ARE 5.0 - PPD

PARKING: ACCESSIBLE

# OF ADA STALLS SET BY ADA AND LOCAL CODES. BASED ON TOTAL # OF PARKING SPACES. LOCATE CLOSE TO BLDG ENTRY. IDENTIFY W/ SYMBOL. MUST BE ADJACENT TO PARKING ACCESS AISLE (PART OF ACCESSIBLE ROUTE). % MAY NEED TO BE VAN ACCESSIBLE (ADJACENT AISLE MUST BE 5' WIDE OR 8' WIDE FOR VAN. MAX SLOPE OF 2.0%

LANDSCAPING

A SINGLE ROW OF TREES CAN REDUCE WIND 30-40% FOR 5 TIMES THE TREE HEIGHT. TREES NEXT TO BLDG REDUCE WIND 20-60%. PARKING STRIPS OR ISLANDS MIN 7 FEET WIDE.

SITE DESIGN: DRAINAGE TYPES

ABOVE GROUND OR BELOW GROUND. ABOVE: PERVIOUS PAVING, SHEET FLOW, GUTTERS, SWALES, CHANNELS, AND RUNOFFS. BELOW: PERFORATED DRAINS, ENCLOSED STORM SEWERS TO CITY LINES OR TO NATURAL FEATURE

SITE SECURITY

ACCOMPLISHED AT FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS: PERIMETER PROTECTION, ACCESS AND PARKING, ON-SITE SECURITY, BUILDING ENVELOPE PROTECTION

SITE DESIGN: BLDG LOCATION/IMPROVEMENTS

ALL BLDGS DISRUPT DRAINAGE. ACCOMMADATE INCREASED RUNOFF. POSITIVE DRAINAGE AWAY FROM BLDGS.

ZONING: FLOOR AREA RATIOS

AMOUNT OF LAND ON A SITE THAT CAN BE COVERED BY A BLDG IS DETERMINED BY THE FLOOR AREA RATIO AND SETBACKS. F.A.R. IS RATIO OF THE GROSS FLOOR AREA W/I A STRUCTURE TO THE AREA OF THE LOT.

SITE NOISE CONTROL

BARRIERS, MAXIMIZE DISTANCE B/T NOISE SOURCE AND RECEIVER, AVOID HARD SURFACES NEAR NOISE SOURCE, AVOID PARALLEL HARD SURFACES, PLANT EVERGREEN TREES/SHRUBS DENSELY B/T NOISE SOURCE AND RECEIVER, CONTROL NOISE SOURCES, USE MASKING SOUNDS, DESIGN BLDG FEATURES TO BLOCK NOISE

SITE DESIGN: DRAINAGE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

BASED ON SIZE OF AREA TO BE DRAINED, RUNOFF COEFFICIENT, AND AMOUNT OF WATER TO BE DRAINED DURING MOST SEVERE STORM. COMMON TO USE 25 YEAR STORM. IF RUNOFF EXCEEDS UTILITIES A HOLDING POND MAY BE BUILT, COLLECTS WATER TO RELEASE AT CONTROLLED RATE.

CODE: OCCUPANCY

BASED ON TABLES/GRAPHS IN CODE. IF PROJECT/AREA DOESN'T SEEM TO FIT, SHOULD CONSULT W/ LOCAL AHJ.

SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES

BUILDING ORIENTATION: RECTANGULAR IS MOST EFFICIENT W/ LONG DIMENSION E/W. ANGLE DEPENDS ON CLIMATE REGION AND LOCATION ON SITE. BUILDING SHAPE: SMALLER SURFACE AREA USES LESS ENERGY (THINK CUBE). CUTOUTS IN BLDG OR COURTYARDS FOR VENTILATION AND DAYLIGHTING.

EARTH SHELTERING

BURY PART OF BLDG IN GROUND. HELPS REGULATE TEMPS, HEAT GAIN/LOSS. TYPES: BUILT ABOVE GRADE W/ EARTH BERMED AGAINST WALLS. BUILT INTO EXCAVATED SITE. COMPLETELY BURIED BELOW W/ COURTYARD IN MIDDLE.

UTILITIES

CAN INCLUDE: SANITARY, STORM, WATER, GAS, ELECTRICITY, STEAM, TELEPHONE, INTERNET, CABLE. SANITARY/STORM TAKE PRECEDENCE B/C THEY NEED GRAVITY TO FLOW. MORE FLEXIBILITY IN ROUTING AND LOCATION WHERE GRAVITY DOESN'T MATTER.

