ARHA 2305 Final
Gothic
1200 into the 15th century
sfumato
A smokelike haziness that subtly softens outlines in painting; particularly applied to the painting of Leonardo and Correggio.
animal style
A style in European and western Asian art in ancient and medieval times based in linear, stylized animal forms. Animal style is often found in metalwork.
Romanesque
1050 to 1200
Neoclassicism
1750-1815
Romanticism
1800-1840
Impressionism
1865-1885
korai (singular kore)
Greek for "maiden" or "girl," used as a generic name for the many sculptures of young women produced during the Archaic period of Greek civilization.
kouroi (singular kouros)
Greek for "youth" or "boy," used as a generic name for the numerous sculptures of nude youths produced during the Archaic period of Greek civilization.
Stele of Hammurabi, 1792-1750 BCE, Iran.
Neo-Babylonian
J.L. David, Death of Socrates, 1787
Neo-Classicism
(Neolithic Period) Women and Cattle. Rock painting at Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. Pastoralist style, after 5000 b.c.e.
Neolithic Period
Burial mask of Tutankhamun. c. 1325 b.c.e. Gold, inlaid with blue glass and semiprecious stones; height 21¼″.
New Kingdom
Seated Scribe, from Saqqara. c. 2450 b.c.e. Painted limestone, with alabaster and rock crystal eyes; height 21″.
Old Kingdom
Palette of Narmer, from Hierakonpolis. c. 3100 b.c.e. Slate, height 25″.
Pre-Dynastic
Stonehenge, England, c. 2900-1500 BCE
Prehistoric: Neolithic
Horse and Geometric Symbol. Cave painting, Lascaux, France. c. 13,000 BCE.
Prehistoric: Upper Paleolithic
oil paint
The most important contribution of the Northern Rennaissance was the introduction of...
Egypt
The principal message of Egyptian art is continuity—a seamless span of time reaching back into history and forward into the future.
aisle
Generally, a passageway flanking a central area. In a basilica or cathedral, aisles flank the nave.
Renaissance
1400 to 1600
icon
In Byzantine and later Orthodox Christian art, a portrait of a sacred person or an image of a sacred event.
Mirror Room, Amalienburg, Munich, 1734-39
Rococo
The period encompassing the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe has often been called
"The Age of Kings"
Cuneiform
(Latin for "wedge-shaped"), it served as the writing system of Mesopotamia for the next three thousand years.
Greek
-Archaic -Classical -Hellenistic
Egyptian
-Pre-Dynastic -Old Kingdom -Amarna Period -New Kingdom
Roman
-Roman Republic -Imperial
linear perspective
., A mathematical system for creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. The system originated in Florence, Italy in the early 1400s.
Ancient Near East/Mesopotamia
-Sumerian -Akkadian -Neo-Babylonian -Assyrian -Babylonian
Prehistoric
-Upper Paleolithic (Later Old Stone Age): c. 35,000 BC to 8,000 BCE -Neolithic: c. 9,000 BCE to 2,300 BCE:
Realism
1848-1860s; Broadly, any art in which the goal is to portray forms in the natural world in a highly faithful manner. Specifically, an art style of the mid-19th century, identified especially with Gustave Courbet, which fostered the idea that everyday people and events are fit subjects for important art. Compare naturalism.
Post-Impressionism
1880-1900
fresco
A PAINTING DONE ON PLASTER
tempera paint
A painting medium in which pigment is mixed with water-soluble glutinous materials such as size or egg yolk. Also called poster color, poster paint.
embroidery
A technique of needlework in which designs or figures are stitched into a textile ground with colored thread or yarn.
Stele of Naram-Sin, 2254-2218 BCE, Susa, Iran.
Akkadian
Akhenaten and His Family, from Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna). c. 1345 b.c.e. Painted limestone relief, 12¼ × 15¼″
Amarna Period
Queen Nefertiti. c. 1345 b.c.e. Painted limestone, height 20″.
Amarna Period
chiaroscuro
An Italian word designating the contrast of dark and light in a painting, drawing, or print.
tapestry
An elaborate textile meant to be hung from a wall and featuring images and motifs produced by various weaving techniques.
Kouros. c. 580 b.c.e. Marble, height 6′4″.
Archaic
Human-Headed Winged Lion. Assyrian, from Nimrud. 883-859 b.c.e. Limestone, height 10′2½″
Assyrian
Ishtar Gate (restored), from Babylon. c. 575 b.c.e. Glazed brick, height 48′9″
Babylonian
The Aegean
Between the Greek peninsula and the continent of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea known as the Aegean. The artistic cultures of the Aegean parallel in time those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, for the earliest begins about 3000 b.c.e. There were three major Aegean cultures: the Cycladic, centered on a group of small islands in the Aegean; the Minoan, based on the island of Crete at the southern end of the Aegean; and the Mycenaean, on the mainland of Greece.
