ARH 252 Exam 4

Left: -Coronation Gospels - given to Charlemagne when he was crowned emperor, buried with him? Great, great, grandson took Charlemagne out of burial for these gospels Characteristics: -Looks far more realistic -Shading - transition from light to dark -Sun disc halo -Attempt at background -ROMAN MOTIF - author seated, podium, toga (know he's an author or writer) -More and more naturalistic, looking back to Rome VS. Lindisfarne Gospels depiction (from the H-S culture) HOWEVER... Right: -Ebbo Gospels, in the spirit of a spiritual trance - Roman motif (author/writer) -Angel [his emblem] has a scroll and it traces into the ink in his well (idea of DIVINE INSPIRATION receiving the word of God and putting it to paper) -VIBRATIONS - line movements - vibrating with divine energy to write it all down, connection with God and the Holy Spirit As we can see with author portraits TREND THAT GOES BACK AND FORTH - contemporary author portraits of St. Matthew had two competing trends [NATURALISTIC in one corner] vs. [LESS NATURALISTIC, MORE OF THE IDEA OF A SPIRITUAL PORTRAIT - anti-naturalistic, spiritually influenced in the other] The latter would be similar to the Lindisfarne Gospels depiction from the H-S culture . . . . . Often the exterior of the book was as elaborate as the interior Jewel-encrested, semiprecious stones and gold Crucifixion scene in the center, indifferent appearance of Christ (no suffering on his face) Personifications (sun and the moon), those Roman connections/influences Angels in the top two quadrants Mary and John - if there is a crucifixion scene, always had these two Remember... making beautiful - idea of glory to God - make it just as beautiful Also the idea of Heavenly jewelry/paradise - streets of gold, crystal waters/seas Lindau Gospels (exterior)

-AUTHOR PORTRAIT (St. Matthew) -The two competing trends for St. Matthew's author portrait Exterior of gospels -Crucifixion -Roman connections -Idea of making it beautiful... -Idea of Heaven...

Court of the Lions Granada, Spain Islamic Art Alhambra... (Granada, Spain - capital of the Moorish Empire until 1492) 1492 CE - Ferdinand and Isabella (king and queen of Spain) unified the two kingdoms of Spain Reconquista - reconquering - killing non-Christians and pushing Muslims back into Africa and destroying mosques When Ferdinand and Isabella got to Alhambra, realized they could not just destroy this mosque (beautiful) MAIN PALACE = PALACE OF THE LIONS Star-shaped dome (seeing this shape on the interior of the dome again!) SQUINCHES - building up that lip WE GET THE STAR SHAPE FROM THESE SQUINCHES, THE MUQARNAS IS ADDED AROUND THE DOME FOR LIGHT DISPLAYS Muqarnas - plaster, stucco (sometimes tile) to make prism and honeycomb shape - bounces light back up to create these light displays Started in Spain, formed out of plaster and eventually tile - look like carved niches, refracted light (created light displays) Palace of the Lions is floor-to-ceiling carved in reliefs and painted on top (INTRICACY) Idea of intricacy - complexity of the world Allah has created Hall of the Ambassadors - where the caliph/sultan created In the Court of the Lions actually find RARE use of animals in the center - fountain, water dancing on the backs of about 12 lions. PERSONAL PRIVATE RESIDENCE of the caliph (leader, sultan - where he could get away - not the religious portion of the mosque) How it got its name, Court of the Lions Stone carved relief - not in the round See horseshoe arches (kick back at the end) (left and right sides) IN THE MIDDLE - NOTE THE POINTED ARCH - MUQARNAS used to look like stalactites [pointed arch + LOBES from the muqarnas]

-Alhambra, Granada, Spain -Reconquista definition -The main palace in Alhambra... -Star-shaped dome -Muqarnas definition -Idea of intricacy -Hall of the Ambassadors (what do we see...?) -Shapes of arches in image? (2)

Cluniac church (Cluny Abbey church) - Some of the largest groups of monasteries [Cluniacs] lived in Cluny One of the biggest churches ever built in France French Revolution led to its its heavy destruction/would be heavily destroyed - the peasantry were also mad at the clergy during the FR - reconstruction, only just the arches Romanesque characteristics: Basilica plan church (mostly what we'll see with Christian churches) Radiating chapels (scalloped edges as part of the apse) Apse (rounded indention where the altar sits, typically the main reliquary as well) Unusual double transept (doubled just on one side instead of one on either side like with St. Michael's [Ottonian]) and massive entrance/narthex Cloister - squared off to the side, place where monks could go, pray and meditate (away from the public, no public access) - garden in the center [enjoying/emulating the Garden of Paradise] Remember the cloister is where we find interesting pieces of art... Capitals of the columns (Saint-Pierre) - odd art like griffins, sphinx? other feline figures, centaurs, sirens -You would expect Christian imagery but it is not, more monstrous creatures. WHY? Possibly signifies VICE or bad deeds attached/sin [monks see the monstrous creatures and are reminded why they retreated from society - centaur = male lust; siren = female lust, etc.] OR general idea of spiritual battle between good vs. evil Also had portraits for cloister - First Abbot (Durandus) - it appears we are looking at him more from above (flattened/flat figure and feet pointed down) even though we're supposed to be seeing him face-to-face - odd perspective

-Aspects of Romanesque churches (4) Saint-Pierre -Cloister - strange architecture and strange depiction of people

-Otto III (one of the last rulers of the Ottonians) - trying to look like the Holy Roman Empire is intact with him as Holy Roman Emperor -Wearing his crown, robe, scepter, globe [Roman influences] Clergy to left, military to right Strange corinthian capitals... TRYING TO APPEAR ROMAN

-Attempts at Roman art

Saint Matthew - author of the Gospel of Matthew Author portrait: Hold over from Rome (began as a ROMAN MOTIF) - someone who wrote for a living: -Always seen seated -In the process of writing -Book in lap but often preferred a podium depiction (Seated, in action of writing, book in hand sometimes but usually in podium) Folio 25 verso of the Lindisfarne Gospels (front of page 25) We had no idea what Matthew looked like! Not real portrait, so spiritual portrait? ROMAN PORTRAIT (Roman-style portrait) - Roman motif of the PHILOSOPHER [writes and uses words for a living] Seated with book in hand, either reading or writing, sometimes with a podium Each gospel writer/author will have a specific emblem or symbol associated with them (The Four Evangelists, four writers of the Gospels) Matthew = Angel [winged man, his divine influence - whispering him all the stuff he needs to write down] Mark = lion Luke = ox John = eagle ALL WINGED animals or angel Sometimes we see only their emblem and know it is them or have the emblem with the writer Back to Saint Matthew... -Roman-inspired, see the emblem (angel) -Who is the man behind the curtain? Could be Jesus, God, the Holy Spirit? Not sure

-Author Portrait (St. Matthew) definition [We'll see more author portraits of St. Matthew...] -Idea of a spiritual portrait -Roman influences -The Four Evangelists definition

Saint-Sernin Toulouse, France Romanesque Major pilgrimage church (LARGE) - really big, multiple side aisles to accommodate all people coming in (due to pilgrimage) ***Basilica plan - all we'll really see Rounded arches galore (trying to look like Rome - Romanesque = Rome) [no pointed arches] - groin vaults and barrel vaults inside - CHANNEL OUT TO THE SIDE - need thick walls to counteract the weight! [only arch they will use] Looks chunky on the outside (get a sense of everything that is on inside) - see everything from outside (nave, side aisles, radiating chapels) Idea of thick walls to counteract weight = chunky architecture NO CONCRETE = brick, mortar, stone (chunkiness)

-Basilica plan and characteristics -What does it look like? Pilgrimage church definition

Purse cover from the Sutton Hoo ship Suffolk, England Art of the Warrior Lords SAXON Sutton Hoo ship burial - Southeast England - whole ship buried (ship gone now, acidic soil ate it up - left metal objects behind) Trinket - quite wealthy but body not there Found helmet, shield, coins, etc. Sword belt, dishes, spoons [Greek - evidence these people traded with Constantinople, the Byzantines in Eastern Europe] Clasp (held armor), intricate detailing on small objects (ART OF THE WARRIOR LORDS) Helmet - dragon motif as facial features Found in 1939 - only imprint of the ship remained, hauled up into this estuary -> cratered within -> and buried over (the ship Purse cover Attached to leather (long since gone), held all gold coins Very small Cloisonné - metalworking technique, have a base and soldering on perpendicular [in this case vertical] pieces of metal - making boxes and filling them with garnet or glass - stretched out thin pieces of glass and melts enough to hold and CUT the glass -Think stained glass - made the outline and filling in these shapes -Making pattern and filling in all these voids with something (glass, enamel) Garnet border - TIGHT interlacing design (Art of the Warrior Lords) -Abstract, non-object designs on the left and right Bottom: Man with either dogs or wolves on the left and right side - playful or violent? Unsure! Two motifs in the center - an eagle attacking a duck With human and animal designs we still see abstract and stylized figures similar to the abstract, non-object designs we also see May have had meanings but do not know Non-Christians , so no Christian imagery/interpretation

-Burial -Kind of people -Wealth, other objects found -Characteristics of the Art of the Warrior Lords culture in both non-object and figural designs [... detailing on ... objects] -Cloisonné definition

Folio from the Blue Koran Kairouan, Tunisia Islamic Art CALLIGRAPHY Quran/Koran - the holy book of Islam Ink on vellum (animal skin) and GOLD (liquid) - decorative handwriting/handwritten lettering and script Calligraphy - "beautiful writing" (Greek) - handwriting or pensmanship, especially elegant writing as a decorative art No ILLUMINATIONS (illustrations - idea of graven images) but extra flourishes - the real art is the calligraphy! - can be different (more than 20 cursive scripts by the 10th century, some more legible than others) THE MOST IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF CALLIGRAPHY IN ISLAMIC ART -Blue Koran Blue = the most expensive pigment - had to be mined -> shipped -> grounded -> dyed on the pages -Intrinsic value (took a lot to make) All written in liquid gold and silver

-Calligraphy definition -Quran definition Why is this piece so important?