INDOOR AIR QUALITY

CAUSES OF POOR: CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS FROM INDOOR SOURCES, CHEM CONTAMS FROM OUTDOOR SOURCES, BIOLOGICAL CONTAMS, POOR VENTILATION

CODE: FIRE RATINGS

CODE SPECIFIES MINIMUM RATING OF BUILDING ELEMENTS.

DAMPPROOFING

CONTROL OF MOISTURE THAT IS NOT UNDER HYDRO STATIC PRESSURE (TYPICALLY ON SLABS AND FOUNDATION WALLS BELOW GRADE) DO NOT GO BELOW WATER TABLE (NEED WATER PROOFING)

WATERPROOFING

CONTROL OF MOISTURE WITH HYDRO STATIC PRESSURE.

SUSTAINABILITY: WATER USE

CONTROL/DIRECT RUNOFF, PREVENT EROSION, CONTAMINATION OF RUNOFF, USE RAIN/GRAY WATER FOR IRRIGATION, PRACTICE CONSERVATION.

BARRIER FREE DESIGN

CONTROLLED BY ADA. DOESN'T GET INSPECTED BY CODE OFFICIALS BUT NEEDS DONE W/ OWNER TO AVOID CIVIL SUITS.

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

CONVENIENT, DIRECT ACCESS TO POINTS ON SITE. SIDEWALKS PROVIDE ACCESS TO POINTS ON SITE. COLLECTOR WALKS NEXT TO PARKING TO TRAVEL FROM CAR TO SEPARATE WALKS. MIN 6 FEET WIDE WHEN ADJACENT TO PARKING. NO MORE THAN 1/4" SLOPE FOR ADA.

DAYLIGHTING

DESIGN FOR NATURAL LIGHT TO GIVE EFFECTIVE INTERNAL LIGHT DURING THE DAY. DESIGN NEEDS ENOUGH VIEW OF SKY, GLAZING TO TRANSMIT SUFFICIENT LIGHT, COORDINATE W/ LIGHTING CONTROL AND HVAC

INSULATION

DETERMINE REQ'D R-VALUE TO CHOOSE TYPE OF INSUL. SUPERINSULATION: HIGHER LEVELS OR INSULATING THAN NORMAL, NO THERMAL BRIDGING, EVERY PIECE IS INSULATED, GAPS ARE AVOIDED TRANSPARENT INSULATION: USED TO ADMIT LIGHT WHILE PROVIDING HIGH DEGREE OF INSULATION. MOVABLE INSULATION: USED ON WINDOWS TO PROVIDE PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING. INSUL REMOVED DURING SUNLIGHT HOURS.

PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS 1

DIRECT GAIN: COLLECT HEAT THROUGH GLASS AND STORE IN HIGH MASS MATERIALS (CONCRETE, MASONRY, ETC) RELEASE HEAT AT NIGHT, NEEDS WELL INSULATED GLASS. INDIRECT GAIN: THERMAL MASS IS NOT IN DIRECT SUNLIGHT. HEATED BY ROOM TEMP DURING DAY, LESS EFFICIENT (4 TIMES LESS). ROOF POND: STORES HEAT IN WATER FILLED BAGS, AT NIGHT INSULATION IS MOVED ON BAGS AND HEAT RELEASED INSIDE.

GLAZING: DOUBLE ENVELOPE

DOUBLE ENVELOPE: TWO GLAZED LAYERS SEPARATED BY 2-3 FEET. SUN CONTROL IS USED AND EITHER A PASSIVE OR ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEM IS INCORPORATED W/I THIS SPACE. OUTER SHELL MODERATES EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT. CAVITY CAN BE PASSIVELY HEATED AND EXHAUST EXCESSIVE HEAT BUILDUP. MORE EXPENSIVE BUT REDUCE COOLING LOADS, ENHANCED SUN CONTROL, REDUCE OPERATING COSTS, OPTIMIZE DAYLIGHT, ENHANCE AIR QUALITY.

GEOTHERMAL

DRAWS ON HEAT SOURCES W/I THE EARTH. USES GROUND HEAT TO WARM EMBEDDED PIPING. TRANSFERS HEAT TO HEATING SYSTEM. IN SUMMER PIPING RELEASES HEAT FROM AIR INTO THE COOLER GROUND, WATER IS COOLED AND USED TO COOL THE AIR.

