Art History Final Movements

Latin American Art

Began because: acted as the first challenge to established hierarchal structures in the world of contemporary art; there was a deliberate impersonality to their work which repelled any speculation on their life and culture, making a few artists well know at first; began as a rebellion against Muralist dominance Main Qualities: use of folk motifs which refer to the realities of local common life; exaggeration of forms; making fun of their dependence on the European heritage, but tht there's a growing distance; pop influences; surrealist influences; rejection by latin american artists of the conventional boundaries of avant-gardism; experiment with versions of Old Master methods Led to: Rufino Tamayo, Fernando Botero, Jose Gamarra

Gay Art

Began because: in the 1970s there was an advent of homosexual liberation; more open expression to ideas and feelings Main Qualities: demonstrates how their sexuality no longer needs to be hidden; AIDS art demonstrated loss and rage as opposed to a focus on sexuality 3 artists: David Hockney, Robert Mapplethorpe; Derek Jarman

African Art

Began because: made a major contribution to the modern art era (Gouguin) but has recently grown in popularity from practitioners who are self-taught Main Qualities: uses Western influences but still relates to contemporary African life; utilize African humor, outspokenness and storytelling; western aesthetics but African meaningsthings like the African mask are not showing allegiance to Africa, but are instead are a commentary on cultural ambiguity 3 artists: Osi Adu, Betye and Alison Saar, Martin Puryear

Asian Art

Began because: western and asian artists are influential on each other; WWII cut off all ties with Japan until 1950s; 1951 an exhibition was held in France that became influential to asians, particularly abstract painting; most well-known Japanese artists became famous when working out of Japan Main Qualities: minimal and conceptual movements; pop influences; stresses international, cross cultural aspects 3 artists: Masaaki Sato, Wang Ziwei, Nam June Paik

Russian Art

Time: Began because: a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s; "restructuring"; Socialist realism was only allowed style in the 1930s; styles changed after Stalin's death in the 1950s; experimental paintings and sculptures were included in a large exhibition in Moscow; came to notice in the West in 1970s Main Qualities: believed to be eclectic and derivative; rehashing of things better done by western avant-garde; now closer related to socialist realism than the russian avant-garde; boundaries of artists began to loosen; works began to seek deconstruction pop art; as the Soviet regime began to liberalize itself, artists began to turn its own characteristic imagery against it; some became popular due to its emotional accessibility; evokes realities of lste Soviet and psot-Soviet society; shows hypocrisy, decay of instituations, struggle to survive, and resilience of the human spirit; shows the moment of transition between the Soviet censorship uplifted and when the regime fell; the symbolic language used became obsolete 3 artists: Komar and Melamid; Eric Bulatov; Ilya Kabakov

Post-Modernism and Neo-Classicism

Time: PM Began because: arrival of Neo-Dada and Pop art in post-war America marked the beginning of a reaction against a radical and forward thinking approach, ideas of technological positivity, and grand narratives of Western domination and progress; influenced by NC Main Qualities: ironical and playful treatment of a fragmented subject, the breakdown of high and low culture hierarchies, undermining of concepts of authenticity and originality, and an emphasis on image and spectacle NC began bc: belief that whatever was once rebellious has become orthodox, and that what was once orthodoxy has turned into a form of rebellion Led to: post post modernism because of the public became weary of the relentlessness of postmodern irony, and yearn for some return to truth and reality; became undermined as a way of thinking 3 artists: Richard Estes, Bruno Civitico, William Bailey

Neo- Dada and Installation

Time: 1950s-1970s Began because: these artists rebelled against the emotionally charged paintings of the Abstract Expressionists Main Qualities: known for their usage of mass media and found objects, as well as a penchant for performance; the viewer's perception determined a piece's meaning; simultaneously mocked and celebrated consumer culture; united opposing conventions of abstraction and realism Led to: ushered in the radical changes modern art underwent during the 1960s and paved the way for Pop art, Minimalism, and Conceptualism. 3 artists: Yves Klein, Karen Finley, Scott Burton

