Art History 100 Final

The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason) is the era from the 1650s or earlier to around the 1776s in which cultural and intellectual forces in Western Europe emphasized reason, analysis and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority. It was promoted by "philosophes" and local thinkers in urban coffeehouses, salons and masonic lodges. It challenged the authority of institutions that were deeply rooted in society, such as the Catholic Church; there was much talk of ways to reform society with toleration, science and skepticism. The Enlightenment, the Monarchy and the Revolution Two major styles developed in the visual arts: Rococo and Neoclassicism. Rococo emerged as a style of painting and interior design that rejected Baroque grandeur. In France, Rococo painting style reacted against the formal magnificence favored by Louis XIV and his court. Watteu pioneered the style with fanciful scenes containing graceful figures painted in luminescent colors. Boucher and Fragonard created sensuous, richly colored, nostalgic works for aristocratic and royal patrons. Outraged by what they saw as the frivolity of Rococo art, During this period, Rococo architecture thrived in France and Germany, where architects designed elaborate interiors for Baroque structures. Boffrand's oval Salon, for example, employed gold, intricately carved wood and plaster, pastels, and mirrors to create a dreamy, ethereal space. Neumann's Pilgrimage Church used similar elements, along with fancifully decorated columns and pilasters, to fill the space with light and undulating motion. Under the influence of new Roman archeological finds, British architects pioneered the Palladian style, a precursor of later Neoclassicism. The Enlightenment encouraged criticism of the corruption of the monarchy (at this point King Louis XVI), and the aristocracy. Enlightenment thinkers condemned Rococo art for being immoral and indecent, and called for a new kind of art that would be moral instead of immoral, and teach people right and wrong.

*Age of Reason/Enlightenment* (oath of Horati)

a technique in which cutout paper forms and/or found materials are pasted onto another surface

*Collage*

an artist who painted for the members of a royal or noble family, sometimes on a fixed salary and on an exclusive basis where the artist was not supposed to undertake other work. Especially in the late Middle Ages, they were often given the office of valet de chamber aka an artist holding the official position of painter to a royal court

*Court Painter*

most influential in 20th century one of the most influential visual art styles of the early twentieth century. It was created by Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881-1973) and Georges Braque (French, 1882-1963) in Paris between 1907 and 1914. The Cubist painters rejected the inherited concept that art should copy nature, or that they should adopt the traditional techniques of perspective, modeling, and foreshortening. They wanted instead to emphasize the two-dimensionality of the canvas. So they reduced and fractured objects into geometric forms, and then realigned these within a shallow, relieflike space. They also used multiple or contrasting vantage points. In Cubist work up to 1910, the subject of a picture was usually discernible.

*Cubism*

began with the opening of the Cabaret Voltarie in Switzerland. Was a remarkable manifestation of the disillusioned mood of it's time (WWI). MOCKED the senselessness of rational thought and even the foundations of modern society. FOUNDERS German actor and artist Hugo Balland his companion Emmy Hennings a night club singer. Dada was an artistic and literary movement that began in 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland. It arose as a reaction to World War I, and the nationalism, and rationalism, which many thought had brought war about. Influenced by ideas and innovations from several early avant-gardes - Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, and Expressionism - its output was wildly diverse, ranging from performance art to poetry, photography, sculpture, painting and collage. Dada's aesthetic, marked by its mockery of materialistic and nationalistic attitudes, proved a powerful influence on artists in many cities, including Berlin, Hanover, Paris, New York and Cologne, all of which generated their own groups. The movement is believed to have dissipated with the arrival of Surrealist in France.

*Dada*

Genre art is the pictorial representation in any of various media of scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scene street scenes, domestic stuff "Everyday life"

*Genre*

Painting base do historical, mythological, or biblical narratives. Once considered the noblest form of art, these painting convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in a grand pictorial style

*History Painting*(oath of Horati)

Landscape painting, also known as landscape art, is the depiction in art of landscapes, natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition

*Landscape*

Prior to the 19th century, artists were most often commissioned to make artwork by wealthy patrons, or institutions like the church. Much of this art depicted religious or mythological scenes that told stories and were intended to instruct the viewer. During the 19th century, many artists started to make art about people, places, or ideas that interested them, and of which they had direct experience. With the publication of psychologist Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) and the popularization of the idea of a subconscious mind, many artists began exploring dreams, symbolism, and personal iconography as avenues for the depiction of their subjective experiences. Modern art is the creative world's response to the rationalist practices and perspectives of the new lives and ideas provided by the technological advances of the industrial age that caused contemporary society to manifest itself in new ways compared to the past.