INDOOR AIR QUALITY:MAINTAIN GOOD

ELIMINATE/REDUCE SOURCES OF POLLUTION, CONTROL VENTILATION, GOOD MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES, CONTROL OCCUPANT ACTIVITY, PROVIDE APPROPRIATE FILTRATION,

DRAINAGE

ESTABLISH PARKING DRAINAGE AS PART OF SITE DESIGN. SLOPE BETWEEN 1.5% AND 5.0%. DRAIN WATER TO EDGES. CURB CUTS NECESSARY FOR PARKING CURBS. ABOUT 1 FOOT OF ELEVATION CHANGE PER DOUBLE LOADED AISLE (62 FEET).

SUSTAINABILITY LOAD DEMANDS

EXTERNAL-LOAD DOMINATED BLDG: ENERGY USE DETERMINED MAINLY BY HEAT LOSS/GAIN ON ENVELOPE. FEW OCCUPANTS PER AREA (HOUSE/APARTMENT/CONDO) INTERNAL-LOAD DOMINATED BLDG: ENERGY USE DETERMINED MAINLY BY HEAT GAIN FROM OCCUPANTS, LIGHTING, AND EQUIPMENT (OFFICE, HOSPITAL, SCHOOL)

CODE: RATED WALLS/PARTITIONS

FIRE PARTITION: WALL WITH 1 HR RATING ONLY. CAN NOT BE CONTINUOUS IF MEETS RATED CEILING FIRE BARRIER: DESIGNED TO RESTRICT SPREAD OF FIRE, CONFINE IT, AFFORD SAFE PASSAGE. FIRE BARRIER OFFERS MORE PROTECTION THAT FIRE PARTITION. MUST ALWAYS BE CONTINUOUS. FIRE WALL: RATED WALL USED TO SEPARATE CONSTRUCTION TYPES OR FOR ALLOWABLE AREA. ALWAYS 2 TO 4 HR RATED AND CONTINUE THROUGH THE ROOF. STRUCTURE ON EITHER SIDE CAN COLLAPSE IF FIRE PRESENT SMOKE BARRIER: CONTINUOUS VERT/HORIZ MEMBRANE W/ MIN. FIRE RATING OF 1 HR. RESTRICTS MOVEMENT OF SMOKE. PASSIVE FORM OF SMOKE CONTROL.

SUSTAINABILITY: GRAY/BLACK WATER

GRAY: NON HUMAN WASTE. BLACK:HUMAN WASTE. KEEP SEPARATE PIPING, MAY NEED TO CLEAN GREY TO USE FOR IRRIGATION (CODES). BLACK MORE INTENSE CLEANING/TREATMENT.

ZONING: BULK PLANE RESTRICTIONS

IMAGINARY LINE ANGLED FROM LOT LINE OVER THE SITE TO LIMIT BLDG HGT. ENSURES ADEQUATE LIGHT, AIR, AND SOLAR ACCESS.

LIGHTING SOURCES:

INCANDESCENT LAMPS (FILAMENT BULB, STANDARD, HOT, NOT EFFICIENT), FLUORESCENT LAMPS (GAS AND MERCURY VAPOR IN TUBE, NEEDS BALLASTS) , HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS (MERCURY VAPOR, METAL HALIDE, AND SODIUM), LEDs (SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE THAT USES SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS TO CREATE LIGHT).

SERVICE ACCESS

KEEP SEPARATE FROM VEHICLE CIRC. GIVE SPACE FOR LARGE TRUCK TURNAROUND/BACK UP. PROVIDE CLEARANCES IF ENCLOSED.

UTILITIES: SEWERS

MIN SLOPE IS 0.5% TO 2.0% DEPENDING ON PIPE SIZE. GREATER SLOPE FOR SMALLER PIPES.

BUILDING SHADING

MINIMIZE SOLAR HEAT GAIN IN SUMMER, MAXIMIZE IN WINTER. USE TREES OR SHADING DEVICES.

SITE DESIGN: PAVING

MINIMUM SITE PAVING TO BE 1.5% ABOVE GROUND. BELOW GROUND 0.3%

AIR BARRIERS

MUCH ENERGY IS LOST FROM INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION (AIR LEAKAGE). 25-40% OF HEATING/COOLING ENERGY IS LOST DUE TO AIR LEAKAGE. CONDITIONED AIR CAN BE LOST TO LEAKAGE. LEAKAGE CARRIES OUTSIDE DUST AND POLLUTANTS. LEAKAGE CARRIES WATER VAPOR WHICH CAN CREATE MOLD. CONSULT CODE TO CHOOSE AIR/VAPOR BARRIERS

INSULATION/WEATHER SEALING

NEED TO ADEQUATELY INSULATE BLDG AND SEAL IT.