VIKINGS Scandinavia, Viking burial ships found - Art of the Warrior Lords characteristics - interlacing details, abstracted representation of animals and humans Viking burial ship Norway - preserved and petrified well (depends on the soil and climate vs. Suffolk) Wooden portal Much later in time, 1000s - interlacing detail

-Characteristics of Art of the Warrior Lords

Cross-inscribed carpet page, the Lindisfarne Gospels Northumbria, England Hiberno-Saxon Books - Christian manuscripts - no printing press - hand written and illustrated (rare to have a full Bible!) Illuminated manuscript - a luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations -Just think Book of Kells, Lindisfarne Gospels, etc. - created to make God's word beautiful through decoration and illuminations (illustrations) Get the gospels - Matthew, Mark, Luke, John - lucky to get Acts along with These are the first four books of the New Testament This is the opening page to the book of Matthew Folio = PAGE Folio 26 - Page 26 Verso = FRONT (vs. recto = back) Cross-inscribed carpet page... Mimic carpet - beautifully woven cross, ABSTRACTED No animals just interlacing details and undulating cross with interlacing organic (curving) lines - JEWEL TONES [red like ruby, sapphire, gold leaf] (Hiberno-Saxon - mixing this interlacing detail with Christian iconography) LINDISFARNE GOSPELS (where this page is from) Idea of spending lots of time and money to make God's word beautiful! Glorify God and put beauty to the text

-Christian manuscripts - no printing press! -Hiberno-Saxon characteristics -Idea of spending such money and time on these manuscripts Illuminated manuscript definition

CUERDA SECA = tileworking technique, giving the illusion of mosaic without all the work of mosaics - still is labor-intensive, calligraphy is hand-painted (if the words do not line up after, have to redo!) - a dry technique Tile - make so it is curved, 2 solid pieces to connect This is found on the minarets of the qibla iwan, Iran MUQARNAS on the iwans - making these light displays - now put on the iwans with tilework than stucco . . . . . Luxury items at this time = CARPETS (and tapestries) Carpets made from plant and animal fibers, usually did not make it back to us The most expensive items! Paid an artisan, weavers to work the loom - labor-intensive and time-consuming, making it so expensive This carpet gives the look at the dome of a mosque from a reflection/reflected in pool Looking into the dome itself - lanterns and half domes to support Did see it somehow signed in the design, Maqsud of Kashan

-Cuerda seca definition -Muqarnas moving from just stucco/plaster to tile -Most luxury item?

Prayer hall of the Great Mosque Córdoba, Spain Islamic Art DOUBLE ARCHES - doubled flying arches Two purposes: Looked impressive artistically (people are awe-inspired), HEAT RISES [creates breeze by rising ceiling - want to get the roof as high as you can go] Remember aniconism! Islamic artists started getting innovative with their architecture - creative with their arches What is also present here is Horseshoe arches - rounded look, kicks back in at the end - not necessarily to support weight (decorative)

-Double-tiered arches definition -Horseshoe arches definition

Friday Mosque = Iranian mosque, BIG COURTYARDS -Underlying form is a rectangle despite all the renovations (typical mosque shape) -4 entrances = IWANS - big, pointed arches lavishly decorated (semblance of domes/half domes, tilework) - Iwans serve as gateways [center image] -Still have your hypostyle prayer halls/prayer areas -Mihrab -Qibla wall Calligraphy - allowable, dozens of types of scripts Almost looks like a geometric pattern in Itself - so intricate (on the mihrab) -Some are more legible, others more abstract [left image] TILEWORK Appears mosaic-like (these individual little pieces) - creating this tile that gives the look of mosaic without the labor/work of the mosaic technique Minarets (Iranian) - tall and slender, turet/terraced area style Minaret styles vary from place to place! HONEYCOMB STYLE Not sure on the color? Could or could not be symbolism? Not sure! Commonly used blues and whites

-Friday Mosque: elements of Islamic mosque (4) -Iwans -Use of calligraphy -Tilework technique

High Cross of Muiredach Monasterboice, Ireland Hiberno-Saxon Find high crosses usually only in the British Isles, mainly Ireland - monastery graveyards Lots of manuscripts and sculpture mainly - rare to find LARGE sculpture - this is a giant cross in a monastery cemetery High cross - large cross with a circle around it [1. served as a halo, 2. structurally necessary as a brace to support the arms of the cross since it is 18 feet tall and weighed a ton], fit with reliefs, found in monastery cemeteries Reliefs - Last Judgment -End of Days, Christ judging everyone to Heaven or Hell -Christ = hierarchy of scale, with crucifix in one hand -Mary always nearby -Souls - repeat figures coming to be judged - scare tactic - scare you into belief get your s-- together!, no appeals court in Last Judgment you either go to Heaven or Hell [torment and torture forever] -This is a more benign depiction, no demons -Becomes a very popular scene for the Christians (because it is a scare tactic)

-High cross definition -Why the high cross is unique -What is carved on the reliefs...? Which type of scene?

Gislebertus Last Judgment Saint-Lazare, Autun, France Romanesque Gislebertus - "of Autun", French Romanesque sculptor - written in here LAST JUDGMENT: Remember, if you were living during this period this was likely the only images/art you consumed (entering in the church right above you) The last day of the world when God will judge everyone who has died and decide whether they will go to Heaven or Hell -Last Judgment meant to be a scare tactic... -Honestly believed these creatures were just beyond the firelight (outside the shadow of the candle) Christ in mandorla [looks indifferent, meant to be/intentional indifference - an impartial judge, not going to be swayed by your pleas of mercy] -Mary will always be in the Last Judgment scene - she almost is recoiled/turned away, shocked at the callousness of her son HAVE A PARTIULCAR SET-UP: Christ in center in mandorla/halo, Mary on side -On Christ's/HIS right (DOES NOT HAVE TO BE YOUR RIGHT, IS ALWAYS CHRIST'S LEFT/RIGHT) you have the blessed, who will go to Heaven, representation of some kind of city [architecture: rounded arches] - angels are shoving people into Heaven [franticness] -On Christ's left are the damned, who will go to Hell Remember this is likely the only art you've seen, while the demons look more animalistic and cartoonish (may find funny) this was a major scare tactic during the Romanesque period [only art you would have seen] Detail on Last Judgment: WILL ALWAYS HAVE A WEIGHING MOMENT IN THE LAST JUDGMENT SCENE (callback to Ancient Egypt, weighing of the heart ceremony - weighing all of your good and bad deeds) -Idea of you being put on one side with something else in the other -SCALES - not fair! Demons are trying to pull to their side (placing extra things) [shove into Hell mouth] -St. Michael (one of the most powerful angels) - but even he has to press on his side, to tip the scales in his favor - has people hidden in his clothes, trying to sneak people into Heaven because Christ is so indifferent to the scene Christ is indifferent to the scene - idea of CHAOS and a chaotic scene - every person is really for themselves [even though Christ is in charge] (makes it even scarier) -Demon is snatching someone out of line before they have even been weighed at all [to see Christ]! CHAOTIC, terrifying, felt like it was going to happen tomorrow Had text in between the tympanum and lintel by Gislebertus - MEANT TO SCARE YOU [get your butt in that church seat!] - "May this terror frighten those who are bound by worldly error, will be true just as the horror of these images indicated" LINTEL: people waiting in line NUDE [typically only had Adam and Eve being nude or the souls of the Last Judgment - all of your status and wealth will be stripped away, why the souls were often nude] More Last Judgment tympanum scenes... Sainte-Foy tympanum -More elaborate in its depiction of Hell Shoving people in, see the devil People are being roasted, strangled, stabbed Torture methods all detailed out WOULD HAVE BEEN BRIGHTLY PAINTED -Last Judgment scenes were the most popular or the Second Coming of Christ [aftermath of the Last Judgment] - very popular in Romanesque art/during that period

-Idea of Last Judgment -Appearance of Christ -To his right... -To his left... -Why were Last Judgment scenes so popular for churches? -What will always be found in a Last Judgment scene? -Nudity Last Judgment scenes definition Last Judgment (and Second Coming - aftermath of LJ) the most popular in the Romanesque depictions in the tympanum

