ART 101 - MIDTERM PREP
Amphitheater
oval building with tiers of seats; CF. arena
Bull Leaping from Palace of Knossos
*Bronze age (period) *Crete (location) *Minoan (culture) *Fresco(type) *Ca. 1400-1370 BCE. 1.) This is depicting the Minoan ceremony of bull-leaping, where a young man would grab the bull by the horns in order to vault over its head 2.) The characters in this fresco are highly stylized with features like the Minoan pinched waist
Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions
- Assyrian artist carved hunting reliefs - nineveth palace of conquerer Elamite Susa, Ashurbanipal - Ashur is the creator of the son
Catal Hoyuk Deer Hunt wall painting
- Neolithic - regular appearance of the human figure
Stonehenge
- Neolithic monument thought to have had an astronomical purpose - rough-cut sarsen (form of sandstorm) - served as a center of healing that attracted the sick and dying from throughout the region
Venus of Willendorf
- Paleolithic - Laussel France - earliest relief sculpture - stone chisel to cut into the relatively flat surface of a large rock in order to create an image projecting from the background
Hall of Bulls, Lascaux
- Paleolithic ; 1600 - 1400 BCE ; Twisted perspective; profile
Palette of King Narmer
- Predynastic Egypt. c. 3000-2920 B.C.E. Greywacke. - one of the earliest historical artworks perserved - might record the unification of two kingdoms "kingdom of the two lands" - formalized version of a utilitarian object commonly used to prepare eye makeup - front has two felines forming circular depression where eye makeup would go
Sculpture of Akhenaton
- ancient egypt - exaggerated facial features - attempt to portray the pharaoh as a combination of both male and female divine
The dying gaul
230-220 BCE, Hellenistic, by Epigonos. Bronze original, marble is from 2nd cen. AD. Gual=barbarian (anyone not Greek). looks tortured and pained, can't hide anguish like a Greek hero can. he is realistic. has a mustache, rope collar, messy hair, make him look like a barbaric animal. unkempt. physical and emotional weakness and fragility.
New York Kuoros
600 BCE, Greece, Archaic Period (background info: stiffness in body, stiffness influenced by the Egyptians, contrapposto) - served as a grave marker for a young Athenian Aristocrat
humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Stele
A carved stone slab used to mark graves or to commemorate historical events.
twisted/composite perspective
A convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally
acropolis
A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city
additive sculpture
A kind of sculpture technique in which materials (for example, clay) are built up or "added" to create form.
subtractive sculpture
A kind of sculpture technique in which materials are taken away from the original mass; carving.
Colosseum
A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place
naturalism
A nineteenth-century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was.
Ilusionistic
A painting that creates the illusion of a real object or scene, or a sculpture where the artist has depicted figure in such a realistic way that they seem alive
Ziggurat
A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
Clerestory
A row of windows in the upper part of a wall.
Profile Perspective
A side view of an object or structure
pyramid
A solid shape with a polygon as a base and triangular faces that come to a point (vertex or apex)
hemispherical dome
A type of Roman Vault; used over circular structures
Vanishing point
A vanishing point is a point in space, usually located on the horizon, where parallel edges of an object appear to converge.
corbeled vault
A vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch.
Spring (Fresco)
Aegean (Minoan) 2500 BCE. Wall Painting from Akrotiri. Pure landscape with wavy and pulsating lines and bright colors celebrating life and nature.
this artowork was created by which mesopotamian culture?
Akkadian
Victory stele of naram-sin
Akkadian, 2254-2218 BCE - comemmorates the akkadian ruler's defeat of the lullbim people from Iranian Mtns. East - carries the name of two kings: Naram-sin & Elamite King
Venus de Milo
An ancient Greek statue of Venus, famous for its beauty, though tis arms were broken off centuries ago. The statue is now in the Louvre.
