihole marks an architectural transition from rock-cut cavern into mounded pile. It includes an oblong hall of the chatiya type with and adjoining chamber crowned with a pyramidal tower known as ___________. a. garbha griha b. shikhara c. cella d. parkara

b. shikhara

One of the most fancifully decorated courtyard complexes of the Maya can be found in Uxmal. It is called _________. Dedicated in 907 CE, it consisted of sixty cell-like rooms in the four 80 meter long volumes, suggesting the presence of a convent-like structure. a. Pyramid of the Magician b. the Nunnery c. El Castillo d. Temple of the Warriors

b. the Nunnery

This monastic institution in central France held jurisdiction over nearly 1,500 monasteries. The eleventh-century reconstruction of their complex attracted the patronage of Alfonso VI of Castile. a. Gorze b. Aachen c. Cluny d. Le Thoronet

c. Cluny.

In the Todaiji Temple complex in Nara, the central temple, the ________, rose nearly 50 m and was the largest timber-frame building in the world. a. Bulguk-sa b. Daigokuden c. Daibutsuden (is spelled Daibutseden in Fig 7.2-9) d. Dougong

c. Daibutsuden (is spelled Daibutseden in Fig 7.2-9).

The palace of this Roman emperor (r. 284-305) on the Dalmatian coast (near his birthplace) was organized like a military castrum and featured a monumental gabled porch supported by four colossal columns with an arch placed between the two central columns, creating a fastigium. a. Augustus b. Hadrian c. Diocletian d. Constantine

c. Diocletian

The first great Umayyad monument, called the _________, was constructed under Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705). It comprised a central-plan structure resembling a Christian martyrium. The borrowing of forms from Persian, Roman, and Byzantine precedents was typical of early Islamic architecture. a. Temple Mount b. Anastasis c. Dome of the Rock d. ablaq

c. Dome of the Rock

This victorious ruler, or ajaw, built Tikal's first tall pyramids. Temple I rises 48 meters, has nine levels, is accessed by a single flight of stairs that rises on a 70 degree pitch, and is crowned by a roof come that extends ten meters above the upper chamber. a. Yax-Moch-Xok b. Toh-Chok-Ich'ak c. Hasaw-Kan-K'awil d. Hanab Pakal

c. Hasaw-Kan-K'awil.

Mecca had long been a major cult site for the nomadic tribes of Arabia. Religious pilgrims were attracted to a cubical granite house containing idols, called the ________. After Muhammad's conquest of Mecca, this shrine became the focus of Muslim prayers and represents the unity of the faithful. a. haram b. Medina c. Kaaba d. Hejaz

c. Kaaba

The castles of the Crusaders in the Middle East showed signs of ballistic innovation. The castle of ________ in Syria, near Aleppo, features prominent round bastions, sloped glacis embankments, and concentric successions of battlements. a. Saone b. Margat c. Krak des Chevaliers d. Castel del Monte

c. Krak des Chevaliers.

The four principal routes to Compostela encouraged the development of abbeys, inns, and hospices. The third route, the Via Podiensis, began at the hill town of Le Puy, south of Lyon. Over this town, the sanctuary of ______ overlooked the city from the top of a conical lava outcrop. a. Saint Martin of Tours b. Sainte Madelaine c. Saint Michel d'Aiguilhe d. Saint-Gilles-du-Gard

c. Saint Michel d'Aiguilhe.

The Abbasid capital, _________, founded by al-Mutasim (r. 833-842) was built along the banks of the Tigris River. Under al-Mutawakkil (r. 847-861) the capital would boast the largest mosque in the world that included a hypostyle prayer hall that stretched nine columns deep and twenty-four across and a spiral minaret. a. Damascus b. Baghdad c. Samarra d. Cairo

c. Samarra

The pyramid built by Hanab Pakal in Palenque, a pyramid that housed his own tomb, is known as ______________. a. Temple I b. Temple II c. Temple of the Inscriptions d. the Pyramid of the Magician

c. Temple of the Inscriptions

Leading initiatives to construct the Daminggong Palace in Chang'an, the Qianling imperial necropolis, and numerous Buddhist temples, she became the only woman to rule China using the masculine title of "emperor" and established her own dynasty, the Zhou. a. Hatshepsut b. Galla Placidia c. Wu Zetian d. Gaozong

c. Wu Zetian.