"Warrior A," discovered in the sea near Riace, Italy. c. 450 b.c.e. Bronze, with bone and glass eyes, silver teeth, and copper lips and nipples; height 6′8″.
Classical
atmospheric perspective
Creating the illusion of depth of space by fading colors and eliminating detail in objects that are further away.
interlace
Decoration composed of intricately intertwined strips or ribbons. Interlace was especially popular in medieval Celtic and Scandinavian art.
entasis
In Classical architecture, the slight swelling or bulge built into the center of a column to make the column seem straight visually.
Mannerism
From the Italian for "style" or "stylishness," a trend in 16th-century Italian art. Mannerist artists cultivated a variety of elegant, refined, virtuosic, and highly artificial styles, often featuring elongated figures, sinuous contours, bizarre effects of scale and lighting, shallow pictorial space, and intense colors.
Laocoön Group. Roman copy, late 1st century b.c.e.-early 1st century c.e., of a Greek bronze(?) original, possibly by Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes. Marble, height 8′.
Hellenistic
basilica
In Roman architecture, a standard type of rectangular building with a large, open interior. Generally used for administrative and judicial purposes, the basilica was adapted for early church architecture. Principal elements of a basilica are nave, clerestory, aisle, and apse.
nave
In an ancient Roman basilica, the taller central space flanked by aisles. In a cruciform church, the long space flanked by aisles and leading from the entrance to the transept.
ambulatory
In church architecture, a vaulted passageway for walking (ambulating) around the apse. An ambulatory allows visitors to walk around the altar and choir areas without disturbing devotions in progress.
narthex
In early Christian architecture, the porch or vestibule serving as an entryway to a church.
Archaic period of Greek art
In the history of ancient Greece, the period between the 8th and the 6th centuries b.c.e., when what would later be leading characteristics of Greek art can be seen in their earliest form
Tintoretto, Last Supper, 1592-93
Italian Baroque
illumination
The practice of adding hand-drawn illustrations and other embellishments to a manuscript. 2. An illustration or ornament thus added.
Classical period of Greek art
Most narrowly, the "middle" period of ancient Greek civilization, beginning around 480 b.c.e. and lasting until around 350 b.c.e. More broadly, the civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and the centuries during which they flourished. Most generally, and with a lowercase c, any art that emphasizes rational order, balance, harmony, and restraint, especially if it looks to the art of ancient Greece and Rome for models.
(Paleolithic) Female Figure from Willendorf. c. 23,000 BCE. Limestone, height 4 3/8".
Paleolithic female statue.
The first half to three-quarters of the 18th century is often thought of as the age of
Rococo
E. Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830
Romanticism
Ram in Thicket, from Ur. c. 2600 b.c.e. Wood, gold foil, lapis lazuli; height 10″.
Summerian
transept
The arm of a cruciform church perpendicular to the nave. The transept often marks the beginning of the apse.
Mesopotamia
The first cities of Mesopotamia arose in the southernmost area, a region called Sumer.
Carolingian
The period in medieval European history dominated by the Frankish rulers of the Carolingian dynasty, roughly 750-850 c.e. In art, the term refers especially to the artistic flowering sponsored by Charlemagne (ruled 800-840).
apse
The semicircular, protruding niche at one or both ends of the nave of a Roman basilica. In basilica-based church architecture, an apse houses the altar and may be elongated to include a choir.
Mosaic
The technique of creating a design or image by arranging bits of colored ceramic, stone, glass, or other suitable materials and fixing them into a bed of cement or plaster.
clerestory
The topmost part of a wall, extending above flanking elements such as aisles, and set with windows to admit light. In a basilica or church, the clerestory is the topmost zone of the nave.
Rome
The year 510 b.c.e. is usually cited as the beginning of the Roman era, for it was then, according to ancient historians, that the Roman Republic was founded.
The Classical World: Greece and Rome
When we use the word "Classical" in connection with Western civilization, we are referring to the two cultures discussed next in this chapter—ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The term itself indicates an aesthetic bias, for anything "classic" is supposed to embody the highest possible standard of quality, to be the very best of its kind.
Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (present-day Maqaiyir, Iraq). c. 2100-2050 b.c.e.
Ziggurat: In Mesopotamian architecture, a monumental stepped structure symbolically understood as a mountain and serving as a platform for one or more temples
Minoan culture
can be traced to about 2000 b.c.e. We take the name from a legendary king called Minos, who supposedly ruled at Knossos and whose queen gave birth to the dreaded creature, half-human, half-bull, known as the Minotaur
Cycladic art
is a puzzle, because we know almost nothing about the people who made it. Nearly all consists of nude female figures
sunken relief
sculptural relief in which the image or design is modeled below the original surface of the background, which is not cut away
Mycenaean culture
so called because it formed around the city of Mycenae, flourished on the south coast of the Greek mainland from about 1600 to 1100 b.c.e.
The 18th century is sometimes known as
the Age of Reason.