LIGHTING SOURCES, OTHER:

NEON LAMPS, COLD-CATHODE LAMPS, FIBER OPTIC LUMINARIES.

GLAZING: DYNAMIC BUFFER ZONE

NEW OUTER LAYER OF GLAZING BUILT AROUND EXISTING BLDG. PREVENTS/CONTROLS CONDENSATION THAT CAN RESULT FROM REMODELING AND UPGRADING BLDG'S VENTILATION, HEATING, COOLING SYSTEMS. CAVITY HERE IS VENTILATED WITH DRY, PREHEATED AIR DURING WINTER MONTHS.

STRUCTURE: LONG SPAN

OVER 60 FEET. GREATER RISK OF LOSS OF LIFE IF FAILURE B/C OF MEMBERS COVERING MORE AREA

PARKING ARRANGEMENT

PLACED ALONG AISLES. SINGLE AND DOUBLE LOADED TYPES. 90 DEG PARKING IS MOST EFFICIENT IN TERMS OF LAND USE. ANGLED PARKING IS EASIER TO USE AND FORCES ONE WAY CIRC. MOST EFFICIENT IS DOUBLE LOADED AISLE THAT USE THE DRIVE TO BACK UP. 400SF PER CAR USED TO ESTIMATE SIZE TO START.

PARKING DESIGN

PLAN FOR EFFICIENCY, CONVENIENCE TO BLDG, AND SEPARATE FROM PEDESTRIANS. PARKING SIZE DETERMINED BY ZONING AND PROGRAM. STANDARD PARKING SPACE IS 9x19, COMPACT CARS 7-6x15. ZONING MAY DIFFER HERE.

CODE: COMMON PATH OF EGRESS

PORTION OF EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE MEASURED FROM THE MOST REMOTE POINT WITHIN A STORY TO THE POINT WHERE OCCUPANTS HAVE SEPARATE ACCESS TO TWO EXITS OR EXIT ACCESS DOORS AND CAN MAKE A CHOICE.

PHOTOVALTEICS

REDUCES DEMAND ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (COAL/GAS). REDUCE ENERGY COSTS (SELL BACK TO UTILITY COMPANIES) PRODUCES ELECTRICITY W/ NO POLLUTION, AND FREE RESOURCE (SUN). HIGH INITIAL COST, LOCATION BASED FOR SUN, LOW WINTER PRODUCTION, LOW NIGHT PRODUCTION.

GREEN ROOF

REDUCES HEATING/COOLING LOADS, STORM RUNOFF. ABSORB CO2, REDUCE AMBIENT AIR TEMPS, FILTER AIR, BIND DUST, REDUCE HEAT ISLAND, PROTECT ROOFING FROM UV, ADDS ACOUSTICAL INSULATION, ADDS AESTHETIC APPEAL.

COOL ROOFS

REFLECTIVE ROOFING. LIGHT COLORED MATERIAL REFLECTS HEAT THAN ABSORBS. MINIMUM 0.65 REFLECTIVITY.

VEHICLES: DESIGN

ROAD SHOULD NOT BE PERPENDICULAR TO SLOPE UNLESS SLOPE IS GENTLE. SHOULD SLIGHTLY CROSS THE SLOPE TO MINIMIZE GRADE. MAX SLOPE FOR ROAD 15.0% 10% OR LESS IS PREFERABLE.

VEHICLES: CIRCULATION

ROADS SHOULD BE WIDE ENOUGH FOR TWO VEHICLES TO PASS MIN. CURVES GRADUAL AND FOLLOW TOPO SO NO BLIND CURVES. PROVIDE DRIECT ACCESS TO PARKING AND BLDG W/O EXCESSIVE DRIVES, TURNAROUNDS, DEAD ENDS, OR CONFLICTS.

BARRIER LOCATIONS

SHOULD BE ON WARM SIDE OF WALL. IN COLD CLIMATES INSIDE BUILDING B/C MOISTURE WILL GO TO COLDER OUTSIDE. WARM CLIMATES ON OUTSIDE OF ASSEMBLY.

VAPOR RETARDER

SLOWS TRANSMISSION OR DIFFUSION OF WATER VAPOR BETWEEN SPACES.

ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES

SOLAR: GREAT IMPACT ON ENERGY CONSERVATION, PROVIDE TO HEATING/COOLING, WATER HEATING, DAY LIGHTING.

