ART 188 Exam II
James Abbott McNeil Whistler Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket c.1872-77
Based off a firework show Transcendent ideals of harmony and beauty Musical compositions illustrated visually - expressive
Henry Fuseli The Nightmare 1781
Connects to larger cultural interest in the unknown No moralizing subject, but rather an invented scene Dreams and the unconscious
In the trial between Whistler and Ruskin, which of the following was NOT a point of debate?
Illegal copies the artist made of the painting
Edgar Degas The Rehearsal on Stage 1874
Impression of the moment Ballet: social and economic force -Site of exploitation
THIS ART MOVEMENT ADOPTED THEIR NAME FROM LOUIS LEROY'S SATIRICAL ACCOUNT OF A VISIT TO PARISIAN EXHIBITION FEATURING ARTISTS SUCH AS DEGAS, RENOIR, AND MONET.
Impressionism
This art movement adopted their name from Louis Leroy's satirical account of a visit to Parisian exhibit
Impressionism
Jacques-Louis David The Oath of the Horatii 1784
Neoclassicism - virtuous behavior Ancient Roman history 3 brothers from each side to battle it out Orthogonal - vanishing point at clashing of swords Allegiance to the State
Edouard Manet Luncheon on the Grass 1862-63
No one is truly interacting Salon de Refuse Women in background - spatially too large No sense of it being finished No narrative
JMW Turner Rain, Steam, and Speed—The Great Western Railway 1844
Speed of train and rain coming toward us Thick paint - abstract and unreadable Industrial power of man and nature - rabbit (speed)
Francisco de Goya The Third of May 1808, 1814
Contrast of light and dark Stigmata on hands (martyr to Spain) Gunman - diagonal line, can't see their faces Foreshortening - figures coming toward us Uprising against French occupation of Spain Napoleon's army v. Spanish
Edouard Manet Olympia 1863
Strips away academic painting and mythology Features are not identical and perfect Looking directly at us - confronting us Prostitution Hand drawing attention to sexuality All of this is an illusion
AFTER BEING REJECTED FROM THE SALON, THIS ARTIST SET UP HIS OWN "PAVILION OF REALISM," AND SAID "TO RECORD THE MANNERS, IDEAS AND ASPECT OF THE AGE AS I MYSELF SAW THEM - TO BE A MAN AS WELL AS A PAINTER, IN SHORT TO CREATE LIVING ART - THAT IS MY AIM."
Courbet
Francisco de Goya The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, from Los Caprichos, 1799
Dark vision of humanity Forces viewer to become an active participant in the image Self portrait? Uses the series to critique contemporary Spanish society Combo of reason and imagination Aquatint: variation of etching (intaglio printmaking process)
Who painted the Oath of Horatii
David
Claude Monet Impression: Sunrise 1872
Dedicated to capturing light as it appears in the world Only way to capture color - photography can't yet Essence of the moment and the optical sensation of color Plein air
Charles Garnier Paris Opera 1861-74
Designed for new-found leisure time of the bourgeoisie Social spaces Giving us the unusual view Architecture speaks to shifting positions - glass ceiling
Germain Boffrand Salon de la Princesse begun 1732
Different arts merging together Delicate/lush sculptural details Design leads to an art revolution
Ford Madox Brown Work 1852-65
Different classes and professions encountered one another Social conflicts
Claude Monet The Portal (in sun) 1894
Effects of light over time
Jean-Honore Fragonard The Swing 1766
Emerging sexual revolution As she goes up the swing, she can part her legs and her lover can get a view up her skirt Loose brushstrokes Lacks seriousness of baroque 2 cupid figures
Joseph Wright of Derby An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump 1768
Subject is not scientific invention, but a human drama in a light-time setting and air Bird will die if demonstrator continues to deprive it of oxygen -Wright leaves us in doubt Actual man-made light
AN ARTISTIC EFFECT THAT EVOKES THE STRONGEST POSSIBLE FEELING IN THE SPECTRUM OF HUMAN EMOTION.