Sinan Dome of the Mosque of Selim II Edirne, Turkey Islamic Art The Mosque of Selim II -More central plan mosque (Byzantine influence) -Dome = 141 feet tall -Mastered architecture to give MORE LIGHT - light is the difference with the Hagia Sophia - much more light than the H.S. and counterparts -Multicolored arches (Byzantine connection)

-Influences from Byzantine Empire

Mihrab from the Madrasa Imami Isfahan, Iran Islamic Art Madrasa - a religious school [mihrab now located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art] Most stunning example of Iranian TILEWORK Remember, the mihrab was typically the most elaborately decorated part of the mosque (think like an altar for the Christian church) Blues and whites - monochromatic blues -3/4 different scripts Exterior calligraphy - THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM Going inside - geometric/floral design - pointed arch on the inside - more calligraphy quotes from the Quran and supporting documents INTERIOR CALLIGRAPHY - "Mosque is the house of every pious person"

-Most stunning example of? -Calligraphy from outside of this piece to the interior

This part of the Great Mosque is the MAQSURA - connected the caliph to the mosque Calligraphy - quotes from the Quran and supporting documents - perfectly acceptable in Islamic art + invaluable part of human history Multi-lobed arches = think 4-leaf clover; underneath the lobes is just a pointed arch (adding decorative lobes - no help with support) With domes... Dome in front of the mihrab (Great Mosque) - RIBBED DOMES [looks like structural ribs - star-pattern design] The intricacy in this dome - represents all of the intricacy of the world - reflects the universe Allah created - gets more and more intricate (their architecture/arches and domes)

-Multi-lobed arches definition -Ribbed domes

Dome of the Rock Jerusalem Islamic Art 638 CE Abd al Malic - caliph [leader/ruler] takes Jerusalem from the Byzantines and keeps it (Muslims now in charge) Noble enclosure - located in a particularly sacred area for the three Abrahamic religions - Temple of Solomon, Holy Sepulcher, where Abraham almost sacrifices Isaac The Dome of the Rock marks the place where Muhammad ascended to Heaven and touches back down on Earth in one night Octagonal instead of rectangular (typical mosque shape) Tile work - remember aniconism! No human images or animals - God created these (humans and animals) so no need to copy No living things but plants = safe Repeating patterns, text = OK - Arabic from the Quran and supporting documents Oldest surviving use of Quran quotes as decoration! More so a shrine than a day-to-day mosque Mosaics Known as the 'Golden Dome' Left the floor as is (Muhammad's ascension to Heaven) Floral designs - appear Roman and Byzantine Double-shelved dome! Outside - wooden covering (make the exterior dome out of wood and the interior shallower - no need to get engineering quite right)

-Noble enclosure -What does this mark? -Tile work -Mosaic -Decoration*** -Domes What is the reasoning behind Aniconism beyond the Second Commandment?

Pointed arches - pointed in shape, triangular in shape - pull up to a point (can add lobes for decoration or leave the underlying shape as-is) CHANNELS WEIGHT STRAIGHT BACK DOWN TO THE GROUND! Vs. rounded arches - push out to the side [needed concrete to buttress it/support it or it could collapse] With pointed arches, could have much more weight - why we see such large spaces and GIANT IWANS Pointed arches, Friday Mosque . . . . . Occasionally see artisans - rare example of an animal - NOT USED IN RELIGIOUS SPACES - could make people and animals but had to be outside the religious area/mosque -This bird served as an ewer - pitcher for beverages (LUXURY/lavish item)

-Pointed arches definition

Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald Metz, France Carolingian Just has Charles inscribed. Do not know if this is Charlemagne (Charles the Great) or his grandson (Charles the Bald) Not that big - sculpture during the Middle Ages was smaller scale (recall Art of the Warrior Lords) Three legs of horse, one leg up, globe in his hand scepter in the other - trying to look Roman Not hollow-cast bronze like the typical equestrian statue from Rome (not that large is why) Following Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor (800-14), have his son Louis (doesn't rule long), who has three sons (C's grandsons) - All three (including Louis the Bald) wanted to be emperor, split the Empire into three parts

-Roman influences -Who is this?

-First constructed in 1001, Hildesheim, Germany Bishop Bernward - takes trip to Rome - inspired by the basilica ulpia - BUT WANTED DOUBLE TRANSPETS (the portion of a basilica-plan church that makes it cross shaped) -No ground entrance -LARGE altar -Smaller window Not a lot on the outside - still that Early Christian Church style Flat wood roof - early Christian Church style (this was painted though) CLOISTER - a portion of the church that attaches the monastery to the church -What it really Is - the part of the monastery or nunnery for monks to have a place to go to pray or meditate (not open to the public, no one else can go in there) - square shape, CENTER HAVE A GARDEN [Garden of Paradise moment] -Open courtyard with garden [only for monks], not open to the public. Monks could meditate Cloisters often weirdly decorated, mimic Garden of Paradise

-Saint Michael's definition -Bishop -Elements of Early Christian churches -Double transept plan definition -Cloister definition

-Monastery from Spain depicted Tower with horseshoe arches and colored tilework - either an Islamic-inspired building or a former Islamic building [the blending of cultures] Bells with chords, someone rings the bells, both hands, see at bottom 2 men working - one writing and the other prepping the pages - rare depiction to see someone else illustrating SCRIPTORIUM - a room set aside in a monastery for writing, manuscripts would be made and copied here HIBERNO-SAXON ART - interlacing detail with Christian iconography

-Scriptorium definition

Bihzad Seduction of Yusuf, folio 52 verso, of the Bustan of Sultan Husayn Bayqara Herat, Afghanistan Islamic Art Bihzad was a Persian artisan - TEXT - story is religious but would not have been in the mosque [figural images] -Seduction of Joseph (Jacob's son) - ends up an Egyptian slave, is put in charge of his household (Potiphar) - Potiphar's wife tries to seduce him - leads him back through all of these rooms, locks them behind him - she throws herself on him - he says "I mustn't" Weird sense of space - collapsed space Seven rooms - tell the difference by the doors and colors No interest in representing space . . . . . Court of Gayumars Non-Islamic folk story on the founding of Iran Sultan-Muhammad artist Folk story of holy man who taught the people how to make clothing, pottery, fire Home in the mountains - mystical place for mystical man (ETHEREAL) Subject is off-center on purpose - idea of floating around the page (mystical place)

-Story -Sense of space Court of Gayumars

The Book of Kells -Gospel (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) - was well known in its day as a chief relic or sacred object - the most beautiful illuminated manuscript Was a lot more vibrant then than it is now, illuminated manuscript History: Exterior islands of Scotland, monks had to flee [Vikings] - took to Kells near Dublin (Ireland) Chi-rho-iota (XPI) - Christ's initials woven into the page with the head of Christ - weaving in other Christian iconography too Intro page to Matthew! CHARACTERISTIC OF HIBERNO-SAXON ART: INTERLACING DETAIL MERGING WITH CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY 1. Christ surrounded by peacocks 2. The Four Evangelists represented by their emblems/symbols only - Matthew [angel], Mark [lion], Luke [ox], John [eagle] People making these objects - monks depart away from society - writing scriptorials - made copies upon copies upon copies and others with illustration others prepping materials and others making the binding agent ALWAYS a team effort, and it was both men and women!

-The Book of Kells definition -History -Chi-rho-iota -Characteristics of Hiberno-Saxon art

TYPICAL MOSQUE - The Great Mosque -More rectangular in shape (mosque characteristics) -Courtyard Mosque - The Islamic building for collective worship. Arabic masjid, "place for bowing down" On plan, dots = columns Hypostyle prayer hall - columnated area, BIG OPEN SPACE Qibla wall - the wall that faces Mecca (pray 5x a time facing Mecca, Qibla wall notifies you where you need to be to pray) [general direction like West or East] MIHRAB - center of Qibla wall, on the Qibla wall, a niche decorated for the Quran to sit - gives the PERFECT direction to pray -Also functions as a shrine! Mihrab dome - outside, exterior - tells you where the Mihrab is located in relation to the mosque Minaret - vary based off of the place/location. In North Africa (here), we see rectangular and very chunky minarets; Ottoman Empire has slender minarets (mimicking the Hagia Sophia); Iran see a turet almost Iraq minaret - Malwiya - snail-shell - not typical! This one in Samarra was 165 feet tall (based off of a Roman lighthouse? - the theory is the malwiya announced the presence of Islam in the Mediterranean because it was so tall) Minaret - people used to go up there and issue the prayer (5x/day), now have speakers to issue prayer within Cordoba, Spain has one of the best preserved examples of mosques in Spain -RECTANGULAR SHAPE (main shape for mosques we see) -A. Minaret -B. Open courtyard -C. Hypostyle prayer hall (LARGE!!!) -D. Qibla wall - symbolizes where the Mihrab would be inside -E. Mihrab dome

-The typical mosque characteristics! (6) -Mosque definition -Hypostyle hall definition -Qibla wall definition -Mihrab definition -Mihrab dome -Minaret definition Malwiya Cordoba, Spain (The Great Mosque)

Canteen with episodes from the life of Jesus Islamic artist working in Jerusalem and making CHRISTIAN ART Crusade - Christians remembering Jerusalem exists and needing to be in charge of it - 1st Crusade successful, 2nd-4th not so much A lot of Christian pilgrims as a result of the Crusades coming into Jerusalem the city, can pilgrimage but are still tourists The artist was a practicing Muslim BUT had a Christian clientele - made figural art to make money!!! -See Mary and Jesus -Nativity - birth of Christ -Christ's entry into Jerusalem -Presentation at the temple - Day 8 Still nods to geometric designs Rare to find this kind of art in Islam but we do!

