Archaeology
Tikal
(250-800) Largest known Mayan city Monuments depict detailed history of rulers over 3000 mapped structures (i.e. temple of great jaguar) 50,000+ people during peak
Primary Characteristics of State
Multiple cities full time specialized labor centralized government class based system territorial residence endogamy
Chaco Canyon
Not a state level society in New Mexico USA, had five towns including Pueblo Bonito (which was the largest half circled settlement) probably a place for pilgrimage.
microliths
Small, flaked stone tools probably designed to be hafted to wood or bone; common feature of Upper Paleolithic and Later Stone Age tool industries
Multivariate Models
State development is triggered by numerous factors, not just one singular factor
agricultural intensification
The rise in usage of domesticate plants and animals for food which creates a surplus. Agricultural intensification is a cause for state level societies.
100-850
Time period of Teoihuacan state
City State Characteristics
Urban core small government 5000-20,000 marked by a city wall marketplace
Secondary Characteristics of State
monumental architecture standardized artwork long-distance trade writing sciences (math, chemistry, etc)
cuneiform
one of the first forms of writing. used in Mesopotamia. resulted in scribe class which had a high status
Environmental Factors for State Decline
over use of resources lack of rainfall crop failures salinization natural disasters
Types of Multivariate Models
population growth new technologies change in trade shift in labor/specialization
cylinder seal
seal used in the Indus Valley to seal granaries and other surplus storage rooms.
Evidence of complex societies
similar art artifacts, evidence of writing, monumental structures, differences between class based residential areas, and class based burials
territorial state
small region and multilevel hierarchy (i.e. Egypt) closer to the characteristics of an empire.
Power in Chiefdoms
the chief have the major power over everything, may differentiate power but must ask chief first. The successor is the chiefs male child.
circumscription
the process of being enclosed by environmental factors or social boundaries.
dispersed aggregated settlements
the site of the settlement isn't tightly constructed together but widely dispersed which changes the governmental structure of the community.
cosmology
the view of a society encompassing their understanding of the universe, its origins, and their existence with nature.
Prime Movers Models
theoretical explanation that states the reason for complex development is based off of one element.
city state
urban core, small polities (i.e. Mesopotamia, Maya)
civilization
urbanized and state level society
endogamous
marriage within a class
Geographical Areas of State Level Development
Mesoamerica, South America, Europe, Mesopotamia, East Asia, and Indus Valley
Tenochtitlan
1325-1519AD Largest/Most Powerful city in ancient Mesoamerica Aztec culture or "Mexica" Legend of finding city is depicted on Mexico's flag Used cocoa beans for money
Stone Hendge
3000-1500BC Between neolithic and bronze age site of well known megaliths part of a larger community of megaliths
Ur
3100-2370BC Developed city after Uruk ziggarats Pu-abi tomb site
Uruk
3600-3100BC located between tigris and euphrates river urbanism, evidence of writing first use of cylinder seals
ziggurat
A large pyramid in Mesopotamia consisting of many stepped levels. Possibly a religious temple
Ice Man aka Otzi
A man that lived during the Middle Neolithic founded in a glacier in Italy perfectly preserved with soft tissue and skin that had tattoos.
Bruce Trigger
Developed the distinction between City States and Territorial States
Mesoamerican Time Periods
Formative Period(100-250) Classic Period(250-800) Post Classic Period (700-900)
Multilinear Evolutionary Theory
Independent development and trajectories of complex societies
surplus
a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded due to intensified agriculture. reason for trade and societal hierarchies.
Unilinear Evolutionary Theory
all cultures and communities go through the same steps to develop into a large state level society bands-tribes-chiefdoms-states
Dynamic Model of State Decline
all state level societies go through a certain cycle (formation-expansion-breakdown)
Characteristics of Chiefdom
centralized government 2000-5000 government: chief ascribe status
monumental architecture
characteristic of civilization, often religious monuments (i.e. ziggrats in Mesopotamia, pyramids in Egypt)
Mesoamerican Pyramids
circular, rectangular, or triangular pyramid cut-stone facings held together by mortar build in constructive episodes which changed the pyramids appearance drastically
Cuzco
city state related to the Inca
Moche
culture in south america that is a chiefdom
Egyptian Pyramids
cut-stone blocks triangular pyramids internal passages/tombs used as a tomb and house for eternity for person buried in it
V. Gorden Childe
developed Urban Revolution- a large surplus as a result of intensified agriculture caused each farmer to cultivate one single crop rather than numerous crops
Joyce Marcus
developed the Dynamic Model of State Decline
Wittfogel
developed the Prime Model theories. Known for the irrigation model
C.J. Thomsen
developed the Three Age System: Stone age Bronze age Iron age
Robert Carneiro
developed the prime mover model that circumscription/warfare is the major element for state societies
Power in States
differential power and authority (meaning they give multiple people small amounts of power over the masses) They are self serving and system serving and perpetuates inequality between classes. The successors are different in each society depending on their cultural ideals.
State
government for with an internally specialized organized decision-making apparatus.
Bullae
hallow clay balls used to enclose clay tokens in ancient Mesopotamia used for business transactions. One of the first use of writing.
Teoihuacan
high population: 150,000 orangeware pottery Street of the Dead Pyramid of the Moon Pyramid of the Sun Temple of Feathered Serpent
Elite Burials
human sacrifices, large monuments, food, grave goods, burial clothing, mummification, sarcophaguses, and animal sacrifice and mummufication
Population Pressure Factors for state decline
internal conflict (group rivalries) External (war or barbarians)
Types of Prime Mover Models
irrigation model, population pressure, circumscription/warfare, and shift in labor/specialization.
megaliths
large stone and earthen manmade works. (i.e. Stone Hedge)
Bog Bodies
lived 2000 years ago, founded in northern Europe, bodies were deposited into bog for ritual reasons or punishment. soft tissue still intact. know his last meal