*Modernism* (piscasso)

Fictional or fantasy imagery of the Middle East made primarily for a European audience.

Orientalist painting in the 19th century was

often emphasizes the irrational as a critique of Enlightenment reason

Romanticism is best described as a kind of art that (raft of medusa)

Making carved doors and other architectural ornaments

The Desmois Olowe of Ise is known for

Sculpting the ruler's portrait out of wax, covering that wax portrait with clay, baking the clay until is it hard and the wax melts out, pouring bronze into the area where the wax once was, then breaking the clay off to reveal the portrait.

The Yoruba artists who made the bronze heads of Ife rulers made those portraits by

Dadaism

The art movement that most frequently used chance as a compositional strategy, and which incorporated ready made material such as newspaper or whole appropriated objects is

Ingres

Which artist would most likely have shown a painting at The Salon?

St John at Patmos

Which of these paintings does NOT have very shallow pictorial space? (in other words, in which of the following works is there a great deal of space depicted behind the picture plane)?

It criticized the incompetence and corruption of the French monarchy

Which statement concerning The Raft of the Medusa is true?

realist

Which term best describes the work of Gustave Courbet?

the first kind of kind of photographic image; it took a very long exposure time

daguerreotype

The Black Square

was an artistic response to the politics of revolutionary Russia

printing technique in which light is projected as a photographic image onto stone

Lithography

The artistic style known as "Neoclassicism" was the predominant movement in European art and architecture during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It reflected a desire to rekindle the spirit and forms of classical art from ancient Greece and Rome, whose principles of order and reason were entirely in keeping with the European Age of Enlightenment. Neoclassicism was also, in part, a reaction against the ostentation of Baroque art and the decadent frivololity of the decorative Rococo school, championed by the French court - and especially Louis XV's mistress, Madame de Pompadour - and also partly stimulated by the discovery of Roman ruins at Herculaneum and Pompeii (1738-50), along with publication in 1755 of the highly influential book Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works of Art, by the German art historian and scholar Johann Winckelmann (1717-68). All this led to a revival of neoclassical painting, sculpture and architectural design in Rome - an important stopover in the Grand Tour - from where it spread northwards to France, England, Sweden and Russia. America became very enthusiastic about Neoclassical architecture, not least because it lent public buildings an aura of tradition and permanence. of, relating to, or designating a style of painting and sculpture developed principally from the mid-18th through the mid-19th centuries, characterized chiefly by an iconography derived from classical antiquity, a hierarchical conception of subject matter, severity of composition and, especially in painting, by an oblique lighting of forms in the early phase and a strict linear quality in the later phase of the style.

*Neoclassicism* (oath of horati)

A fascination with the Middle Eastern Cultures that inspired eclectic 19th century European fantasies of exotic life that often formed the subject of paintings exotic

*Orientalism*

Develop more abstract and expressive styes that would prove highly influential for the development of Modernist painting in the early 20th century promote social change

*Post impressionism*

movement in European art during the mid 19th century that associates realism with a social or political message Burial of Ornana lifelike Realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances.

*Realism*

pastel colors, delicately curving forms, sanity figures, and lightheartednes "rough pearl" palette that is similar to a pearl soft colors, fabrics, etc a type of painting)

*Rococo*

An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Romanticism An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 1700s and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

*Romanticism*

A still life (plural still lifes) is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on) object is taken out of it nature contexts

*Still Life*

an art movement, focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles, squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of color

*Suprematism*

Originally a military term for an advanced unit, it was used in 1825 by a french socialist, the comte de Saint-Simon, to refer to those artist whose visual expression would prepare people to accept the social changes he and his colleagues have envisioned. The idea of producing a social revolutionary art had alreaft attracted such realist artist as courbet and millet. basically it means....the forward looking aspect of Modern art conceived more broadly, the belief that modern artiest are working ahead of the public's ability to comprehend developments within the art world

*The Avant-Garde vs the Academy*

an object from popular or material culture presented without further manipulation as an artwork by the artist

*The Readymade*

A statue of one's husband or wife from the spirit world; one treats the statue well in order to make the spouse happy (and thus improve one's luck)

Baule Spirit Spouse is

In pure etching, a metal (usually copper, zinc or steel) plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with a pointed etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece, so exposing the bare metal

Etching

By creating paintings that emphasized virtues such as self sacrifice and parental responsibility, rather than aristocratic self indulgence AND By emphasizing clean lines rather than pastels and soft brushstrokes

How did Neo-classical artists try to "correct" or reform the Rococo?