-What does this represent?

Battle of Hastings, detail of the Bayeux Tapestry Bayeux, France Romanesque Probably the most Roman-looking thing we have from the Romanesque period William the Conqueror/Duke of Normandy - Bayeux tapestry - not really a tapestry - a tapestry would be a woven object, this is just a woven piece of cloth embroidered on (name tapestry stuck) Historical document of William's invasion from beginning to end! START: King Edward dies - no clear heir (body going to be taken to be buried at Westminster Abbey - where royalty still gets buried) -Multiple people vying for the throne - William is loosely related but... Harold takes control after Edward (he was born into nobility, he is the wealthiest man of England) We see William's process upon the hearing Harold has taken control... -Preparing in France -Sailing across the English Channel -Building/setting up forts in England -THE ACTUAL BATTLE of Hastings... -Harold will be killed in battle, William will be deemed the winner -William is crowned King of England was Westminster Abbey (idea of starting and ending in W.A.) Most Roman-looking piece we have in the Romanesque period BECAUSE WE SEE THE WHOLE/ENTIRE DEPICTION OF THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS - even the construction, prepping -Documents them sailing, prepping, building things - just like Column of Trajan (do not know if William ever saw - in this case his half-brother, who commissioned) -See then the correlation between the Bayeux Tapestry and the Column of Trajan (Roman) (Romans would depict the entire campaign as is seen in the Bayeux Tapestry) Showing William's men/fleet building everything (the prep work before the battle) Like a giant scroll - entire campaign Latin - help clue you in Top and bottom registers - animal motif When we get to the actual Battle of Hastings, the bottom register depicts men and animals (horses) dying [replaced with the dead], Harold also included dying there Since WtC (now King of England) every ruler since has been crowned at Westminster Abbey Also unique/interesting - we are documenting the RECENT victory, which was very unusual at that time (took 10 years in total, both men and women worked on) BATTLE: 1066 BEGAN B. TAPESTRY: 1070 We will see a problem following WtC's crowning. WtC is now the King of England AND Duke of Normandy (as Duke of Normandy, still subject to King of France for taxes) - because he is now a king in his own right (of England), why bow to the King of France? This will lead to the Hundred Years' War a couple hundred years later

-What occurred in 1066? -Most Roman-looking piece we've seen in the Romanesque Period. Why is that? -The story -Top and bottom registers surrounding the main scene in the center -What else is unique about it/very unusual?

•After the fall of Rome, the Huns, Vandals, Merovingians, Franks, Goths, Vikings, and others all competed to control different territories in Western Europe •There was a strong interest in abstract designs, interlacing details •We do not have a great deal from these peoples- mostly small portable objects or burials (why we only really see small portable objects and mass burials) Immediately after the fall of the Western Half of Rome/Roman Empire TIGHT-KNIT geometric influence NOT CHRISTIAN, MAJORITY NOT YET - ethnic groups prior to Christianity Lot of peoples taking back control of themselves

Art of the Warrior Lords •After the fall of Rome, the Huns, Vandals, Merovingians, Franks, Goths, Vikings, and others all competed to control different territories in ... Europe •There was a strong interest in ... ..., ... ... •We do not have a great deal from these peoples - mostly ... ... ... or ... •5th to 10th centuries RELIGION

San Giovanni = John the Baptist, common dedication in Italy, in Florence Romanesque - rounded arches GALORE (again) Baptistery then did the rest of the cathedral (part of cathedral complex, Italian Cathedral Complex) Tuscan architecture: polychrome marble - in this case in Florence see whites, greens and reds (reds not shown here) - did not have to then paint the sculptures because the stones were painted already -Horizontal emphasis as well Also an interest in geometry - rectangles, squares, circles (see circles more from the cathedral) Interior: Byzantine-inspired, mosaics? Double-shelved dome - interior dome can be more shallow (do not have to build up to match exterior dome) Gold-background mosaics -Flat figures -Feet pointed down -ALL BYZANTINE characteristics Had more influences, better influenced by the Byzantines than say England

Baptistery of San Giovanni -Exterior - Italian Cathedral Complex and Tuscan Architecture -Also interest in...? When it comes to the interior, who are the Italians more inspired by...?

Crucifix commissioned by Archbishop Gero Cologne Cathedral, Germany Ottonian Crucifix - Christ on a cross - LARGE Considered a reliquary - held a relic - in this case it was a place for the cup and bread for eucharist - literally meant the blood and body of Christ (seen as relics; reliquary for that reason) Notice the body of Christ - Ottonians interested in EMOTION - body is HANGING - SKIN IS PULLING FROM GRAVITY - Emotive side to Germanic art - showing the suffering side - he is deceased vs. Christ just sitting there

Bonus work: Otto I - part of pulpit, looks child-like (hierarchy of scale, he is surrounded by Saints and Christ, need to be the tiniest even though he was the Holy Roman Emperor!) -Magdeburg Cathedral

•On December 25, 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles the Great (Charlemagne), already king of the Franks, emperor of Rome (r.768-814). He was the first Holy Roman Emperor. This coronation took place in St. Peter's Basilica •Charlemagne wanted to restore the glory of the Roman Empire. His name is where we get the title of the period- Carolingian (Carolus Magnus) •He ignited the "Carolingian Renaissance"- a period where there was a strong interest in the art, culture, and political ideals of Early Christian Rome. Charlemagne's court was at Aachen, Germany, and it became a leading intellectual center of Western Europe •The Holy Roman Empire he created last, in some form or another, until 1806 when Napoleon destroyed it. Charlemagne was already King of the Franks (Frankish Kingdom: region today of France, Belgium, Germany) Pope Leo III made a call from Rome, under attack, someone please help! Charlemagne answers the call and as a reward Pope Leo III declares him the Roman Emperor (something not done since the 400s) Crowns Charles the Great, but Charlemagne does not stay in Room - he takes the title of first Holy Roman Emperor (posthumous designation, he himself didn't call himself that) Charlemagne goes back home - Aachen court - vast empire Invests into the Holy Roman Emperor title, trying to investigate Roman art and put money into Roman art - major patron of the arts Carolingian Renaissance -Thanks to Charlemagne, invested in what it means to be Roman [crowned really from 800-14] -Trying to bring back Rome!

Carolingian Art •On December 25, 800, ... ... ... crowned ... the ... (...), already king of the ..., ... of ... (r.768-814)! He was the first ... ... ... This coronation took place in St. Peter's Basilica •... wanted to restore the glory of the ... ... His name is where we get the title of the period - Carolingian (Carolus Magnus) •He ignited the "... ..." - a period where there was a strong interest in the art, culture, and political ideals of ... ... ...! ...'s court was at ..., ..., and it became a leading intellectual center of ... Europe •The ... ... ... he created last, in some form or another, until 1806 when Napoleon destroyed it •8th to 9th Century Did Charlemagne stay in Rome? Art style Patron of the arts

1. Voussoirs [do not need to know] 2. Archivolts [do not need to know] 3. Tympanum - the space enclosed by a lintel and an arch over a doorway - the lunette right above the door, most decoration will be here!!! Doors - just post-and-lintel construction with rounded arch above 4. Lintel - horizontal beam to span an opening 5. Trumeau - the pillar or center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway - if a double door; the middle post [art will be here too] 6. Jambs - the side posts of a doorway - sides of the door

Diagram of a Romanesque Portal = DOOR DO NOT NEED TO KNOW 1 OR 2

...

Earliest narrative scene in Italy at this time (the 1100s), creation and temptation of Adam and Eve Creation story, part of Modena Cathedral God in mandorla (only see God in creation story) Creating Adam and Eve up to the temptation of Adam and Eve See figures are more 3-dimensional, fleshy dimensionality - they project more from the wall than in France -Everyone would have been painted (no polychrome marble used in Modena, further from Pisa and Florence) Also see one of the earliest free-standing (though not fully free-standing) life-size sculptures (again life-size is rare, rare to have - only seen since the Mother and Child statue in France) -Starting to see more Old Testament kings and queens In this case, King David Briefest summary of the Holy Roman Empire -Groin vaults now standard -Italy doing its own thing!

