ART HISTORY 2 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife

Jan van Eyck, 1434 the panitng was either about love marriage or power of attorney

Classical Music (1750-1825)

Aristocratic social & political norms • Picturesque-Beautiful • Balance, order, smooth transitions

Baroque Aesthetics

Classical calm bodies Movement Audience involved Emotional Humanism Christian symbolism Theatrical Patron: Church (75%); Upper class (25%)

The Last Supper, Leonardo da Vinci

Italian Renaissance -summary 1) creates triangular compositions 2)realistic exploration of emotion during tragedy 3) Judas iconography established 4)placed complementary colors next to each other to revolutionize color palettes 5) challenging Christian ideals

II Duomo , Florence Cathedral by Brunelleschi

famous church in Florence and Dome

Italian Renaissance Art Aesthetics

features: empiricism humanism middle class patronage everything symbolic creating 3-d world *Classicismà search for classical perfection in Christianity

Romanticism (1800-1900)

• Revolt against aristocracy • Individual imagination celebrated • Challenged human goodness • Romantic art highly sexualized or violent from subconscious. • Stressed strong emotion (trepidation, awe & horror) • Troubled, tormented hero artist Sublime-feelings of awe mixed with terror, pain or fear evoked the most intense emotions (Burke 1729-97)

Martin Luther's 95 Thesis (1519)

• Trusting in Jesus rather than doing good works would save people from their sins. • Only God could forgive sins not the Pope. • Pope can make mistakes. • Bible guides action not the Church • All Christians should read and can pray without the aid of a priest. • Indulgences cannot be sold to get sinners out of purgatory.

Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci

Italian Renaissance 1503- review of the Monna Lisa 1)Chiaroscuro- shadow flesh tone different gradient of shadow from low to high value 2)Sfumato-smoky haze for romanticism 3)3/4 of pose year book 4) Scooby doo- lazy eye 5)Atmospherics perspective 6)background set 7)eye-gaze movement and challenges gender roles 8)smile-challenge gender role 9)fore shortening of hands

Michelangelo, David, 1501-1504

High Renaissance-David (1501) by Michelangelo was 26 years old. art Aesthetics features-Empircism,humanism. Middle class patronage everything symbolic creating 3-D world classicism

Three Elements of Baroque Music

1. One basic emotional mood-affect 2. Repeated rhythm, themes, & refrains- ritornella. 3. Patronage: Church (liturgical) (85%).

characteristic of mannerism

1. Extraordinary virtuosity 2. Sophisticated, elegant compositions 3. Fearless distortions of acceptable conventions 4. Irrational spatial development 5. Elongated proportions 6. Exaggerated poses 7. Erotic Imagery

Romantic Music

(1800-1900) • Challenge aristocracy • Imagination celebrated • Sublime-feelings of awe mixed w/fear or pain evoked intense emotions • Stressed strong emotion (trepidation, awe, horror) • Romanticism-troubled and tormented hero

Rococo Art

(no criticism until 1740's) Europe ruled by a number of women Fantasy, play & wit of a frivolous society Arts-chamber music, letters, seduction Feminine, decorative look Women hosted artistic salons Amoral, not didactic

Madonna with the Long Neck

Parmigianino, Mannerism

Italian Baroque Art Aesthetics

Idealized bodies Movement Audience involved Emotional Humanism Christian symbolism Theatrical

Italian Counter Reformation Baroque Art Aesthetics

Idealized bodies movement Audience involved Emotionalhumanism Christian symbols theatrical

School of Athens, Raphael

Renaissance " picture window " 1 pt perspective ( Brunelleschi) Atmospheric perspective. Trompe-l'oeil (Michangelo ) Foreshortening ( da Vinci) Sfumato(da Vinci) Best of school of Athens (15) 1) Human-centered 2)Trompe'l' oeil Arch 3)Patronge- Medici 4)Contrapposto 5)classism 6)Dome Humanism 7)1-pt perspective 8)chiaroscuro 9)Foreshortening 10)symbolism 11)best human minds 12)Empiricsm 13)group portrait 14)Artist-Self - Portriat 15) rebirth of classic Architecture 16)Atmospheric perspective 17) Where does knowledge god- Human like

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. It is a modeled After Giotto's Arena Chapel . Also has insignificant exterior with a jewel-like interior bible like an illuminated manuscript

Venus of Urbino, Titian

Oil Painting Renaissance era but Venus is a Classical figure Not symmetrical, but still balanced

Realism Aesthetics

Realist poor subjects Dignity of work Hyper-detailed Monumental sizes Hard manual labor Beautiful

