Art History Exam 3
Recent analysis interprets the re-use of sculpture from monuments created during the reigns of previous "good" emperors on the Arch of Constantine as which?
Constantine associating himself as worthy of the same reverence as the former emperors
The so-called Maison Carrée displays which ancient decorative order?
Corinthian
Which of the following was used frequently as a symbol of fertile Empire by the Ancient Romans and is considered the most decorative of the Classical Greek Orders of architecture. The distinguishing feature of this order are tall columns topped by capitals with volutes and leaf like shapes resembling the leaves of acanthus plants.
Corinthian order
The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius c. 173-76 was created using which process?
Lost wax technique - cast bronze in separate pieces and soldered together after casting.
The Paris Psalter was produced during a period in Byzantine history where there is believed to be a revival of the Roman past. This period is known as what?
Macedonian Renaissance
A ___________ is a large, ancient cemetery.
Necropolis
Choose all of the correct statements that apply to the work of art in the image. Choose all that apply. (emperor agustus)
- The style and pose references the Ancient Greek work known as the Doryphoros - The work of art shows the figure as a great military victor who initiated the Pax Romana - The work depicts the emperor Augustus -This depiction intentionally conveys this figure as divine and perfect - This is an example of visual propoganda
Choose all the correct statements that apply to the work in the image. Choose all that apply. (four tetrachs)
- The title is the Portraits of the Four Tetrachs - It is currently located in Venice, Italy - It is made of porphyry - The style is described as abstracted making it is impossible to tell the identity of each individual - The figures embrace each other expressing unity, working together
Republican elders adopted the concept of verism for their portraits in order to convey what?
"Truth" in experience, age, wisdom, and Republican ideals
The so-called Maison Carrée or "square house" located in Nîmes represents a nearly textbook example of an ancient Roman temple as described by the architectural writer Vitruvius. What are features of the Maison Carrée? Choose all that apply.
- A deep porch - A single cella - Frontal temple - Sits atop a high podium
The mosaic program in San Vitale can be seen to give visual testament to the two major ambitions of Justinian's reign, which are __________________ ? Choose all that apply.
- As heir to the tradition of Roman Emperors, Justinian sought to restore the territorial boundaries of the Empire - As the Christian Emperor, he saw himself as the defender of the faith
Which of the following Roman traditions and artwork were influenced by the Etruscans? Choose all of the following that apply.
- Hydraulic engineering - Gladiatorial combat - Temple design
Emperor Constantine is credited with which of the following? Choose all that apply.
- Legalizing Christianity - Moving the capital of the empire to Constantinople
Choose all of the correct statements that apply to the work in the image. Choose all that apply. (arch of titus)
- Monuments such as these commemorate a military triumph of an emperor and the triumphal procession into the city of Rome along the Sacred Way - This is the Arch of Titus - This monument served to give legitimacy to the rule of the Flavian dynasty - This was created during the the Ancient Roman Early Empire period -This work dates to around 81 CE
What types of methods were used to decorate the interiors of Etruscan tombs? Choose all that apply.
- Painted stucco - Wall paintings (frescoes) - Bas reliefs
Choose all of the correct statements that apply to the work of architecture in the images. Choose all that apply. (saint mark's basilica)
- The builders of this church wanted it to recall the visual traditions of Constantinople - The building's interior mosaics are in the Byzantine style - This is Saint Mark's Basilica, Venice
Choose all of the correct statements that apply to the work in the image. Choose all that apply.
- The object is a sarcophagus for a grave and reveals funeral customs of the society - This depicts a reclining couple at a banquet - This objects supports the idea that women of this culture enjoyed a higher status than other ancient cultures.
Choose all of the correct statements that apply to the work of architecture in the image. Choose all that apply. (hagia sophia)
- The patron of this building is Emperor Justinian I - The design of this building unifies a centrally planned space and a basilica space - Today this building is considered the symbol of Byzantium - This is Hagia Sophia - The architects used windows to allow light to enter as a symbol of the divine.
Which of the following theories are proposed as possible reasons for the periods of Byzantine Iconoclasm or Iconoclastic Controversy? Choose all that apply.
- The prohibition was an attempt to restrain the growing wealth and power of the monasteries. - The prohibition was primarily religious, an attempt to correct the wayward practice of worshiping images. -By prohibiting icons, the Emperor sought to integrate Muslim and Jewish populations who perceived Christian images as idols.
