ARHA 2305 Final

Gothic

1200 into the 15th century

sfumato

A smokelike haziness that subtly softens outlines in painting; particularly applied to the painting of Leonardo and Correggio.

animal style

A style in European and western Asian art in ancient and medieval times based in linear, stylized animal forms. Animal style is often found in metalwork.

Romanesque

1050 to 1200

Neoclassicism

1750-1815

Romanticism

1800-1840

Impressionism

1865-1885

korai (singular kore)

Greek for "maiden" or "girl," used as a generic name for the many sculptures of young women produced during the Archaic period of Greek civilization.

kouroi (singular kouros)

Greek for "youth" or "boy," used as a generic name for the numerous sculptures of nude youths produced during the Archaic period of Greek civilization.

Stele of Hammurabi, 1792-1750 BCE, Iran.

Neo-Babylonian

J.L. David, Death of Socrates, 1787

Neo-Classicism

(Neolithic Period) Women and Cattle. Rock painting at Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. Pastoralist style, after 5000 b.c.e.

Neolithic Period

Burial mask of Tutankhamun. c. 1325 b.c.e. Gold, inlaid with blue glass and semiprecious stones; height 21¼″.

New Kingdom

Seated Scribe, from Saqqara. c. 2450 b.c.e. Painted limestone, with alabaster and rock crystal eyes; height 21″.

Old Kingdom

Palette of Narmer, from Hierakonpolis. c. 3100 b.c.e. Slate, height 25″.

Pre-Dynastic

Stonehenge, England, c. 2900-1500 BCE

Prehistoric: Neolithic

Horse and Geometric Symbol. Cave painting, Lascaux, France. c. 13,000 BCE.

Prehistoric: Upper Paleolithic

oil paint

The most important contribution of the Northern Rennaissance was the introduction of...

Egypt

The principal message of Egyptian art is continuity—a seamless span of time reaching back into history and forward into the future.

aisle

Generally, a passageway flanking a central area. In a basilica or cathedral, aisles flank the nave.

Renaissance

1400 to 1600

icon

In Byzantine and later Orthodox Christian art, a portrait of a sacred person or an image of a sacred event.

Mirror Room, Amalienburg, Munich, 1734-39

Rococo

The period encompassing the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe has often been called

"The Age of Kings"

Cuneiform

(Latin for "wedge-shaped"), it served as the writing system of Mesopotamia for the next three thousand years.

Greek

-Archaic -Classical -Hellenistic

Egyptian

-Pre-Dynastic -Old Kingdom -Amarna Period -New Kingdom

Roman

-Roman Republic -Imperial

linear perspective

., A mathematical system for creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. The system originated in Florence, Italy in the early 1400s.

Ancient Near East/Mesopotamia

-Sumerian -Akkadian -Neo-Babylonian -Assyrian -Babylonian

Prehistoric

-Upper Paleolithic (Later Old Stone Age): c. 35,000 BC to 8,000 BCE -Neolithic: c. 9,000 BCE to 2,300 BCE:

Realism

1848-1860s; Broadly, any art in which the goal is to portray forms in the natural world in a highly faithful manner. Specifically, an art style of the mid-19th century, identified especially with Gustave Courbet, which fostered the idea that everyday people and events are fit subjects for important art. Compare naturalism.

Post-Impressionism

1880-1900

fresco

A PAINTING DONE ON PLASTER

tempera paint

A painting medium in which pigment is mixed with water-soluble glutinous materials such as size or egg yolk. Also called poster color, poster paint.

embroidery

A technique of needlework in which designs or figures are stitched into a textile ground with colored thread or yarn.

Stele of Naram-Sin, 2254-2218 BCE, Susa, Iran.

Akkadian

Akhenaten and His Family, from Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna). c. 1345 b.c.e. Painted limestone relief, 12¼ × 15¼″

Amarna Period

Queen Nefertiti. c. 1345 b.c.e. Painted limestone, height 20″.

Amarna Period

chiaroscuro

An Italian word designating the contrast of dark and light in a painting, drawing, or print.

tapestry

An elaborate textile meant to be hung from a wall and featuring images and motifs produced by various weaving techniques.

Kouros. c. 580 b.c.e. Marble, height 6′4″.

Archaic

Human-Headed Winged Lion. Assyrian, from Nimrud. 883-859 b.c.e. Limestone, height 10′2½″

Assyrian

Ishtar Gate (restored), from Babylon. c. 575 b.c.e. Glazed brick, height 48′9″

Babylonian

The Aegean

Between the Greek peninsula and the continent of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea known as the Aegean. The artistic cultures of the Aegean parallel in time those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, for the earliest begins about 3000 b.c.e. There were three major Aegean cultures: the Cycladic, centered on a group of small islands in the Aegean; the Minoan, based on the island of Crete at the southern end of the Aegean; and the Mycenaean, on the mainland of Greece.