Krater
An ancient Greek wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water.
tumulus
An artificial mound of earth and stones placed over a grave
Stele of Hammurabi
Babylonian 1792-1750 BCE, King Hammurabi - nearly 300 laws - made of black basalt - representation of high relief - laws covered all aspects of life - artist that did shamash explored the notion of "Foreshortening"
Parthenon East Pediment
Birth of Athena, Helios, and Selene, showed the birth of goddess athena from the head of her father Zeus
This artwork is from
Catal Hoyuk
Kritios boy
Classical Greek, one of the earliest statues of the Classical period. stance is indicative of the aims of classical sculptors
This gateway uses ___ which is when each layer of stones moves in slightly until they meet at the top
Corbelling
___ refers to the very large stones used at this site
Cyclopean Masonry
Bust of Queen Nefertiti
Egypt, New Kingdom - grace and power of a dominant egyptian queen - view of women as well as idealized beauty of the Amarna period
Sarcophagus with reclining couple
Etruscan 520 BCE, shows the high respect women had here, shows a man and his wife on a sofa at one of these banquets
The great pyramids of gizeh
Fourth Dynasty, c. 2575-2450 BCE, Granite and limestone funerary complex. - served as the tombs of the fourth dynasty kings Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure
Which period is exemplified by the sculpture "Man and Centaur"
Geometric
kouros
Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth.
terracotta
Hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or painted.
____ means that larger figures or objects are more important
Hierarchy of Scale
This sculpture depicts a ___
Husband and wife
Triumphal Arch
In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road.
Ka
In ancient Egypt, the immortal human life force.
black-figure painting
In early Greek pottery, the silhouetting of dark figures against a light background of natural, reddish clay, with linear details incised through the silhouettes.
red-figure painting
In later Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details; the reverse of black-figure painting.
For the Ancient Egyptians, the ____ was a persons eternal life force that continued after death
Ka
The most well known Minoan palace is located at ___
Knossos
___figures are of youthful men and were originally placed in cemeteries
Kouros
Capitoline wolf
LATE ETRUSCAN 700-89 BCE -500-480 bc -classic Etruscan metal work -statue of the she-wolf was made for the Roman Republic -though the statue was not a roman art -product of Etruscan workshop
Aphrodite of Knidos
Late Classical, revolutionized the classical greek art world , contributes to the idealism of the woman figure, ideals of beauty and introduces the growing search for perfection
Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters
New Kingdom (Amarna), 18th Dynasty. c. 1353-1335 B.C.E. Limestone. - relief stele - Ankh, sign of life - Sunken relief - chisel deep outlines below the stone's surface instead of cutting back the stone around the figures to make them project from the surface
Neolitic means...
New Stone Age
Paleolithic means
Old Stone Age
Fresco buon and secco
Painting technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface. The pigments dry to become part of the plaster wall or surface. Sometimes called true fresco or buon fresco to distinguish it from painting over dry plaster
Spear bearer
Polykleitos, exemplifies the new method of representing the human figure in greek art during the high classical period
except for the Amarna Period, Ancient Egyptian religion was primarily
Polytheistic
Statuettes of Two Worshippers
Sumerian, 2700 BCE - carved of soft gypsum and inlaid with shell and black limestone - libations what sumerians used for ritual pouring -men wear belts with fringed skirts, women wear long robe's with right shoulder bare
the sarcophagus of the spouses:
Tells us about the relatively high social status Etruscan women enjoyed
archaic smile
The smile that appears on all Archaic Greek statues from about 570 to 480 BCE. The smile is the Archaic sculptor's way of indicating that the person portrayed is alive.
Pylon temple
The wide entrance gateway of an Egyptian temple, characterized by its sloping walls
Doric
This style of column features simple, heavy columns without bases.
post and lintel construction
Wall construction utilizing a framework of vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads.
Register, frieze, band
a broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, especially on a wall near the ceiling.
Convention
a generally agreed-upon practice or attitude
republic
a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf
Pantheon
a group of people held in high esteem for their great achievements
Hypostyle hall
a hall with a roof supported by columns
landscape
a large area with a particular kind of scenery, such as a desert landscape
cantilever
a long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end, used chiefly in bridge construction.
Atmospheric Perspective
a method of rendering the effect of spatial distance by subtle variations in color and clarity of representation
monumental
a sculpture, a group of sculptures or sculpture integrate with archietecture explicitly created to commemorate a person or event
Column of trajan
a source of military history and topographical information about the roman empire. served as a military propaganda, trajan and his soldiers are shown as brave and triumphant in their conquest of Dacian
Ara Pacis Augustae
a temple for the sacrifica of sacred animals where only priests and vestals participated
barrel vault
a vault forming a half cylinder
Mastaba
an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof
Veristic portraiture
an artistic portrait-style chracterized by hyper-realism and idealized traits
Hierarchy of scale
an artistic technique in which the most essential object in a painting or sculpture is the largest
contrapposto
an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs.