Which of the following contributed to the creation of early Christian art and architecture? Choose all that apply
- The spread of Christianity among converts brought up on the value of images in their previous culture. -The presence of Constantine the principal patron of Christianity who commissions the building of churches in Rome, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem. -Constantine's Edict of Milan in 313 C.E. which creates religious tolerance for Christians.
Which of the following are design methods Ancient Roman engineers used to "lighten the load" of the Pantheon's Dome? Choose all that may apply.
- The stepped dome (seen on the exterior) - Varying grades of concrete - Sunken coffers - A relieving "oculus" opening in the dome
The depiction of Christ's Entry in Jerusalem on the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 359 CE, is based on which of the following?
A formula derived from Roman imperial art - the triumphal procession of the victorious emperor.
The Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs c. 305 is made from porphyry. What is porphyry?
A rare purple colored stone reserved for the emporer.
Portraits of Republican elders or Roman Patricians use verism, which means what?
A sort of hyperrealism in sculpture where the naturally occurring features of the subject are exaggerated
The inscription on the Chimera of Arezzo indicates is was originally used as what?
A votive offering to the goddess Tinia.
The Etruscan's unique and innovative way of using sculpture is different from other ancient cultures. This difference is demonstrated by which of the following?
Placing it on the ridge or peak of the temple roof, such as the Statue of Apulu from the roof of the Portonaccio temple, Italy.
The word __________________ is the term we use for books and manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible's Book of Psalms.
Psalter
Much of the imagery from Etruscan funerary art centers around which concept:
The social sphere (conviviality), dining and celebrating, central to Etruscan mortuary rituals and the idea of sending the dead off with a banquet.
The Tomb of the Triclinium takes its name from what?
The three-couch dining room of the ancient Greco-Roman Mediterranean.
The Emperor Triumphant (Barberini Ivory) is a good example of which of the following styles?
The transition between Classical tradition and the Byzantine.
True or False. The Pantheon's design is the intersection of two circles. This represents the orb of the earth and the vault of the heavens.
True
What is the title of the work of art in the image?
Column of Trajan
The sense of order to the imagery and placement of the panels on the Barberini Ivory communicate that the foreign people of the world have submitted to the Byzantine emperor, who resides on Earth, under God in heaven.
true
Match the portrait style with the correct Roman period or dynasty. (Ancient Roman Republic)
verism
Which of the following are true statements about the Middle Ages? Choose all that apply.
- This was the period of the birth of the tourism industry -This was a period that heralded the formation and the establishment of the rule of law - This was a period that heralded the formation and rise of universities - This was a period during which Christianity flourished in Europe - Scholars refer to the hand-made books of the Middle Ages as manuscripts. - The visual arts prospered during the Middles Ages - More medieval books survive from the Middle Ages than any other artistic medium. -The period of time in Europe between the end of antiquity in the fifth century and the Renaissance in the fifteenth century and sixteenth centuries.
Choose all of the following statements that correctly apply to the work in the image. Choose all that apply.
- This work was commissioned by an Early Christian from the upper class - This object depicts scenes from the Ole and the New Testament - This is a sarcophagus - This dates to 359 CE - This object uses iconography and represents figures in a formula derived from classical, Greek and Roman art.
The characteristics of Late Antique art include which of the following? Choose all that apply.
- lack of individualism - stiffness of pose and drapery - deeply drilled lines - frontality - less naturalism - squat proportions
If we analyze the Barberini Ivory we see the fineness of the carving and the iconography, such as the Nike figure, which allow us to propose the figure in the central panel is who?
An Imperial figure (Byzantine Emperor)
Ancient Roman/ Julio-Claudian
Idealism
Hand-made books that contain artistic decoration.
Illuminated manuscript
"Icon" is the Greek word for what? Choose the best possible answer.
Image, and in the medieval period specifically a religious painting on a wooden panel used for devotion
Art of the Republican period was produced in the service of the state, depicting what types of subjects?
Being a community leader and soldier, public sacrifices or celebrating victorious military campaigns
The earliest example of an early Christian house church is which?
Dura Europos, Syria c. 240 C.E.
The majority of knowledge about Etruscan art comes largely from where?