New Art in NY

Time: 1960s and 1970s Began because: has been considered the world center of contemporary art since the rise of abstract abstract expressionism Main Qualities: in nyc, a new style did not replace an old one; increased plurality of styles blurred stylistic boundaries; included were a group of painters who were inspired by graffiti artists; other artists followed a branch of conceptual art; then began a loss of stylistic direction and importance was placed on content; trend of recycling styles; branch of conceptualists (Koons); emergence of various types of collaborative art; some show traces of Expressionism 3 artists: Keith Haring, Kenny Scharf, Jeff Koons

Art out of NY

Time: 1960s and 1970s Began because: immense increase of practicing artists; the expense of living in nyc; artists began to realize the importance of representing their own community Main Qualities: regionalized; images drawn from television or a computer screen; some pieces made strong, direct, political and social statements to separate from Warhol and pop; hot colors and twisting forms; texan and louisianite painters combined Mexican influences with expressionist elements; southern and northern california were the prominent regions for art; ceramic art became very popular demonstrating the strong link between art and craft in the local creative community 3 artists: Roger Brown, Dale Chihuly, Viola Frey

Arte Povera

Time: 1960s- 1970s Began because: a reaction against the modernist abstract painting that had dominated European art in the 1950s; rejected American Minimalism Main Qualities: "poor art" or "impoverished art"; influential avant-garde movement to emerge in Europe; Italian artists whose most distinctly recognizable trait was their use of commonplace materials that might evoke a pre-industrial age; contrast of unprocessed materials with references to the most recent consumer culture Led to: a precursor for some recent approaches to sculpture, but mostly just dissolved in the Italian artists' own styles 3 artists: Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz

Feminist Art

Time: 1960s- Current Began because: emerged in the late 1960s amidst the fervor of anti-war demonstrations as well as civil and queer rights movements Main Qualities: sought to change the world around them through their art, focusing on intervening in the established art world, the art historical canon, as well as everyday social interactions; to influence cultural attitudes and transform stereotypes; create a dialogue between the viewer and the artwork through the inclusion of women's perspective Led to: many women artists began to produce work that focused on their individual concerns and less on a general feminist message 3 artists: Judy Chicago, Barbara Kruger, Miriam Schapiro

Realism in America

Time: 1960s- Current Began because: movement came about within the same period and context as Conceptual art, Pop Art, and Minimalism and expressed a strong interest in realism in art, over that of idealism and abstraction Main Qualities: work depended heavily on photographs, which they often projected onto canvas allowing images to be replicated with precision and accuracy; reintroduced the importance of process and deliberate planning over that of improvisation and automatism; also known as super realism or photorealism Led to: internationalization of photorealism; evolution of technology has brought forth photorealistic paintings that exceed what was thought possible with paintings; these newer paintings by the photorealists are sometimes referred to as Hyperrealism 3 artists: Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Sidney Goodman

Neo- Expressionism Art

Time: 1970s - 1990s Began because: an international return to the sensuousness of painting - and away from the stylistically cool, distant sparseness of Minimalism and Conceptualism Main Qualities: drawing upon a variety of themes including the mythological, the cultural, the historical, the nationalist, and the erotic; accepted and rejuvenated historical and mythological imagery Led to: some scholars believe that Neo-Expressionism played an important role in the transition from modernism to postmodernism; dominated German art in the 1970s 3 artists: Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Jorg Immendorf

British Figurative Paintings

Time: arose in the 1970s Began because: increasing doubts about the validity of purely stylistic classifications led to a greater interest in the influence of national origins Main Qualities: remained completely individualistic and detached from outside influences; pursued their own personal line of development, indifferent to anything that might be happening elsewhere; preoccupation with the passage of time and the weight and meaning of past culture; depicts only what is seen; no flights of the imagination; representation as a direct assertion of moral strength; a painting is almost as much about the art of seeing; theres also an expressionist strain that is linked to a strong element of social concern; demonstrates Britain's contemporary culture by the availability of an enormous range of images 3 artists: Lucian Freud, Alison Watt, Steven Campbell

British Sculptures

Time: began in early 1970s Began because: Main Qualities: little direct connection with British paintings; preoccupation with the passage of time and the weight and meaning of past culture; responded to perceived social needs; belief that avant-garde art should somehow be democratized and made accessible to as many people as possible; creation of purely temporary, interactive pieces, as well as permanent pieces; using common objects to make assemblages; perceived as being much more radical than that of British painting Led to: 3 artists: Rachel Whiteread, Antony Gormley, Tony Cragg