"Warrior A," discovered in the sea near Riace, Italy. c. 450 b.c.e. Bronze, with bone and glass eyes, silver teeth, and copper lips and nipples; height 6′8″.

Classical

atmospheric perspective

Creating the illusion of depth of space by fading colors and eliminating detail in objects that are further away.

interlace

Decoration composed of intricately intertwined strips or ribbons. Interlace was especially popular in medieval Celtic and Scandinavian art.

entasis

In Classical architecture, the slight swelling or bulge built into the center of a column to make the column seem straight visually.

Mannerism

From the Italian for "style" or "stylishness," a trend in 16th-century Italian art. Mannerist artists cultivated a variety of elegant, refined, virtuosic, and highly artificial styles, often featuring elongated figures, sinuous contours, bizarre effects of scale and lighting, shallow pictorial space, and intense colors.

Laocoön Group. Roman copy, late 1st century b.c.e.-early 1st century c.e., of a Greek bronze(?) original, possibly by Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes. Marble, height 8′.

Hellenistic

basilica

In Roman architecture, a standard type of rectangular building with a large, open interior. Generally used for administrative and judicial purposes, the basilica was adapted for early church architecture. Principal elements of a basilica are nave, clerestory, aisle, and apse.

nave

In an ancient Roman basilica, the taller central space flanked by aisles. In a cruciform church, the long space flanked by aisles and leading from the entrance to the transept.

ambulatory

In church architecture, a vaulted passageway for walking (ambulating) around the apse. An ambulatory allows visitors to walk around the altar and choir areas without disturbing devotions in progress.

narthex

In early Christian architecture, the porch or vestibule serving as an entryway to a church.

Archaic period of Greek art

In the history of ancient Greece, the period between the 8th and the 6th centuries b.c.e., when what would later be leading characteristics of Greek art can be seen in their earliest form

Tintoretto, Last Supper, 1592-93

Italian Baroque

illumination

The practice of adding hand-drawn illustrations and other embellishments to a manuscript. 2. An illustration or ornament thus added.

Classical period of Greek art

Most narrowly, the "middle" period of ancient Greek civilization, beginning around 480 b.c.e. and lasting until around 350 b.c.e. More broadly, the civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and the centuries during which they flourished. Most generally, and with a lowercase c, any art that emphasizes rational order, balance, harmony, and restraint, especially if it looks to the art of ancient Greece and Rome for models.

(Paleolithic) Female Figure from Willendorf. c. 23,000 BCE. Limestone, height 4 3/8".

Paleolithic female statue.

The first half to three-quarters of the 18th century is often thought of as the age of

Rococo

E. Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

Romanticism

Ram in Thicket, from Ur. c. 2600 b.c.e. Wood, gold foil, lapis lazuli; height 10″.

Summerian

transept

The arm of a cruciform church perpendicular to the nave. The transept often marks the beginning of the apse.

Mesopotamia

The first cities of Mesopotamia arose in the southernmost area, a region called Sumer.

Carolingian

The period in medieval European history dominated by the Frankish rulers of the Carolingian dynasty, roughly 750-850 c.e. In art, the term refers especially to the artistic flowering sponsored by Charlemagne (ruled 800-840).

apse

The semicircular, protruding niche at one or both ends of the nave of a Roman basilica. In basilica-based church architecture, an apse houses the altar and may be elongated to include a choir.

Mosaic

The technique of creating a design or image by arranging bits of colored ceramic, stone, glass, or other suitable materials and fixing them into a bed of cement or plaster.

clerestory

The topmost part of a wall, extending above flanking elements such as aisles, and set with windows to admit light. In a basilica or church, the clerestory is the topmost zone of the nave.

Rome

The year 510 b.c.e. is usually cited as the beginning of the Roman era, for it was then, according to ancient historians, that the Roman Republic was founded.

The Classical World: Greece and Rome

When we use the word "Classical" in connection with Western civilization, we are referring to the two cultures discussed next in this chapter—ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The term itself indicates an aesthetic bias, for anything "classic" is supposed to embody the highest possible standard of quality, to be the very best of its kind.

Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (present-day Maqaiyir, Iraq). c. 2100-2050 b.c.e.

Ziggurat: In Mesopotamian architecture, a monumental stepped structure symbolically understood as a mountain and serving as a platform for one or more temples

Minoan culture

can be traced to about 2000 b.c.e. We take the name from a legendary king called Minos, who supposedly ruled at Knossos and whose queen gave birth to the dreaded creature, half-human, half-bull, known as the Minotaur

Cycladic art

is a puzzle, because we know almost nothing about the people who made it. Nearly all consists of nude female figures

sunken relief

sculptural relief in which the image or design is modeled below the original surface of the background, which is not cut away

Mycenaean culture

so called because it formed around the city of Mycenae, flourished on the south coast of the Greek mainland from about 1600 to 1100 b.c.e.

The 18th century is sometimes known as

the Age of Reason.