Sublime
Neoclassicism (Revolutionary Times)
The Lunar Society -Enlightenments reason coincided w the emergence of industrial capitalism in the first industrial revolution -Industrial production and international trade Joseph Wright Proponents of science and industrial revolution
THIS PIECE SHOWS A WOMAN KICKING OFF HER SHOE IN A FOREST WHILE A MAN LIES ON THE GROUND BELOW HER. IT'S A GOOD REPRESENTATION OF ROCOCO STYLE AND HAS SEXUAL IMPLICATIONS
The Swing
Romanticism I: Emotional Times
Emotion against reason -focus on individual, subjective experience, and emotion Romanticism used in relation to new literary and musical schools (visual artists) -Human emotion -More physical direct line, color, and brushwork, and more emotionally expressive
THIS ARTIST WAS THE FIRST TO FULLY EXPLOIT THE AQUATINT PROCESS, AND IN HIS PRINTS, HE BELIEVED THAT IMAGINATION SHOULD BE RELATED WITH REASON
Goya
The process of urban renewal in Paris in the middle of the 19th century was called
Haussmannization
Jean-Antoine Watteau Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera 1717
History painting Cythera - goddess of love Ambiguous Love is a dance Fete galante: outdoor courtship party, lacks clear narrative
Theodore Gericault Raft of the Medusa 1818-19
History painting and critique of the current political regime radically challenges Salon audiences Represents vain hope of the shipwrecked sailors Rescue boat is visible on the horizon Failure of the ideals of the Enlightenment & Revolution Human life taken for no reason at all
THIS ARTIST PAINTED A SATIRICAL MORALISING SERIES TO CRITICIZE THE ARISTOCRACY, AND HIS ARTWORK CORRESPONDS TO THE CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS THAT AROSE
Hogarth
Thomas Cole The Oxbow 1836
Hudson River School The transformation and time of landscape Storm scene "sublime" v. Americans settling
Alexander Gardner The Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter: Battlefield at Gettysburg 1863
Tragic aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg Staged the image (emotional) Draws on looking at death Development of lithography, a printmaking process using stone slab Series responded to the abject poverty he saw
Vincent Van Gogh Starry Night 1889
"Study of the night"/"Night Effect" Loose brushstrokes Plein air at night Invention, remembrance, and observation
THIS WORK BY HENRY FUSELI WAS SAID TO HAVE HUNG IN SIGMUND FREUD'S OFFICE, AS THE PIECE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGY AND SLEEP
"THE NIGHTMARE," HENRY FUSELI, 1781
True of henry Fuseli's The Nightmare
-Caused uproar in Royal Academy -Example of romanticism -A print of it was in Sigmund Freud's office
Courbet's work
-History paintings -Realist -Avant garde
Enlightenment thinkers were interested in
-Innate, inalienable human rights -Expanding business and commerce -Scientific discovery
Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace was an important precursor to many modern forms of architecture
-Prefabrication -Department stores -Shopping malls
THIS IS THE DECADE THAT A SERIES OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED AND SHORTENED THE EXPOSURE TIME TO CAPTURE IMAGE FOR PHOTOGRAPHY.
1830s
THIS IS A DECADE IN A HYPER-INDUSTRIALIZED VICTORIAN WORLD, FAMOUS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CRYSTAL PALACE.
1850s
Paul Cezanne Still Life with Basket of Apples 1880-1884
A hopeless subject - still life Odd errors in drawing - table Vision of camera v. human eye
Enlightenment and Rococo
Age of Enlightenment (1686-1815) Centered around reason Saw continued interest in scientific learning -Growth of philosophical ideas of liberty, tolerance, and the separation of church and state Beginning of Industrial Revolution Rococo: reaction to baroque -defining style, preferred style of aristocracy Grand style and severity Elaborate detail of natural motifs and curving forms, pastel colors, and integration of multiple modes of artistic production in one space
Courbet's painting "A Burial At Ornans" does not
Allude to the after life
Caspar David Friedrich Wanderer above a Sea of Fog 1818
Ambiguous landscape - what are we looking at? Rear facing figure - we can enter this space
Vincent Van Gogh The Night Cafe 1888
Clash and contrast of the most disparate reds and greens "Terrible passions of humanity"
Caspar David Friedrich Monk by the Sea 1808 or 1810
Concentrates on the power of the natural climate and charges the landscape w a divine authority Confronting the sublime
Jean-Antoine Houdon George Washington 1785-88
Enlightenment figure sculpted Neoclassicism w Realism Fascie: symbol of Republic (strength of coming together)
Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardoin-Mansart Palace of Versailles (France) 1668-85
Eye on nobility - moving of Versailles to suburbs Scale to produce style Center: bedroom of king
The Age of Enlightenment was marked by peaceful obedience of tradition and old ways of thinking
False
AN OBSERVER OF MODERN URBAN LIFE, USUALLY A WEALTHY MALE.
