Archaeology

Tikal

(250-800) Largest known Mayan city Monuments depict detailed history of rulers over 3000 mapped structures (i.e. temple of great jaguar) 50,000+ people during peak

Primary Characteristics of State

Multiple cities full time specialized labor centralized government class based system territorial residence endogamy

Chaco Canyon

Not a state level society in New Mexico USA, had five towns including Pueblo Bonito (which was the largest half circled settlement) probably a place for pilgrimage.

microliths

Small, flaked stone tools probably designed to be hafted to wood or bone; common feature of Upper Paleolithic and Later Stone Age tool industries

Multivariate Models

State development is triggered by numerous factors, not just one singular factor

agricultural intensification

The rise in usage of domesticate plants and animals for food which creates a surplus. Agricultural intensification is a cause for state level societies.

100-850

Time period of Teoihuacan state

City State Characteristics

Urban core small government 5000-20,000 marked by a city wall marketplace

Secondary Characteristics of State

monumental architecture standardized artwork long-distance trade writing sciences (math, chemistry, etc)

cuneiform

one of the first forms of writing. used in Mesopotamia. resulted in scribe class which had a high status

Environmental Factors for State Decline

over use of resources lack of rainfall crop failures salinization natural disasters

Types of Multivariate Models

population growth new technologies change in trade shift in labor/specialization

cylinder seal

seal used in the Indus Valley to seal granaries and other surplus storage rooms.

Evidence of complex societies

similar art artifacts, evidence of writing, monumental structures, differences between class based residential areas, and class based burials

territorial state

small region and multilevel hierarchy (i.e. Egypt) closer to the characteristics of an empire.

Power in Chiefdoms

the chief have the major power over everything, may differentiate power but must ask chief first. The successor is the chiefs male child.

circumscription

the process of being enclosed by environmental factors or social boundaries.

dispersed aggregated settlements

the site of the settlement isn't tightly constructed together but widely dispersed which changes the governmental structure of the community.

cosmology

the view of a society encompassing their understanding of the universe, its origins, and their existence with nature.

Prime Movers Models

theoretical explanation that states the reason for complex development is based off of one element.

city state

urban core, small polities (i.e. Mesopotamia, Maya)

civilization

urbanized and state level society

endogamous

marriage within a class

Geographical Areas of State Level Development

Mesoamerica, South America, Europe, Mesopotamia, East Asia, and Indus Valley

Tenochtitlan

1325-1519AD Largest/Most Powerful city in ancient Mesoamerica Aztec culture or "Mexica" Legend of finding city is depicted on Mexico's flag Used cocoa beans for money

Stone Hendge

3000-1500BC Between neolithic and bronze age site of well known megaliths part of a larger community of megaliths

Ur

3100-2370BC Developed city after Uruk ziggarats Pu-abi tomb site

Uruk

3600-3100BC located between tigris and euphrates river urbanism, evidence of writing first use of cylinder seals

ziggurat

A large pyramid in Mesopotamia consisting of many stepped levels. Possibly a religious temple

Ice Man aka Otzi

A man that lived during the Middle Neolithic founded in a glacier in Italy perfectly preserved with soft tissue and skin that had tattoos.

Bruce Trigger

Developed the distinction between City States and Territorial States

Mesoamerican Time Periods

Formative Period(100-250) Classic Period(250-800) Post Classic Period (700-900)

Multilinear Evolutionary Theory

Independent development and trajectories of complex societies

surplus

a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded due to intensified agriculture. reason for trade and societal hierarchies.

Unilinear Evolutionary Theory

all cultures and communities go through the same steps to develop into a large state level society bands-tribes-chiefdoms-states

Dynamic Model of State Decline

all state level societies go through a certain cycle (formation-expansion-breakdown)

Characteristics of Chiefdom

centralized government 2000-5000 government: chief ascribe status

monumental architecture

characteristic of civilization, often religious monuments (i.e. ziggrats in Mesopotamia, pyramids in Egypt)

Mesoamerican Pyramids

circular, rectangular, or triangular pyramid cut-stone facings held together by mortar build in constructive episodes which changed the pyramids appearance drastically

Cuzco

city state related to the Inca

Moche

culture in south america that is a chiefdom

Egyptian Pyramids

cut-stone blocks triangular pyramids internal passages/tombs used as a tomb and house for eternity for person buried in it

V. Gorden Childe

developed Urban Revolution- a large surplus as a result of intensified agriculture caused each farmer to cultivate one single crop rather than numerous crops

Joyce Marcus

developed the Dynamic Model of State Decline

Wittfogel

developed the Prime Model theories. Known for the irrigation model

C.J. Thomsen

developed the Three Age System: Stone age Bronze age Iron age

Robert Carneiro

developed the prime mover model that circumscription/warfare is the major element for state societies

Power in States

differential power and authority (meaning they give multiple people small amounts of power over the masses) They are self serving and system serving and perpetuates inequality between classes. The successors are different in each society depending on their cultural ideals.

State

government for with an internally specialized organized decision-making apparatus.

Bullae

hallow clay balls used to enclose clay tokens in ancient Mesopotamia used for business transactions. One of the first use of writing.

Teoihuacan

high population: 150,000 orangeware pottery Street of the Dead Pyramid of the Moon Pyramid of the Sun Temple of Feathered Serpent

Elite Burials

human sacrifices, large monuments, food, grave goods, burial clothing, mummification, sarcophaguses, and animal sacrifice and mummufication

Population Pressure Factors for state decline

internal conflict (group rivalries) External (war or barbarians)

Types of Prime Mover Models

irrigation model, population pressure, circumscription/warfare, and shift in labor/specialization.

megaliths

large stone and earthen manmade works. (i.e. Stone Hedge)

Bog Bodies

lived 2000 years ago, founded in northern Europe, bodies were deposited into bog for ritual reasons or punishment. soft tissue still intact. know his last meal