The Indratataka reservoir, a stone-lined basin 3800 by 800 meters, is known locally as a __________. These reservoirs became a fundamental feature of Khmer monumental architecture. a. candi b. chakravartin c. baray d. Nagy

c. baray

The hypostyle cave on the island of Elephanta is a Hindu shrine that includes a great hypostyle hall, cruciform in shape, known as a ________. a. garbha griha b. lingam c. mandapa d. shala

c. mandapa

With a Greek-cross plan that supports five domes, Constantine's Apostoleion is an example of this kind of architectural scheme (the designers of the basilica of St. Mark's in Venice copied this church's scheme): a. basilica b. rotunda c. quincunx d. baptistery

c. quincunx

Dedicated to goddess Lakshmi (wife of Vishnu) the Lakshamana is one of the earliest permanent temples at Khajuraho. The profile of the temple culminates in a 20 meter high beehive-shaped tower, called a ______. a. kunda b. mandapa c. shikhara d. parkara

c. shikhara.

This Abbasid vizier built a palace district and mosque in Cairo. His mosque resembles the mosques of Samarra. a. Abu Bakr b. Uthman c. Al-Walid I d. Ahmed Ibn Tulun

d. Ahmed Ibn Tulun

Which of the following features characterize the urban pattern of Maya cities? a. Sprawling layouts covering as much as 200 square kilometers with low housing densities (as few as 1,200 people per square km) (Tikal). b. A monumental cluster of palaces, assembly halls (popol nahs), sweat baths, ball courts, and funerary temples at the urban core. c. A large plaza on the edge of the monumental district serving as a market. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above..

While the temple in the center of Angkor Thom, called the ________, is specifically dedicated to the Buddha, it includes the Hindu gods Shiva and Vishnu in its iconographic program. a. Chams b. Jayavarman c. Banteay Srei d. Bayon

d. Bayon

The Norman palace in this city combined Arab and Byzantine styles. a. Durham b. Caen c. Mont Saint Michel d. Palermo

d. Palermo.

The Emperor Constantine enjoyed a long reign and sponsored numerous architectural projects, many of them churches, wherever he settled. In which city did Constantine NOT sponsor any building? a. Trier b. Jerusalem c. Antioch d. Ravenna

d. Ravenna

In Milan, Ambrose's imperial rivals created an impressive early Christian church that included an octagonal dome placed upon four two-story piers that alternated with four conches, forming colossal exedra. This church is called: a. Sant'Ambrogio b. San Nazaro c. San Simpliciano d. San Lorenzo

d. San Lorenzo

The Great Mosque of Damascus included a monumental entry portal that opened onto a central nave leading to the mihrab. A screened area to the right of the mihrab, called the _________, imitated the screened areas in palatine churches that separated Byzantine emperors from the congregation. a. sahn b. qibla c. minbar d. maksura

d. maksura

The thirteenth-century synagogue in Toledo, known today as Santa Maria la Blanca, is an example of the _________, which involved the fusion of motifs from the three faiths of Al Andalus: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. a. taifa b. Reconquista c. Morisco d. mudéjar

d. mudéjar.

The Pandava ratha at Mahabalipuram included five monolithic buildings and colossal sculptures of animals. A rectangular walled precinct surrounds the complex: this Indian version of a temenos is known as a __________. a. aedicule b. cella c. chaitya d. parkara

d. parkara

Justinian's reconstruction of Hagia Sophia features a dome rising over the center of the structure on triangular concave spandrels known as _______. a. quincunx b. conches c. aedicules d. pendentives

d. pendentives

The Moroccan courtyard house, or _____, took form from the inside out, arranged around one or more geometrically perfect courts. a. munya b. hammam c. madrasa d. riad

d. riad

The Sui-dynasty architect, Yuwen Kai (555-612), produced the new plan of Chang'an. Conceived on the grid traditions of the __________ diagram, with three gates on the east, south, and west; the city was more than three times the area of ancient Rome. a. dougong b. fang c. shoden d. wangcheng

d. wangcheng