Greek art aesthetics

e figure: early realismàidealism male perfection/heroism emotional control optics vs. mathematics nudity contrapposto pose concepts: perfection, politics, philosophy and history & mythology merge

Baroque Art and music Aesthics

emtional theatrical audience involovelment tenebrism challenging the church church subject high repetitive

Renaissance creation of " picture window " 3D

1- pt chiaroscuro atmospheric perspective trompeiolie foreshorten sfumato

Renaissance impact on modern world

science and tec love marriage printing press anatomy chiarscurro challenging the church

Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci

Florentine Renaissance The prefect measurement of a human body

David (Donatello)

Form: -bronze -exaggerated contrapposto -beautiful, ideal, classical, cultured, independent, wealth, power (like Florence) Content: -shepherd's hat with flowers of Florence (small can conquer giants) -biblical figure of Florentine Republic -religious AND political connotation -return to the nude powerful figure in contrapposto -Goliath's head under his foot Function: -made for private viewing -made for Medici Courtyard Context: -Florence 1440-60 CE (15th century) -early renaissance -artist: Donatello

10 Most Influential Writings in History

1. Bible 2. Qu'ran (Koran) 3. Confucius' Analects 4. Bhagavad-Gita (Hindu) 5. Iliad 6. Torah (Judaism) 7. U.S. Constitution 8. Republic by Plato 9. Wealth of Nations 10.Communist Manifesto

Top 10 Concepts about Leonardo da Vinci

1. Leonard is a genius, excelling in numerous fields of study, including the arts (e.g., chiaroscuro, sfumato, one point perspective, atmospherics perspective, and foreshortening): military technology (designs for machine gun, parachute, airplane, helicopter, and submarine), and technology (e.g., rotating screw, pulleys, and anatomical studies). 2. Leonardo mastered chiaroscuro-shading from light to dark, using light and shadow. In the Mona Lisa, color is second to sculptural volume which achieved through highlighting and shading. Compare da Vinci's chiaroscuro with van Eyck's Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife for realistic modeling. Chiaroscuro and perspective revolutionizes three-dimensional depth studies on a two-dimensional painting surface--the Renaissance picture as a window. 3. Expressive interaction of figures is a hallmark of da Vinci (e.g., touching, smiling, grief, surprise) (e.g., Mona Lisa's smile and facial expressions of apostles in the Last Supper). Bold and slightly flirtatious way in which Mona Lisa's gaze has shifted to the right to look at the viewer (rare in Renaissance art). During the Renaissance, men could look directly at women, but women could not look back. If a woman looks back, she is seen as interested in the male viewer—eyes of a prostitute. 4. Leonardo finished the Mona Lisa with sfumato-thin, tinted varnish, which results in an mysterious, smoky haze covering the painting. 5.. Leonardo develops atmospheric perspective in his paintings, especially Mona Lisa. In the background we can find a Roman aquaduct system, mountains, roads, and horseback riders—some painted with a single horsehair brush. Previous Italian landscape seen as crystal clear in the backgroun 6. Last Supper is one of the first paintings to use Brunelleschi's one-point perspective theory. The one point perspective ends at Christ's head. 7. Breaking with traditional Last Supper depictions, Leonardo places Judas in the 1st triad to the left of Jesus along with John the Evangelist (visionary who foretold the 2nd coming of Christ and the future Last Judgment) and the elder Peter (Christianizes Europe and founds the Papacy). This is Jesus' right hand, the power hand that offers blessings to believers. Leonard was called before the Papacy to explain his painting, and why Judas was so close to Jesus. The first triad to the left of Christ includes the most important apostles: 8. Leonardo's conception of the Last Supper challenges all traditional norms of the Last Super story, including time of day, food, location of figures, number of cups, etc. Dan Brown in the da Vinci Code even asks the question if this is a Last Supper painting? 9. Leonardo believes that art should capture both the physical likeness of an object/figure and the laws of nature (Renaissance empiricism) (e.g., mathematics, anatomy, physics, optics, and color) 10. Leonardo is the generation before Michelangelo and Raphael who ushers in the High Renaissance (1500-1520) with his artworks and ideas