France: The King controls little to nothing at this time, nobility ran France [through municipalities/counties] (they paid taxes to the king but the King owns little and has little power in the government as a result) Recognize the following architectural features: •Ambulatory - area where visitors walked around in a circle (even called ambulatory in basilica style not central plan but have ambulatory) •Radiating chapels - chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept •Portal and its parts - doorway •Nave [center aisle], transept [makes the church t-shaped/cross-shaped], and side aisles •Crossing square - the area of the church formed by the intersection (crossing) of a nave and a transept of equal width, often used as a standard module of interior proportion •Bays (3-D modules of nave and side aisles) •Gallery/ tribune level - gallery over the inner aisle flanking the nave •Clerestory (usually small in Romanesque churches) [top row of windows giving natural light to church] •Barrel vault (the norm for Romanesque naves) [extended rounded arch] •Groin vault (less common, used more in side aisles) [when two barrel vaults intersect] •Cloister (element in a monastic abbey church) [portion of the church where the monastery connects to the church]

FRANCE: -The King and relationship to nobility ***IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE •... - area where visitors walked around in a circle (even called ambulatory in basilica style not central plan but have ambulatory) •... ... - chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept •... and its parts - doorway •.... - center aisle ... - makes the church t-shaped/cross-shaped and ... ... •... ... - the area of the church formed by the intersection (crossing) of a nave and a transept of equal width, often used as a standard module of interior proportion •... (...-... ... of nave and side aisles) •.../ t... level - gallery over the inner aisle flanking the nave •... (usually ... in Romanesque churches) - top row of windows giving natural light to church •... ... (the norm for Romanesque naves) - Extended rounded arch long ways. Think of a tunnel, hallway •... ... (less common, used more in side aisles) - 2 intersecting barrel vaults. Meeting at a point, prominent 'X' shape/pattern •... (element in a monastic abbey church) - connecting monastery to church

•Hibernia- Roman name for Ireland and Saxon- one of the groups who settled in England •Christian missionaries are beginning to set up churches and monasteries in the British Isles. •Hiberno-Saxon art refers to the monastic art produced in the Isles- many being manuscripts. Lots of embellishments, mixing of Christian imagery and the interlacing style Particular area of art - the British Isles (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales) Keep interlacing details but marry it with Christian iconography!

Hiberno-Saxon Art •... = Roman name for ... and ... - one of the groups who settled in ... •... ... are beginning to set up ... and ... in the ... ... •Hiberno-Saxon art refers to the ... art produced in the ... - many being ... Lots of ..., mixing of ... imagery and the ... style •4th to 6th Centuries

-Did have the Holy Roman Emperor (had more power than the French king during this time) BUT still had all the counties within the HRE, each county/municipality had its own prince/duke/count in charge! -The HRE IS LARGE - parts of Italy included [independent but under control nevertheless] Speyer Cathedral - First time we see the groin vault replace the barrel vault - finally seeing for the first time (becomes the standard) -Recall Saint-Sernin having the large barrel vault. Architects realized there was a lot of extra support needed -This intersection of 2 barrel vaults (to make the prominent 'X' shape) holds weight far better and creates an opening for the clerestory (top row of windows just below roofline that gives natural light to the church) [the clerestory will also become standard]

Holy Roman Empire (Romanesque) Speyer Cathedral in Germany: -Importance -Two things becoming standard

BARREL VAULT - see as blank space on map, eventually switch to groin vault Long extended, rounded arch - pushes weight out to the sides so need to have thick piers and buttresses on outside to support -Emulate Rome Unique with barrel vault for Saint-Sernin - will eventually switch to groin vaults Buttresses - an exterior masonry structure that opposes the lateral thrust of an arch or a vault (in this case barrel vault). Solid mass of masonry - need to support for rounded arches + barrel vaults (much more stone to support everything) Side aisles we see groin vaults (X on the map) Start to see more and more decorations/art on the outside Ambulatory - rounded area up in the apse (the circular walk-around area between the apse and crossing square within the apse) -Christ in mandorla -4 Evangelist symbols (Matthew - angel, Mark - lion, Luke - ox, John - eagle) -Pudgy Christ but still typically FLAT [flat figures], ELONGATED FIGURES [stretched out] (Romanesque characteristic) -Not a lot of emotion unless in the Last Judgment Scene

Interior of Romanesque style churches (Saint-Sernin) What do we start to see on the outsides of churches in the Romanesque Period? Buttresses definition Example of architecture from the ambulatory in the apse -Romanesque characteristics (2) -Not a lot of...

500s/600s is the height of Islam! (7th century) - kingdoms were predominately Muslim under some caliph or sultan (Spain, Turkey, Middle East, North Africa) Prophet Muhammad had a visit from Angel Gabriel - Islam comes out of Judaism just much later than Christianity Never translated from Arabic to avoid translation issues! Aniconism - against the figural image in RELIGIOUS SETTINGS - see colors, abstract and geometric patterns, plant life, sometimes floral, only rarely animals (figural image) Aniconism - main difference artwise from Islam and Judaism/Christianity - working on the 10 Commandments (all 3 believe), Commandment #2 - no graven images [take a hard line approach instead, no idolatry = no figures) 5 Pillars of Islam = main tenets of Islamic faith •Religion of Islam rose up in the seventh century after Prophet Muhammad received revelation from God •After his death, Muhammad's recitations were written down and organized, and compile the holy book of Islam: the Qur'an ("recitation"). The Qu'ran was written in Arabic and is never translated. •Began in Saudi Arabia and quickly spread through Middle East and as far west as Spain. •Islamic art has a cultural eclecticism and the intermingling of people from around the world. •Muslims believe in the fundamental concept of aniconism - or avoidance of the figural image. Instead, a rich vocabulary of non-figural ornament developed •The Five Pillars of Islam: -"There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" -Prayer five times a day towards Mecca: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark -Giving alms (zakat) to the needy -Fasting during the month of Ramadan -Pilgrimage to Mecca, if able

Islamic Art •Religion of Islam rose up in the seventh century after ... ... received ... from ... •After his death, ...'s ... were written down and organized, and compile the holy book of Islam: the ... ("..."). The ... was written in ... and is never ...! •Began in Saudi Arabia and quickly spread through Middle East and as far west as Spain. •Islamic art has a ... ... and the ... of people from around the world. •Muslims believe in the fundamental concept of ... - or avoidance of the ... ...! Instead, a rich vocabulary of ...-... ... developed •The Five Pillars of Islam: -"There is no ... but ..., and ... is the ... of ..." -... ... ... a ... towards ...: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark -Giving ... (...) to the ... -... during the ... of ... -... to ..., if able

In Pisa... The ITALIAN CATHEDRAL COMPLEX -Remember Italy likes to do its own thing -The Italians preferred to split up the cathedral into a cathedral complex (split it all out instead of placing it all in one building) Recall Saint-Sernin, have the Baptismal font (Baptistry for babies to get baptized), the actual portion of the church to worship (Cathedral), and the bell towers all in one building The Italians would split it into three DIFFERENT BUILDINGS 1. Baptistry (where babies got baptized) 2. Cathedral (the actual church, place to attend service and worship - this was built first) 3. Bell tower (campanile) ALL SEPARATE!!! This process takes forever (more than 100 years in this case) Another aspect of the Italian Cathedral Complex is their marble... -Access to different kinds of marble cores, two-toned (in Pisa it is white and gray) -Horizontal emphasis of the Italian churches, the stripes of marble accentuate that horizontal emphasis [no need to paint sculpture, painting with stone] TUSCAN ARCHITECTURE - putting it all together -Horizontal emphasis -Polychrome marble (multiple colors of marble used in one complex, one one building) Pisa's bell tower (Campanile), the Leaning Tower -Romanesque = rounded arches galore! Pisa is marshy - lot of sand, not a good foundation for any building! We do not see this leaning with the cathedral for example because the weight is spread. In the campanile/bell tower, the weight is all in one spot held vertically Italians tried to curve it back as they kept building, but did not work -Leaned from the get-go Cables pulling it back today Still actively sinking - do not like to let a lot of people inside per day

Italian Cathedral Complex definition -The number of buildings -Time to complete -Use of marble -Type of emphasis -Tuscan architecture Romanesque features More on the Bell Tower (campanile)

Durham Cathedral Durham, England Romanesque 1093 - changes seen with the completion of Durham Cathedral -Implications for the evolution of Gothic architecture (our next period) -Groin vaults, using piers to add color and patterning (break up the vaults, making visual interest): see bundles of columns (design), honeycomb and chevron patterns Gothic element 1: (Right image) -Looking at the side aisle, see a groin vault [looks like a rounded arch] but this is a faux rounded arch [doesn't help with structure, decorative] just above it is a slight POINTED ARCH (by pulling the arch up to a point realize can channel weight better than a rounded arch) Gothic element 2: (Right image) Quadrant arch - quad = quarter, essentially quarter or part of an arch! - mimicking what would later become FLYING BUTTRESSES [start of what will become a flying buttress!] - the precursor to the flying buttress (the Durham Cathedral arch) With flying buttresses, have the ability to go higher up the wall, still attached at the bottom but void in between and swoop up further up the wall to build up that wall! So all we see is the roofline outside, but see this mini arch inside/part of or quarter of an arch inside ALL OF THIS IS MEANT TO BE HIDDEN (the pointed arch + quadrant arch)

Left image is a Slide ID! Implies the evolution into ... architecture! (All meant to be hidden!) (2) Quadrant arch definition