stylized
art that represents objects in an exaggerated way to emphasize certain aspects of the object
polytheism
belief in more than one god
canon
bodies of work that are of "indisputable quality" within a culture or have passed an ambiguous test of value that deem the works worthy for study
concrete
building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water
Marine Style Octopus Flask
ca. 1500 BCE; Minoan; Crete, Greece; clay
Polykleitos used a rule, also known as a ___ to determine the proportions for the figure
canon
Menkaure and a Queen sculpture
carved out of slate and dating to 2548-2530 BCE, is an example of Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty royal sculpture. ... In art history books, the pair have come to represent a prime example of Old Kingdom royal tomb sculpture.
necropolis
city of the dead
Arch of titus
comemmortates the roman triumph awarded to Emperor Vespasian and to Titus, for their victory in the Jewish War
Sumerian art
consists of enormous temple platforms called Ziggurats and the development of coherent visual narrative devices, such as registers and hierarchy of scale
Capital
crowning member of a column, pier, anta, pilaster, or other columnar form, providing a structural support for the horizontal member (entablature) or arch above
Portrait of Tetrarchs
depicts the four rulers of the empire instituted by emperor Diocletian, the first tetrarchy
Cuneiform
first system of writing developed by the Sumerians and used by many other later cultures
what is siginficant about this artwork?
first written law code
groin vault
formed at the point at which 2 barrel vaults intersect at right angles
Citadel
fortified structure that is often located within a city or town. designed to protect or subjugate social groups
In this painting, the different skin colors probably indicate the figures
gender
Apadana
great audience hall in ancient persian palaces
A ___ is the line on which figures or objects appear to stand
ground line
lamassu
guardian sculptures, typically appearing in pairs, that were often placed outside prominent sites
Knossos palace
had indoor plumbing; the concept spread when the Minoans spread - the ceremonial and political center of the minaoan civilization - all rooms painted with different styles during this time
A ___ is a space with a roof ssupport by columns, like the one at the temple of Amun-Re
hypostyle hall
relieving triangle
in Mycenaean architecture, the triangular opening above the lintel that serves to lighten the weight to be carried by the lintel itself
This vessel is a good example of ____ style pottery from the minoan Culture
marine
Sculptural frieze
meant to convery a Panathenaix procession, the victory of Athenians at marathon, the power of Athens as a city-state, and the piety of its citizens
The Ancient Egyptians practiced ___ which preserved the body so the Ka could continue to inhabit it
mummification
a lot of etruscan artworks were created for funerary context and were recovered from a _____, also called a city of the dead
necropolis
Paleolithic people were
nomadic hunter-gatherers
Ionic
one of three column styles builders used in ancient greece
Frieze
ornamental band on a wall
black-figure painting refers to
painting with only black
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge with distance
The architectural element labeled "18" is the triangular space at the end of building that is formed by the ends of the sloping roof and is called the
pediment
Portrait of Constatine
placid expressian, large deep carved eyes directed towards heaven, suggests that constantine as a rule appointed by god, constantine as victor or even constatine as divine - body consisted of a brick sore and wooden framework, possibly covered with gilded bronze
Idealization
process through which artists strive to create images that approach perfection, according to the ideals of their culture and time
A __ is horizontal band used to arrange a narrative, such as those used in this artwork
register
figurine of a woman, from syros
represents dead women or fertility figures or goddesses
high relief sculpture
sculpture with a background plane from which the projections are relatively large
low relief sculpture
sculpture with a background plane from which the projections are relatively small
sarcophagus
stone coffin
The great pyramids at Giza are symbols of the
sun
Foreshortening
technique of depicting an object or human body in a picture so as to product an illusion of projection or extension in space
composition
the arrangement of elements within a work of art
ground line
the bottom line of the picture plane of a drawing in linear perspective.
rock-cut tomb/rock-cut temple
the creation of structures, buildings, and sculptures, by excavating solid rock where it naturally occurs
facade
the front of a building
mummification
the preservation of dead bodies by embalming and wrapping them in cloth
oculus
the round central opening of a dome
Medium
the substance used to create an art piece
Pediment
the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture
Equestrian Sculpture of Marcus Aurelius
theme is one of power and divine grandeur - made of bronze
Augustus of Primaporta
transmit important imperial message to the viewer, strong victorious warrior and a god
Cyclopean Masonry
vast, massive and rough
Composite View
when a figure is shown in mostly profile, but a portion, usually the head, is turned to face the viewer
Etruscan temples were made out of ______ and no longer exist
wood, mud brick, and terracotta
A __ is a large raised platform with four sloping sides with a temple on top
ziggurat