Top 10 Concepts about Michelangelo

1. Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel is considered to be the greatest artwork in the history of humankind. This fresco, the largest in the world until Judy Baca and 1,000 people created a larger one in Los Angeles a decade ago, tells the story of Genesis in three triptychs: 1) God's creation of the darkness, sun, moon and earth; 2) God's creation of Adam and Eve and the first sin; and 3) Drunkenness of Noah and the great flood. 2. In the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo transforms the idealized beauty of Polykleitos's Spearbearer into a muscular hero that could appear in any modern superhero film. 3. Michelangelo's David reinvents the Classical canon of Polykleitos' Spearbearer (e.g., calm facial expression, ideal perfection of the body, control over human emotions, and balance). In fact, many scholars argue that Michelangelo's David is the best example of Classical art ever created (even better than anything produced by Phidias/Phedias in ancient Greece) 4. Michelangelo believes that he is inspired by God in the creation of his sculpture and painting. His belief is that the form already exists naturally inside of the marble, which he needs to free. 3. Michelangelo's David reinvents the Classical canon of Polykleitos' Spearbearer (e.g., calm facial expression, ideal perfection of the body, control over human emotions, and balance). In fact, many scholars argue that Michelangelo's David is the best example of Classical art ever created (even better than anything produced by Phidias/Phedias in ancient Greece). 4. Michelangelo believes that he is inspired by God in the creation of his sculpture and painting. His belief is that the form already exists naturally inside of the marble, which he needs to free. 5. As the Sistine Chapel is a barrel vault (rounded roof), Michelangelo uses small drawings called cartoons to keep the figures in proportion and perspective. This promotion of cartooning is why we have Spongebob, Family Guy, and gasp, Aqua Teen Hunger Force today 6. Michelangelo was strong-armed into doing the Sistine Chapel by Pope Julius II. He resented the four year commission, painted lying on his back and bending his neck backwards awkwardly, using arsenic and lead laced paint, working sixteen hours a day in the Roman heat without air conditioning, and walking away limping never fully walking correctly for the rest of his life. Due to his miserable experience, there are many insults hidden in the Sistine Chapel, illustrating Michelangelo's disdain, like a bare butt God and a making the fig gesture 7. Many scholars argue that the most beautiful and sensual sculpture ever created is Michelangelo's Pieta, a depiction of the Virgin Mary holding her deceased Christ son on her lap. If you have not done so already, really take a close look at the spectacular form, line, texture, and emotion of the Pieta. This sculpture has brought millions of Christians, contemplating Christ's death and the Virgin's sorrow, to tears. 8. Michelangelo plays around with the concept of trompe l'oeil (fool the eye) technique in the Sistine Chapel ceiling. His fake architecture makes you believe that you are looking into the sky with the roof opening up and the story of creation being shown to you in Heaven. 9. Michelangelo's renovation designs in architecture became the model for the façade of St. Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican 10 Michelangelo is considered as the greatest artist in the history of humanity, excelling in sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry.

Most Important Features of Peter Paul Rubens

1. Peter Paul Rubens is the most celebrated, sought after artist during the 17th century for creating a style incorporating Italian Renaissance Classism and all of the Baroque masters' styles from both Italy and the north 2. The paintings of Rubens are large-scaled and vibrant with loose brush strokes promoting color o 3. Rubens' Elevation of the Cross, the first artwork to deal with the battle of good vs. evil, includes dramatic lighting effects using teneberism (a more advanced form of chiaroscuro) that is also seen in Caravaggio's work 4. Rubens uses a dynamic diagonal composition of the figures in action as it continues across all three panels of Elevation of the Cross and uses the intense emotions seen in Bernini's work. 5. Rubens served as a court painter for Charles I of England and was hired by Marie De Medici to do commissioned work, idolizing her life and arrival in France. 6. Peter Paul Rubens used fleshy, curvaceous women in most of his paintings creating the word "rubenesque" to describe beautiful full-figured women 7. The classism in Rubens' paintings was done by studying Michelangelo's rendering of the male figure of Adam in the Sistine Chapel in order to master the look of muscles in many of his works. 8. Rubens was one of the first artists dealing with the horrors of war in his artwork, Consequences of War