Etruscan burials
In the case of the Sarcophagus of the Spouses it is also important to note that at Etruscan banquets, men and women reclined and ate together, a circumstance that was common in other Mediterranean cultures, especially the Greeks.
False
True or False. During the period of the early Empire period sculptures focused on conveying age and experience.
False
True or False. Early Christian churches were different than Roman temples because Christian churches put greater emphasis on the exterior.
False
The title of the work in the image is which?
Flavian Ammphiteater
Many aspects of Ancient Rome (architecture, literature, statues, wall-paintings, mosaics, pottery and glass) was influenced by which culture?
Greek
The Colossus of Constantine would have originally sat where?
In a larch rounded niche at the end of the Basilica of Constantine
What were the funerary practices of early Christians of the Greco-Roman culture?
Inhumation - burial outside the city walls of Rome in catacombs.
Etruscan civilization once controlled much of what location?
Italy
Imagery of early Christian art include which of the following?
Old Testament and allegorical images that allude to the life of Christ, salvation, and Christ as a teacher.
What innovative building device did the architects and designers of Hagia Sophia use to transition the square space of the building to a domed covering?
Pendentives
What color does both the Emperor and Christ wear as a symbol of imperial authority in the Justinian mosaic in San Vitale?
Purple
What is terracotta?
Reddish-brown clay (baked earth)
The political message affirming the power of rulers seen the mosaics within the church of San Vitale in Ravenna, is an example of how art of the Byzantine Empire continued some the traditions of _____________ art.
Roman
Which type of building was adapted by Constantine's architects to serve as the basis for Christian churches?
Roman basilica
The majority of Ancient Roman "masterpieces" were created during the Empire period. The empire ushered in an economic and social revolution that changed the face of the Roman world. Because of this, we can expect the artwork of the Imperial period to relate to what type of themes?
Service to the empire and the power of the emperor, aggrandizing the ruler and his family
Which term refers to the sculptural decoration on the Arch of Constantine and taken from monuments of Trajan, Hadrien, and Marcus Aurelius?
Spolia
Which of the following is thought to be one of the reasons Early Christian artistic style and appearance changes from Classical art, or the naturalistic art of Greece and Rome, towards abstraction?
Style and appearance changed in order to be more compatible with the new theology so images were not viewed as pagan idols.
Which of the following best describe the features of the Chimera of Arezzo?
Tension and movement
Constantinople lost important works and treasures after it was sacked in 1204 by whom?
The Crusaders from the West who brought the treasures to Venice.
The Arch of Constantine (c. 312-315 CE) celebrates Constantine's victory over whom?
The Roman emperor Maxentius
Which of the following does NOT contribute to what is described as the "dematerialization" effect in Hagia Sophia?
The basilica style floor plan with a large central nave and two side aisles on a longitudinal axis making the building appear long with extra space at the end.
The dome of the Pantheon along with the oculus can be interpreted to represent which?
The canopy of the heavens over the Roman world ruled by the emperor.
What important event is credited with preserving the history of Roman wall painting?
The eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 C.E. and the burial of the entire city of Pompeii in ash and pumice.
Theotokos mosaic, 867, located in the most prominent place in the apse of Hagia Sophia can be interpreted as a statement about which of the following?
To reassert the importance of images. The victory of figural images over iconoclasm and the resurgence of imperial patronage to figural art.
It is possible that the early Christian depictions of the Apostles with beards, such as Paul, is based on the convention of the philosopher from Greek and Roman art.
True
The Sarcophagus of the Spouses has been interpreted as depicting a banqueting scene, a couple reclining together on a single dining couch. This is a reminder of the funeral banquet that would send the deceased off to the afterlife or perhaps to reflect the notion of perpetual conviviality in said afterlife.
True
True or False. One reason why Byzantine art is less naturalistic is because there is an interest in flatness and mystery, depicting what cannot be seen.
True
Which of the following describes Etruscan grave types?
Tumulus tombs, covered mounds of earth
A book made of pages bound between two boards.
codex
The Sarcophagus of the Spouses is made from what medium?
painted terracotta
Used in the Middle Ages to make the pages of books.
parchment
Ancient Roman/ Flavian
realism
Ancient Roman/ Contantine
return to idealism
What ancient scribes wrote on, they were stored in boxes.
scroll