Do have one manuscript to look at: Moralia in Job - Job was a book in the Old Testament, dialogue between persons on the idea of suffering (why do we suffer, does God cause suffering, etc.) Have a knight, his squire below fighting two dragons (their bodies forming the Initial R) This was a popular motif for Middle Ages (knight fighting dragons - had a point) Idea of GOOD [knight, the victorious Christian] VS. EVIL [dragons, described Satan as a dragon] The victorious knight to slay the devil Location is peculiar: Citeaux - cistercians (group of monks) - strict about art and the potential for breaking the 2nd Commandment by having too much art Very minimalistic with art (only reliquaries) Having art from here is odd - they just did not make it (this was probably created before another crackdown on art by the monks) . . . . . What was also unusual is large sculpture [remember the idea of Graven Images and the Second Commandment, large sculpture could have been an idol moment] Mary and Baby Jesus - the most popular subject matter for sculpture! (alongside Last Judgment) This is not monumental (small sculpture) Mary would have had blue (known for this color) but also a reddish pink - idea of her presenting Christ to us [nothing warm or cuddly between them, not mother and child bonding] Wood carved - stylized knife pleats [not naturalistic!, looks so sculpted in a way cut with knives, dress appears wrinkled]

Manuscripts -Knight and dragon motif -Strange location What else was unusual during the Romanesque period (just did not see)? -Most popular subject matter for sculpture -Depiction of people

St. Hildegard - a nun with divine visions who wrote a lot (on music, the "science" of the time) - highly educated and well loved! On her head is tongues of fire, had a tablet in her hand and she was writing what she saw and there was an additional nun transcribing (would get 2 documents/accounts of this happening) This detail is part of a larger folio of her accounts Facsimile - unfortunately the original got lost, so this is an EXACT COPY [exact replica when the original copy is gone] Some semblance of architecture - not a whole lot - real focus is on her having these visions . . . . Crowning of Henry and Matilda Far more lavish manuscript, for the Holy Roman Emperor Crowning of Henry (Henry the Lion), just gotten married to Matilda (who was not just a nobody, she was the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Acquitane, from a very powerful family) Bottom register: see the Earth Upper register: Heaven - Jesus and Saints (St. Peter, always with keys) if they held a feather object (palm frond) meant they were martyr Henry and Matilda surrounded by family members both living and dead (in the bottom and upper registers) to show off both of their large, historic families Henry is trying his best to look as lavish as he can (as possible) for his wife (Matilda)

Manuscripts in the HRE -Sainte Hildegard - facsimile -Crowning of Henry and Matilda -Bottom vs. upper register -Attempt to look l...!

Master Hugo - not a monk, just a layperson! Not ordained y the church -Proof these people did exist Portion of the Bury Bible, a FULL Bible (very rare) Moses expounding the law - Moses essentially talking about and explaining the law (Deuteronomy, Book 5) - these Leviticus numbers - rules on faith -What Moses has in his hand (Leviticus numbers) -Moses in red, his brother Aaron in green -Moses has the book teaching the Israelites (Jewish people out of Egypt) [top register] Moses has horns... sun-disc halo but also horns -Mistranslation - St. Jerome translated - Moses has a description of having a face-to-face relationship with God - idea of him radiating light - had light rays shooting out of him, the mistranslation went from him having rays of light to horns with light Idea of him having a relationship with the divine (so Middle Ages interpretation is good horns, this depiction of Moses would last up through the Renaissance) VIBRANT COLORS - not much background or depth, but due to colors - a favorite for Romanesque manuscripts Moses talking to people in bottom register, but he is specifically telling them what to eat and what not to eat -If it had cloven feet, typically out of the question (no goats, pigs) Bush and animals rainbow-colored - not shooting for accuracy in his colors, looking for stand out stuff (matches his palette) The people Moses is speaking to are not necessarily the same people, Moses has changed clothes (signify time has passed) One of the most lovely of the Romanesque manuscripts Attempts at Moses's body - in his clothing trying to make those clothes match. But not the most accurate - Romanesque characteristics: HINGE JOINTS, elongated/thin/stretched, but were attempts on making his body more accurate with regard to folds in clothing/clothing

Master Hugo definition Manuscripts in Normandy and England (Romanesque) -Moses expounding the law -Mistranslation from St. Jerome -What is depicted in both registers -Attempts at... but nevertheless Romanesque characteristics Bonus: Mouth of Hell, Winchester Psalter [Gospels] One of the earliest depictions of the hell mouth in a manuscript -Idea of the Angel locking the gate and throwing away the key! See torturing from demons Important of always showing someone obviously with a crown (in this depiction, three people with crowns) Idea even kings and queens can end up in hell if they do not live piously!

-1066: William the Conqueror WtC, the Duke of Normandy will claim King Edward (of England, now dead) wrote to him to rule WtC is related to the English royal family but his claim is very bold The Battle of Hastings occurs between WtC and Harold (who takes the throne following Edward's death as King of England) -WtC wins the day, killing Harold, becoming King of England Saint-Étienne, France - WtC commissioned (started here in what would become the Battle of Hastings), buried here! Norman-Romanesque style: LOVE OF SYMMETRY (balance) and THE NUMBER 3 -3 bays (portals) divvied by buttresses on the front (exterior masonry supports to "support" the use of rounded arches and in this case groin vaults) -3 sets of windows Still rounded arches, groin vault (using RIBBING to accentuate, now they are divvying groin vaults into 6 pieces (rule of 3s) - using the extra rib to split the groin vault to 2 pieces to create 2 pieces - that certainly does show how ribbing supports the wall and roof Now have this clerestory (top row of windows just below the roofline) and 3 level/elevation division in the building (thanks to the groin vaults) TOOK DECADES - Gothic elements near the top Looking at the plan for Saint-Étienne... Transepts start to shrink - cities growing larger and also realizing they can channel weight up (through height) do not need long transepts (could have more than one level)

Normandy and England -Importance of the date 1066 -Battle of Hastings Saint-Étienne, France Norman-Romanesque church elements -Love for...? The number...? -Still using ... ..., ... ..., using ... to accentuate, etc. -What is starting to shrink?

•When Charlemagne died in 814, his empire was soon spilt into three parts for his grandsons: Charles the Bald, Lothair, and Louis the German. •This division and constant invasions by the Vikings led to conflict and an unstable Europe •In the mid 10th century a new line of emperors, the Ottonians consolidated the eastern part of Charlemagne's former empire and sought to preserve the Carolingian period. This area became the Holy Roman Empire- Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962 in Rome Ottonian artists continued to follow in the footsteps of the other periods we have looked at, but they revived monumental sculpture When Charlemagne dies, son Louis has three sons (Louis) has three heirs, these grandsons have a treaty to divide the Roman Empire (under Charlemagne) into three Split the Empire up between: Heir I: Charles the Bald (France and Belgium) Heir II: Lothair (youngest), tiny bit in the middle - quickly gobbled up bit that survives becomes the Kingdom of Burgundy Heir III: Louis the German - Germany This decision still affects us to this day, treaty became the basis of the creation of France and Germany later as countries Louis the German's descendants take the title of Holy Roman Emperor - Ottonians saw themselves as inheritors to the Carolingian dynasty [beginning with Otto I - the child of Louis the German's descendants] (somewhat trying to hold onto the Carolingian Renaissance as well) - reclaim the classical methods of Rome Charlemagne was the first Holy Roman Emperor, but he did not take the title 'Holy' when alive The Holy Roman Empire was last until the 1800s with Napoleon conquering -Region of Austria, Germany, Switzerland, etc. Conflict with Vikings Ottonians - hanging onto Roman methods but still their own interpretation of Romans and Roman methods (classical methods)

Ottonian Art •When Charlemagne died in 814, his empire was soon spilt into ... parts for his grandsons: ... the ..., ..., and ... the ... •This division and constant ... by the ... led to ... and an ... ... •In the mid 10th century a new line of emperors, the ... consolidated the ... part of Charlemagne's former empire and sought to preserve the ... period This area became the ... ... ...- ... ... crowned ... ... ... in 962 in Rome •Ottonian artists continued to follow in the footsteps of the other periods we have looked at, but they revived ... ... -Louis the German -> Otto I -Artistic style? Holding onto...? But still their own interpretation of such methods

-Palatine Chapel Central-plan - remember Western Europe did not like/use the central plan church as much Multiple levels than San Vitale Charlemagne's private chapel Lavish seating area where he could be above his court Aachen, Germany Charlemagne getting inspiration from the Byzantine Empire -In addition to central plan, had gold-background mosaics . . . . . Schematic plan for a monastery at Saint Gall -Plan for monastery (rare to find) - remember monasteries are about retreating from societal life - giving up all goods (be self-sufficient) Two rounded encaps like the basilica ulpia - long rectangular, apse on one end, usually squared off on other end. But with the basilica ulpia have another endcap just like the apse where the altar would be (rounded indention in this long rectangular plan church) One encap find the altar Bell towers Living area for monks - some monasteries allow for public inside - rooms for paying wealthy for their own spiritual experience RELICS - sacred objects, included the book (Bible), nails of the cross TYPICALLY however it was body parts of Saints passed on (fingers, toes - stranger: hair, teeth, blood, breast milk) These sacred body parts would be reclaimed - dig back up and deemed sacred, many paid a lot to see them A reliquary held the relic (container) lot of times very elaborate!

Palatine Chapel -Charlemagne -Inspiration from Byzantine Empire Rare schematic plan for a monastery -Reliquaries -Basilica ulpia (inspiration in classical Roman methods - see this more in the Ottonian Culture) [... one one end, usually squared off on other end] -Rooms for public use?