Most Important Features of Romanticism (1800-1900

1. Romantic Art is all about freedom of thought, feeling, action and speech. Artists created from their vivid imaginations. Romanticism also explored the sublime which is the emotional way of looking at the world. With this came dramatic emotions of despair and suffering in the arts and literature 2. Francisco de Goya was a contemporary of Jacques-Louis David, yet practiced with the idea of Romantic art with his artwork, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters. Goya depicted himself asleep and his nightmares come to life. The owls in the background are symbols of folly, and the bats are symbols of ignorance. Goya here commits to the Romantic spirit of unleashing imagination emotion, and horror. 3. Francisco de Goya's Saturn Devouring His Children is a painting that depicts Saturn as he is ripping off his child's head using his mouth and showing raw carnage and violence. Kronos (Greek for time) is used to show the despair with the passage of time. Goya's declining health disillusioned him and contributed to his dark and horrific subject matter. 4. Theodore Gericault was famous for his painting Raft of The Medusa. In this painting Theodore depicts a ship wreck and in the makeshift raft caries passenger's fighting for survival as others give up. His opinion on abolishing slavery is evident in the painting as the highest person in the composition is a black-skinned African man. Theodore also arranged the survivors and corpses to create an x-shaped composition. 5. Ludwig van Beethoven is considered one of the greatest composers of all time for being able to break all the rules in Classical music. Although Beethoven suffered from hearing loss, chronic sickness, and depression, he was still able to create the essence of romantic music. The 5thSymphony is a piece of Romantic music that was the first written autobiographical symphony. Beethoven's 9th Symphony was the first piece of work where the human voice and the instrument are 6. Charles Darwin was a naturalist, geologist and exploration. Darwin starts observing ideas of consciousness, senses, dreams, and animal behavior. Darwin contributed to the scientific theory of natural selection which is a branching pattern which leads to the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin changed the way we see the natural world. 7. Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential Psychiatrists of all time for his work about the unconscious mind and his theory that the primary motivation for all things in life is sex. Pushing ideas of existence and reality shows curiosity of paths that had never been explored are explained. 8. Edgar Allan Poe is an American author and poet that wrote dark and mysterious tales, including The Raven 9. The monsters known to most people like Frankenstein and Count Dracula are stories that were written during the Romantic Movement when reading was at its height in the United States. Children's literature, science fiction, horror and short stories were all invented as reading genres.

La Pieta

1499 Sculpture by Michelangelo Mary holding the body of Jesus Location: St. Peter's Basilica

Spearbearer (Doryphoros)

450 BCE, contrapposto pose -idealized athletes

Erasmus' Impact on World

Change from a Medieval mindset of God-centered universe to a human-centered universe • Belief in empiricism, study of human experiences as truthful • Humanism-humankind is God's highest creation and worthy of respect.

Romanticism Aesthetics

Emotional Any Size Classical forms Use of color dominant Draw viewers in Living Outside of society Personal reactio *Sublime-Strong, emotional reaction. *Picturesque- beautiful, comprehensible and reassuring

engravers

Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin to cut the design into the surface of a metal plate. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. To make a print, the engraved plate is inked all over, then the ink is wiped off the surface, leaving only ink in the engraved lines. The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it)

etching

Etching-a metal plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with a pointed etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece, so exposing the bare metal. The plate is then dipped in a bath of acid, which "bites" into the metal (it dissolves part of the metal) where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, leaving only the ink in the etched lines. The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper.

Mannerist Art

Fearless distortions Irrational spatial development Elongated proportions Exaggerated poses Erotic Imagery virtuosity elegant comp. Body distortions Irrational space Elongated props. Exaggerated poses Erotic Image

Most Influential artworks in art history 2

Mona lisa Sistine chapel last supper ecstasy of St Teresa rising of the cross

Garden of Earthly Delights, Bosch

Morality Play Begins the 20th Century Surrealism Influences Salvador Dahli

Neoclassical Art Aesthetics

Theme: Nationalism, patriotism Classicism (ideal bodies, calm) Christian symbolism BKG Humanism of intellect Patronage: government/ upper middle class Roman ideals & human rights

Holy Trinity, Masaccio

There are clear indications that the fresco was aligned very precisely in relationship with the sight-lines and perspective arrangement of the room at the time; particularly a former entrance-way facing the painting; in order to enhance the tromp l'oeil effect. There was also an actual altar-table, mounted as a shelf between the upper and lower sections of the fresco, further emphasizing the "reality" of the artifice.Symmetrical balance.

High Renaissance vs Mannerism

With perfection of Classicism, Humanism and Empiricism, late Renaissance needed a new artistic one upsmanship.

woodcut

Woodcut is a relief printing technique. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas that the artist cuts away carry no ink, while characters or images at surface level carry the ink to produce the print. The block is cut along the wood grain.

Michelangelo, Moses

designed for Pope Julius II's tomb, referred to as "the tragedy of the tomb" He is 8ft seating down Moses head is huge he is looks like he gonna stand with anger Moses is holding the ten commandments Moses has power and energy Moses is seeing the people worship the golden calf Its a seated contrapposto.

Northern Renaissance Art Aesthetics

s concepts: transition from Christianity to real world features: empiricism humanism middle class patronage oil painting perfected everything symbolic classicism

Shakespeare

the leading English language poet and playwright of the Renaissance also wrote 4000 words used in modern day