STRUCTURE LONG SPAN: TWO WAY SYSTEMS

SPACE FRAMES: 3-D SYSTEM THAT TRANSFERS LOADS THROUGH NETWORK OF MEMBERS USING NODAL CONNECTION POINTS. DOMES: MOST EFFICIENT SYSTEM DUE TO SHAPE (FRAME DOME, GEODESIC DOME, THIN-SHELL DOME).

CODE: STAIRS

STAIR: CHANGE IN ELEVATION GOTTEN BY SERIES OF RISERS. STAIRWAY: ONE OR MORE FLIGHTS OF STAIRS W/ LANDINGS AND PLATFORMS AS NEEDED INTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAY: EXIT COMPONENT THAT MEETS ONE OR MORE MEANS OF EGRESS REQ'S EXIT ACCESS STAIRWAY: INTERIOR STAIRWAY THAT IS NOT A REQ'D INTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAY

STRUCTURE LONG SPAN: ONE WAY SYSTEM

STEEL/CONCRETE. STEEL GIRDER SYSTEM USES ROLLED SECTIONS, CAN ADD PLATES ON TOP AND BOTTOM TO INCREASE MOMENT. RIGID FRAME: VERT/HORIZ MEMBERS RESIST LOAD BY FLEXURE. SLOPED ROOF W/ RIGID CONNECTIONS. TRUSSES: STRAIGHT MEMBERS FORMING TRIANGLES.

SITE DESIGN: UNDERGROUND ITEMS

STORM DRAINS COLLECT WATER FROM ROOF DOWNSPOUTS, DRAIN INLETS, CATCH BASINS, AND DRAIN TILES. DRAIN INLET: OPENING IN GROUND COVERED W/ METAL GRATE. CATCH BASIN: UNDERGROUND RESERVOIR THAT HAS A SUMP BUILT INTO IT, DEBRIS SETTLES SO IT DOESN'T CLOG PIPING. LARGE STORM SEWER SYSTEMS MUST HAVE MANHOLES. STORM SEPARATE FROM SANITARY

STRUCTURE: ARCH

STRUCTURE THAT RESISTS IMPOSED LOADS PRIMARILY BY COMPRESSION WITH SOME BENDING STRESSES INVOLVED

PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS 2

THERMAL STORAGE WALL: HIGH MASS WALL DIRECTLY BEHIND SOUTH FACING GLASS WALL. COLLECTS SOLAR DURING DAY, RELEASE AT NIGHT, VENTED FOR COOL AIR TO CIRCULATE. PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS: USED TO AVOID OVERHEATING AND WIDE SWINGS IN TEMPS. GREENHOUSE DESIGN: LARGE GLAZING ON SOUTH, HEAVY MASS SEPARATING FROM BLDG. CONNECTIVE LOOP SYSTEM: PLACE SOLAR COLLECTOR BELOW INHABITED SPACE. AIR MOVES BY NATURAL CONVECTION, CAN BE USED TO MOVE AIR OR WATER

CODE: EGRESS

THREE PARTS: EXIT ACCESS, EXIT, EXIT DISCHARGE. MUST LEAD TO A PUBLIC WAY. EXIT ACCESS LEADS TO AN EXIT (ROOMS/CORRIDORS/ETC.) EXIT PROVIDES PROTECTED PATH TO DISCHARGE (DOORS, STAIRWELLS) EXIT DISCHARGE IS FROM END OF EXIT AND PUBLIC WAY.

CODE: FIRE RESISTANCE STANDARDS

TWO CLASSIFICATION GROUPS: RESISTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND ASSEMBLIES, AND SURFACE BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF FINISH MATERIALS

CODE: BUILDING TYPES

TYPE I, II, III, IV, V. TYPE I IS MORE RATED, TYPE 5 IS LEAST. TYPE I/II ARE NONCOMBUSTIBLE. TYPE III/IV/V ARE CONSIDERED COMBUSTIBLE.

ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN

USE PUMPS, FANS, DUCTS, PIPES, TO COLLECT, STORE, DISTRIBUTE SOLAR ENERGY. REQUIRES COLLECTOR, STORAGE DEVICE, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

ZONING: VARIANCES

VARIANCE: PERMISSION TO DEVIATE FROM ZONING LAWS. CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT: ALLOWS A NONCONFORMING USE OR OTHER USE IN THE ZONING ORDINANCE IF THE PROP OWNER MEETS CERTAIN CONDITIONS.

AIR LOCKS

VESTIBULE PREVENT DRAFTS FROM COMING IN AND HEAT LOSS WHEN PEOPLE EXIT.