Art

What is a post-and-lintel system of construction? What problem can occur with a post-and-lintel system? Provide an example of an ancient structure that used a post-and-lintel system.

A post-and-lintel system uses vertical posts which are separated to support a horizontal beam. The main problem that can occur with a post-and-lintel system is cause by the weight is unevenly distributed and the center is unsupported, which can cause sagging over time. Stonehenge is an example of an ancient structure that used a post-and-lintel system.

Look at the diagram above. Label parts of the arch: A, B, and C.

A: keystone B: voussoir C: impost

Define the terms, architecture and architect. What is required of an architect to produce great pieces of architecture?

Architecture is the art of building or constructing. An architect is a person who designs pieces of architecture. An architect must understand the technical skills of design and construction, as well as what is required to make a piece of architecture functional and/or aesthetically pleasing.

Define and detail the following: - black figure painting - red figure painting

Black figure painting: The original technique, used by the Greeks for creating forms/silhouettes using black paint on terracotta clay. Before firing, they would paint on a black slip (profiles only), and then fire it several times. Red figure painting: This method replaced black figure painting. It was considered superior because more detail could be added. Red figure painting is the reverse of the black figure technique. The paintings were applied to the shaped but unfired vessels after they had dried to a leathery, near-brittle texture.

In sculpture, what does carving refer to? What influences the materials an artist chooses when creating a carving? Provide one example of a carving from the lecture, including the name and material it was sculpted out of.

Carving is the use of tools to chip away at a base in order to produce the sculpture. The materials an artist chooses depends on cost, and availability of both tools and materials. An example of a carving is, Fu Lions, which was sculpted out of ivory.

Create a brief timeline for the history of ceramics. Include dates, civilizations, and types in your answer.

Earliest known ceramics: Ancient Greeks made pots for functional use. The Greeks would paint them with elaborate decorations during the 6th and 5th century BCE.Circa 2500 BCE: Bronze Age bowls and other ceramics 1000 BCE (3000 years ago): Chinese ceramics 700-800 CE: Mayan vases and other ceramics

Name and describe the different types of ceramics.

Earthenware: This type of ceramic is very porous and brittle, so it has to be fired and glazed. Because it is porous however, it is also able to soak up bright colors and produce bold ceramic pieces. Stoneware: This type of ceramic is waterproof, smooth, and has a higher firing temperature than earthenware when out in a kiln. Porcelain: This type of ceramic is one of the most durable types, and is commonly used for purposes such as dinnerware, bathroom toilets and sinks, and dentistry (fillings for cavities). It also has a high firing temperature, is translucent, and no-conductive after firing.

Why were weaving and embroidery not accepted forms of art until recently?

Embroidery and weaving were both regarded as women's work, rather than a form of art. Only after factories were established during the Industrial Revolution and textiles were mass produced, did embroidery and weaving become globally accepted as forms of art.

Define metalworking. Provide a brief history of metalworking.

Metalworking is the craft of using metal to create different parts, or assemble them together, or larger structures. Metalworking began in the Stone Age. The ancient people knew of seven metals, which were used to fashion tools for hunting, protection, and survival. Metalworking reached new heights during the Bronze Age, which began around 2700 BCE. Later came the Iron Age in the 12th century BCE.

Examine the two environment sculptures photographed above. For each, name its title or its description, and the type of environment sculpture it is. How does each relate to its individual environment.

Picture 1: This sculpture is an example of a natural sculpture. It is entitled Sand Sculpture. This sculpture was made entirely out of sand, and is located in a sandy or coastal area. It would look abnormal in the middle of a metropolitan city, for example. Picture 2: This sculpture is an example of a sculpture series sculpture described as a 20 piece sandstone sculpture is located in New Mexico. This sculpture series is in a part area, which provides a sense of peace and serenity, which is also convey by figures and images in the sculptures. The message may be missed if the sculptures were not placed carefully in this environment, but instead haphazardly in a museum.

Which civilization was the first to construct round arches? What was their purpose?

The Romans were the first to use round arches. They were positioned so that when the Roman emperor returned from a successful battle, he could parade his men through the arch into the city.

Describe the sculpture above, including the technique used to create it? How does it interact with its natural environment?

The artist has arranged stones in an assemblage. The stones are ordered from light out to dark. The sculpture was created in the same environment where the stones were found.

Name the three main types of relief sculptures. Which do you think would be the most difficult to create? Why?

The three main types of relief sculptures are high relief, low relief (bas relief), and sunken relief. Opinions will vary, but should address the question directly and include justification.

Examine and describe the image above. What type of relief sculpture is it? Justify your answers.

There are there figures, two of which look like females who are looking at the center figure, placing his hat/crown on his head. There are many carved symbols surrounding the figures that are most likely some type of language. This is a sunken relief. Its figures and images are carved into the flat background.

Examine the two example of reliefs above. What type of relief sculpture is each? Justify your answers.

This is a low relief. Its images are projected off the background, but not so much that they extend at least one-half, or that they curve back into the background creating shadows. This is a sunken relief. Its figures and images are carved into the flat background.