-Tympanum very influenced by the Crusades All first three Crusades had to do with this church (La Madeleine in Vézelay) -First Crusade - meant to be preached from but wasn't (the sermon to be delivered) but was not -Second Crusade - preached from here -Third Crusade - Richard the Lionheart (England) and Philip Augustus (France) met to discuss Two scenes? Pentecost is in the center: After Ascension of Christ [go to Heaven full body and stays there]/Easter, disciples sitting around wondering what to do. The Holy Spirit receives them and gives the disciples the ability to speak multiple languages. Their job is to then declare/preach the good news (Christ's ascension) Christ is not there but in Spirit (disciples cannot see him) We believe this is the pentecost because you see rays coming out of Christ's (Christ in mandorla - hinged joints) finger tips, idea of the disciples receiving the Holy Spirit [tongues of flames touching their heads, in Bible] with the gift of languages Mission of the Apostles, however, is the overall theme of this tympanum - make converts, convert people to Christianity, get people to know the word generally speaking! In the vignettes surrounding we have the world -Cynocephaly - giants with human body, dog head - could only bark -Pygmies - people from Africa, short people -People with bat like ears, could wrap up in them and sleep (from India) -Man with his hair on fire (idea of mental illness) -People with physical ailments -Jews and Saracens Mix of monstrous creatures and ailments (idea of if you're sick or disabled being your fault, you sinned in your past life and are now punished or your parents sinned) - if you convert, you'll be healed - represented the heathens (not yet converted) What the Crusades were for: part of it politics/power (want Jerusalem) but also dominate Saracens in battle and show them our religion is better and they will convert The idea is to convert all the heathens in the world - where the Crusades come in/idea of the Crusades - establish dominance of Christianity This is how they would preach it, this underlying reason - though it was essentially for politics and power/dominance What they passed it off as (conversion) Do see zodiac at the top, idea at the time was there was no conflict between the zodiac and Christ, that Christ spoke through the zodiac and controlled the zodiac (convey messages through the stars)

Pentecost and the Mission of the Apostles tympanum - point of the Crusades (sort of) to go and convert [this representation in the tympanum] -Crusades connection -Pentecost definition -Mission of the Apostles definition -Heathens of the world

1. APSE 2. CROSSING SQUARE 3. NAVE 4. RADIATING CHAPELS 5. SIDE AISLES 6. TRANSEPT Nave - center aisle 2 side aisles - on either side Transept - gives the basilica plan church its t-shape Apse - rounded niche where the altar is located, gives altar a prominent position Crossing square - the area of the church formed by the intersection (crossing) of a nave and a transept of equal width, often used as a standard module of interior proportion GIANT SQUARE - may put a faux dome on the inside but outside crossing tower Accentuated it more, where the nave and transept cross - CROSSING TOWER ADDED LATER TO REPRESENT CROSSING SQUARE - BUILT MUCH LATER (Gothic style versus Romanesque style, style changed) - took so long to build things at that time Accentuate it more in building, the first thing mapped out and would continue mapping it out, would start at the crossing square and map out the rest of the church from there using those measurements Everything is the crossing square, the first thing they build - it is the measurements for the rest of the church (unfold like a giant cube) In the apse - radiating chapels - scalloped edges where you'd put extra relics (St. Sernin [church is named after him] relic on altar, St. Toulouse [city is named after him] or Virgin Mary example would be in radiating chapel) Purposes: -Helpful with traffic flow -Sell them off as fundraising - have radiating chapels, approach the wealthy and say if you want to sponsor, we can name it after you and you can decorate that particular radiating chapel

Plan of Saint-Sernin and other Romanesque churches Crossing square definition (m... of ... p...) Radiating chapels definition Purposes of radiating chapels

Head reliquary of Saint Alexander Stavelot Abbey, Belgium Romanesque Reliquaries: the container that held relics (sacred objects of Christian saints or Christ), lavishly decorated A typical reliquary as seen here - not a full-body Saint Alexander was a pope -With reliquaries you're making the attempt to make it look as LIFELIKE as possible, helped those on pilgrimage or visiting the reliquary to believe and inspired their faith -Because this was closed up, clergy are not just going to smash it or let you look inside, it is all an act of faith! By making it look as lifelike as possible, you are building up that act of faith/inspiring their faith -There was a body part inside, but it is closed up! Base was made up of glass and semiprecious stones -Dragons for feet of reliquary and multiple saints around More reliquaries... Very popular in the Middle Ages BUST - typical for reliquary (shoulders up) or in case of Saint Alexander head to neck [JUST NOT FULL BODY] St. Sebastian - survived multiple times for martyrdom -Shooting for lifelikeness in the bust - inspiring faith! -Part of his skull, you could actually take the reliquary head off (the top portion of the head) to see part of his skull (the relic inside) Part of John the Baptist's arm (relic)

RELIQUARIES! -Characteristics: how much of the body is sculpted, their general appearance (trying to inspire...?)

Rainer of Huy was a sculptor who very much sculpted in the "classical" style when we think of Rome (Romanesque = Roman-inspired) This was a baptismal font - where babies would be dunked for baptism With a baptismal font, going to have baptism imagery See Jesus, his cousin John the Baptist (who baptized Jesus) and people waiting around him The baptismal font is resting on the backs of 12 oxen (Idea of the 12 Tribes of Israel or the 12 Disciples, Christians love the number 12) We say he sculpted in a classical style because... -Attempts at naturalism -The folds in their clothing make sense with their body, folds do fall on the body accurately -Not flat figures (as is typical of Romanesque in France for example), bodies projecting out

Rainer of Huy definition -Style of sculpting -Baptismal font -Why we say he is a "... style" sculptor

Reliquary - lavishly decorated (container for relics) Relics = sacred objects of saints (typically body parts) - the body parts (typically), clothing or objects [Bible, nails of the cross] associated with a holy figure [Christ or a Christian saint/e] Typically relics of saints Sainte-Foy - girl killed by Romans for Christian faith (12/13 years old) Head to toe reliquary (full statue is odd), but not life-size (idea is her skull is inside, that is the relic) She appears like an older man, but this was recycled likely Why pilgrimages were made... (would pay to come see on pilgrimages) Because the skull is in there, Sainte-Foy can hear and see you better when you pray to her if you visit her skull - sleep next to her if desperate Reliquaries would be at the main high altar or if you had multiple relics - be in radiating chapel areas/chapel areas Interesting also about this reliquary: No windows - all an act of faith - believe it has relic in there (skull) and clergy will never crack it open for you - AN ACT OF FAITH Could steal - holy robbery - "I had a dream, Sainte-Foy told me she needed to be taken away, placed in our town/church" (COULD NOT ARGUE WITH THAT) Popular relics often subject of holy robbery: Example - Venetians travel to Alexandria for St. Mark reliquary, "St. Mark came to us in a dream to retrieve him and place in Venice" (they would later lose him)

Reliquary and relics definition Sainte-Foy -What makes this reliquary unique -Why pilgrimages were made... -Where they were located in relation to church

In Milan, Sant' Ambrogio (Italy) -Italy is known for doing its own thing -Italy DID NOT LIKE massive churches -Preferred horizontal emphasis (instead of displaying height, display horizontally) -Not into height [only about 2 stories tall this church] Still see the groin vault (standard), hidden clerestory by the gallery (fancy word for walkway) First use of RIBBING Ribbing - accentuating the groin vault (making it look prettier), bricking it out versus leaving it white and creating these ribs due to the bricks - makes the groin vault more definite than just leaving it white -Ribbing would become the standard too Ribbing is decorative (making it pretty) but possibly/somehow structural support as well

Ribbing definition Elements of Italian churches -What they didn't like Sant' Ambrogio

•Romanesque = Roman-like •Romanesque applies to an 11th and 12th century European artistic style •in characteristics: Rounded arch, Romanesque is also characterized by masonry walls, and vaults like imperial Roman buildings had. •In the Early Middle Ages, life was built around the feudal system- the manor and its vasssals. But during this time, cities were growing and becoming independent of these lords. •As cities grow, there is a period of great building activity in Europe, especially churches and castles. Churches began to be decorated on the outside, especially around the entrance •In the Middle Ages, pilgrimages became very popular. Those who could afford it would make journeys to different holy sites throughout Europe and the Middle East •Communities went to great lengths to acquire relics [body parts typically], because having a relic from a popular saint could mean money for your church and town. Pilgrimages were the tourist industry of the Middle Ages *More so Roman-like in architecture - rounded arches and barrel vaults galore! Pilgrimages - trip to see holy relic or holy place - only kings, nobility, clergy and knights than peasantry Kingdoms of France and Holy Roman Empire officially divided at this point, England to the north. Pilgrimages (lines = routes on the map) Feudal system (bottom to top): Peasants Knights Nobles/religious leaders King Peasants would work for knights/lords in exchange for protection ELITES would go on pilgrimage (knights, nobility, kings and queens) leisure time and money to travel Pilgrimages - elite go to churches, cities like Rome or Jerusalem Churches get bigger to accommodate, space for tourists - "donations" to see the relics (what churches would require of tourists) - so churches make money - and along the way cities around got bigger (buy trinkets, food, stay at inns) Continuation of Carolingian - resurgence of interest in Rome by Charlemagne