Flaneur
Paul Cezanne Mont Sainte Victoire with Large Pine c.1887
Flatness of canvas Tension of surface -Warm: advance, Cool: recede, but we see a mixture of both
Rococo design reacted against
French baroque of Versailles
Gustave Courbet A Burial at Ornans 1849-50
Genre painting (against Academy) Ordinary people, place, funeral Courbet's family Frieze: horizontal band of figures Lack of focal point and interaction Avoids amplified spiritual connotations
Thomas Jefferson Monticello 1769-82; 1796-1802
Gentleman amateur architect Underground enslaved labor (contradicts ideals "All men are created equal) Palladianism: named for 16th century Italian architect Andrea Palladio
Thomas Jefferson is an example of a
Gentleman-amateur architect
THIS ARTIST WAS THE FIRST TO INTRODUCE AND REVIVE THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE PAINTING IN THE 19TH CENTURY
John Constable
Born in North America
John Singleton Copley
In Karl Marx's reading, the author argues that what caused the devaluation of human's and human life
Increase value of things
Romanticism II: Nature
Landscape painting continues -Beautiful views of nature and no biblical/literary narrative Emphasis: Emotion and the sublime
John Constable The Hay Wain 1821
Landscape should be important Nostalgic view in the face of the Industrial Revolution Studying from observation (appear natural and prep sketch done outdoors)
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood drew inspiration from which of the following?
Literature (especially poetry and Shakespeare)
Impression
Loose and visible brushstrokes Plein air: painting outside directly in front of the subject to capture the light and colors on site Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, and Printmakers Landscapes and Genre scenes Got their name from a negative critic
Josaih Wedgwood was a member of
Lunar Society
THEY WERE INTERESTED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. A MEETING OF THEIRS IS DEPICTED IN JOSEPH WRIGHT OF DERBY'S "AN EXPERIMENT ON A BIRD IN THE AIR PUMP."
Lunar Society
Manet and the Birth of Modern Art
Making Modern Paris Napoleon III Second Empire (1852-70) Haussmannization: reorganization of the urban center; broad straight boulevards
PORTRAYING WOMEN AS OBJECTS FOR MALE PLEASURE, ALL FROM A HETEROSEXUAL MALE POINT OF VIEW.
Male gaze
William Hogarth Marriage a-la-mode: The Tete-a-Tete 1743
Marriage and morals Marriage of convenience
Joseph Paxton Crystal Palace (London) 1850-51
Marvel of iron and glass that displayed the latest products and technologies in the first international exposition Visual and consumer culture Celebration of man
Claude Monet Gare St-Lazare 1877
Modernity Steam, light, and smoke (blending together) Impressionist exhibitions - subjective experience
Constable's "English Landscape" argues that the best inspiration for the artist is
Nature
Georges Seurat Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte 1886
Neo-Impressionism Optical mixture Leisure painting Ambiguity of class No clear narrative Pointillism: dots
JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS' "OPHELIA" PAINTING IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF THE TYPE OF WORK DONE BY THIS GROUP.
PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD
Realism (19th Century)
Photography Represent Civil War - completely de romanticizing combat
TERM FOR THE NATURAL WORLD OF CALM REPRIEVE, DEPICTED IN LARGE PAINTINGS BY JOHN CONSTABLE, SUCH AS "THE HAYWAIN."
Picturesque
Jacques-Louis David Death of Marat 1793
Political propaganda Accuracy of the scene of the crime Commemorates a hero of the Revolution Heroize new martyrs of revolution (Christian to political martyr) Pieta pose (Christ like)
British Radicals Aestheticism
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood -Looked to literary and religious subject matter -Appreciated simplicity of line and large flat areas "Truth to nature"
Edouard Manet The Railway 1873
Question of modern life and space Ambiguous Who are we even looking at? Don't know the relationship of figures, setting? Rail-road bars: strict regularity, prison-like
WHAT ARTISTIC MOVEMENT DID WE STUDY PARTIALLY IN CONJUNCTION WITH MARXIST PRINCIPLES?
Realism
Edouard Manet A Bar at the Folies-Bergere 1882
Relation of power, gender, and class through the intersection of visual gazes in a highly complex compostion Spatial complexity "Unmixed joy" - venue Place to pick up prostitutes Where does the viewer stand?
THIS PERIOD IS NOTABLE FOR DEPICTING LUXURIOUS NOBILITY LIFE.
Rococo
THIS IS A PERIOD WHERE ARTISTS REACTED AGAINST THE STOICISM OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT WITH A FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL, SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE AND EMOTION.
Romanticism (1800-1850)
THIS WAS THE SPACE THAT DECIDED WHICH PIECES OF ART WERE WORTHY OF BEING VIEWED IN THE FRENCH PUBLIC ART WORLD, AND EVENTUALLY EXPERIENCED COUNTER-EXHIBITIONS.
Salon
Manet's Olympia was exhibited at what major exhibition?
Salon of 1865
James Abbott McNeil Whistler Symphony in White No. 1: The White Girl 1862
Scandalous subject matter Intimate gaze - basically in her underwear Fiery red hair Title refers to actual point itself
John Everett Millais Ophelia 1851-51
Shakespeare's Hamlet Spiritual power of nature Ophelia is not dead yet Bright. vibrant colors Realism - taking the painting outside
THIS ARTIST EXPRESSED HIS OPINION ABOUT THE POTENTIAL FOR WESTWARD EXPANSION, BUT ALSO FEARS ABOUT EXPANDING TOO QUICKLY, IN AN ESSAY IN WHICH HE SAID "AND TO THIS CULTIVATED STATE OUR WESTERN WORLD IS FAST APPROACHING: BUT NATURE IS STILL PREDOMINANT," AS WELL AS DEPICTING IT IN "THE OXBOW."
Thomas Cole
HE DESIGNED HIS VIRGINIA HOME AROUND THE NEOCLASSICISM STYLE
Thomas Jefferson
JMW Turner Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and the Dying, Typhoon Coming On) 1840
Throws slaves overboard - collect insurance money Beauty/power of nature, but horrific human act Slavery was an active political cause in America during this Bright color, quick, loss brush strokes
Romanticism was a much broader movement that extended to all the arts, philosophy, literature, music, and more.
True
Associated w Romanticism
Turner, Gericault, Friedrich
Gustave Courbet The Stonebreakers 1849
Two figures (old v. young) Isolate laborers to suggest they are physically and emotionally trapped Rough brushwork Reach out to middle class
A TRIAL ABOUT THE NATURE, VALUE, AND CRITIQUE OF ART TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THESE TWO PEOPLE OVER THE PAINTING "NOCTURNE IN BLACK AND GOLD."
WHO ARE JOHN RUSKIN AND JAMES ABBOTT MCNEILL WHISTLER?
Hogarth's marriage a-la-mode satires
Wealthy and nobility
Mary Cassatt In the Loge 1878
Women are as much subject to male gaze as are partakers in the visual pleasures of entertainment Female v. Male gaze Power of a women and her gaze - this culture of "looking" Place of display for women
A REVIEW OF THIS SALON PAINTING SAID THAT IT EXHIBITED A "CHILDISH IGNORANCE OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWING, AND THEN, A PREJUDICE IN FAVOUR OF INCONCEIVABLE VULGARITY."
ÉDOUARD MANET'S "OLYMPIA"