Romanesque Art •Romanesque = ...-like •Romanesque applies to an 11th and 12th century European artistic style •Characteristics: ... arch, Romanesque is also characterized by ... walls, and ... like ... ... buildings had •In the Early Middle Ages, life was built around the ... system - the ... and its ... But during this time, cities were growing and becoming independent of these ... •As cities grow, there is a period of great building activity in Europe, especially ... and ... Churches began to be ... on the ..., especially around the entrance •In the Middle Ages, ... became very popular. Those who could afford it would make journeys to different holy sites throughout Europe and the Middle East •Communities went to great lengths to acquire ..., because having a ... from a popular ... could mean money for your church and town. ... were the ... industry of the Middle Ages Continuation of Carolingian - resurgence of interest in Rome by Charlemagne

Door with relief panels for Saint Michael's Hildesheim, Germany Ottonian CLOISTER - a portion of the church that attaches the monastery to the church -Open courtyard with garden [only for monks], not open to the public. Monks could meditate Cloisters often weirdly decorated, mimic Garden of Paradise Doors with relief panels - commissioned by Bishop Bernward Have since moved but these were the doors to the cloister, the entrance to Solid bronze - 1 cast/mold but still solid bronze! Influenced by Rome - the Forum of Trajan - BASILICA ULPIA!!! (saw in the schematic plan for one monastery earlier) IN ADDITION TO THE TRADITION OF HAVING GIANT DOOR (Santa Sabina) Registers on the doors - meant to be read down on one side, then going back up on the other First door: Going from Creation to Cain and Able (first brothers and murderers) [Old Testament] and then reading back up on the other door (U-shape) Second door: Annunciation (Angel Gabriel telling Mary she will be the mother of Jesus) to Christ's Resurrection after crucifixion [Start to end of Christ; New Testament] Going from Old to New Testament Figures are leaning out Figures are relieved 2-dimensionally but figures lean out (attempt at 3-d? Don't know!) God accusing Adam and Eve - one of the panels on the doors of Saint Michael's - creation story only see God (then every other story we see Jesus essentially; creation story is the only time God is visible) Original sin: the tendency to sin innate in all human beings, held to be inherited from Adam in consequence of the Fall Adam and Eve: first humans; God told them not to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, or they would have to leave the garden and eventually die. Satan lied to Adam and Eve and said if they ate the fruit, they would know good and evil but they would not die. Adam and Eve told God that they chose to eat the fruit. Because of their choice, they had to leave the Garden of Eden. Their physical condition changed as a result of eating the forbidden fruit. They became mortal OTTONIAN ART CHARACTERISTIC -Attempts at naturalism but still their own flavor [more interested in story and narrative than realistic use of space] BUT OTTONIANS... SEE THE RE-EMERGENCE OF MONUMENTAL SCULPTURE (look at these doors as example)

Still looking at Saint Michael's... Middle Age Europeans influenced by Early Christian, Roman style churches... -Basilica ulpia -GIANT DOORS Characteristics of these doors (material, relief) -How you read the panels -Ottonian Art characteristic -Re-emergence of...? Fall of Adam and Eve (Original Sin)

•In 1095, Pope Urban II delivered sermon at the Council of Clermont where he called for a war against the Muslims (or Saracens) who controlled the Holy Land -Holy Land - the area that contained Jerusalem, then controlled by the Saracens [Islam] and the subject for the Crusades [Christians trying to reclaim this area] •Between 1095-1190 Christians launched three great Crusades from France. •Only the first one was technically successful- the Christians retook the Holy Land, but then lost it and so second crusade! •The Crusades had a great impact on the political and economic situation in Europe Jerusalem taken by Islam in 600s, is now the 1000s Wage war against the Saracens (medieval term for Muslim) to reclaim Jerusalem 1st Crusade - successful but did not last! 2nd - failed/lost 3rd - tie/truce - you're in charge [Saracens] but make it easier for Christians to enter Jerusalem (the city) on pilgrimage 4th - Never made it to Jerusalem - would sack Constantinople instead [BIGGEST FAILURE] Impacted the art - church influenced by Crusades, bring back loot from Crusades, more money for churches

The Crusades •In 1095, ... ... ... delivered sermon at the Council of ... where he called for a ... against the ... (or Saracens) who controlled the ... ... •Between 1095-1190 Christians launched ... great Crusades from France •Only the ... one was technically successful- the Christians retook the ... ..., but then lost it and so ... crusade! •The Crusades had a great impact on the political and economic situation in Europe Alongside pilgrimages as big money-making venture for church AND a giant act of faith Holy Land definition

•The roughly 1,000 years of European history between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and the Renaissance in the 15th century (1400s) are known as the Middle Ages, or the Medieval period. •This was the period that gave birth to modern Europe •The Middle Ages are divided into three periods: Early Medieval (ends in early 11th century), Romanesque (11th and 12th centuries), and Gothic (12th to 15th centuries) •Four "cultures" make up the Early Medieval period •Art of the Warrior lords •Hiberno-Saxon art •Carolingian art •Ottonian art WESTERN EUROPE (Byzantine Empire in Eastern Europe at this time) Fall of Rome -> Renaissance Europe wasn't just dwindling into slums, lots of peoples! We see how countries formed today - modern Europe!!! Groundwork for modern Europe laid in the Middle Ages Each culture had its own distinctive art style

The Middle Ages •The roughly 1,000 years of European history between the ... of the ... ... ... in the 5th century and the ... in the 15th century are known as the Middle Ages, or the ... ... •This was the period that gave birth to ... ... •The Middle Ages are divided into three periods: ... ... [this unit] (ends in early 11th century), ... [next unit] (11th and 12th centuries), and ... (12th to 15th centuries) •Four "..." make up the Early Medieval period •... of the ... ... •...-... art •... art •... art Location?

...

True Cross Reliquary - the most sacred and one of the oldest reliquaries The Church of the Holy Sepulcher - idea is Constantine's mother took a pilgrimage to the Holy Land - found the hill where Christ was crucified. Was inspired to dig, found the cross completely intact (buried underneath) Cut up pieces of it Window - see the wood Never had an expert determine if this was proven - again it is all an act of faith!

-Depiction of the Second Coming of Christ on the tympanum (lunette above the door, where the decoration will be) [portal, front of the church] -Floral patterning on the sides -Statues in the jambs but more in the trumeau and tympanum -Lintel - geometric design Would have been painted stone! Just do not have anymore End of Days VERY popular in Romanesque art -Christ in Glory, really looks like a medieval king - crown, beard (like Richard the Lionheart for example) -Surrounded by his four Evangelists [as their emblems; angel, lion, ox, eagle] -Angels around the Evangelists -24 elders (old white men if European art) - direct depiction from Revelations - Christ seated on the throne in Heaven with 24 elders around him; no names (never named) - the elders are turned to Christ as he reigns over everything in the End of Days Waveform in registers of the 24 men to separate them [do have registers, separating the elders] - idea of clouds/mist? Idea of Heaven up above us OR Revelations depiction of crystal seas This depiction of the End of Days is minimal on its scare tactics [Christ in Glory] but it is implied (the judgment scene has already happened in this tympanum of the Second Coming) -Idea of the End of Days could be tomorrow - death could quickly come (invasion of Vikings, illness) at any time - Christ will judge all the living and the dead and send them to Heaven or Hell with no appeals court! -Scare tactic: Get your act together, life right with Christ, get in church so you can get to go to Heaven [idea of death being tomorrow or End of Days tomorrow, could happen at any time] Moving to the trumeau... On the sides of the trumeau we have lions and an Old Testament Prophet either Jeremiah or Isaiah. Look at his proportions: He is ELONGATED and thin, with joints that sort of hinge [looks like a paper doll] May be due to his position - having to stretch him, fitting him into this hole, but still common in Romanesque These become characteristics for figures in Romanesque art: -Hinged joints -Elongated figures -Thin figures

Typical portal for the Romanesque Period... Saint-Pierre -Tympanum - what scene we see. Which subject begins to be VERY popular in Romanesque art? -Why was this subject so commonly used? -Trumeau -Aspects of Romanesque Art (depiction of humans)

Eadwine the Scribe Eadwine the scribe at work Romanesque'' Possibly the earliest self-portrait that has been documented and confirmed (first confirmed, authenticated self-portrait) -Eadwine the Scribe: He is a monk, in monk garbs. Tonsured - top of his head shaved -Note the Roman motif (author portrait - motif of an author, someone who writes for a living) -Writing around the edges of his self-portrait talking about himself in work - "prince among scribes" (the best) -This was very ballsy to do! Doing for in perpetuity (lasting forever) but it's the WORD OF GOD [Bible], one of the last pages -Narcissistic? Wasn't the thing to do as a monk! You decorate the Bible for the glory of God, idea of putting beauty to the words of God - did it for/interest it the community and not the individual Not necessarily looked on well - where did this go? Commissioned or did it go to a library?

What may this be the first depiction of? Why was it ballsy?

1453 - Byzantine Empire falls to the OTTOMANS SINAN - architect for the sultan Selim II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire -Famous or these mosques he created - tall, slender minarets (Ottoman style), dome based on the Hagia Sophia

Who is Sinan? -Sinan definition Mosque of Selim II