ARTH5 Final Exam

Which approach to architecture is based on a school in Paris where the leading architects of the late-nineteenth century were trained to design monumental buildings in the architectural styles of the past?

Beaux Arts style

What kind of colors did Matisse use during his Fauve period to communicate emotions and sensations?

Bright, intense, explosive, energetic colors. Show the artist's feelings

Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns created artworks that represented a major new direction in American art. What are two central characteristics of their work that differed from the then-dominant aesthetic of Abstract Expressionism?

Combine painting: bringing content back in and blurring the lines of painting and sculpture

Describe the roles of the three major parties involved in public art commissions.

Commissioner: exposed the artist and held art show Artist: had artistic freedom, received recognition, and security for their work Public: consent/dissent to art

Define Postmodernism

the innovation in the arts not confined to a small, select group. Looking everywhere/anywhere for inspiration. Blurred the lines of innovation and tradition. Attempted to create tension between innovation and tradition, past and present, mass culture and high art.

Define Modernism

the rejection of avant-guard and the traditions of art that had been handed down since the Renaissance. It was caused by the modernization of society. Modern artists experimented with the ways of seeing and with new ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. Looking to the future for inspiration.

Analytic Cubism

truth paradox; starts with whole; severe distortion, complex geometric shapes, subdued greys and browns. the viewer had to analyze the flattened image and put the picture together

Po Art (1954-70)

brash, colorful, young, fun and hostile

Fauvism (1905-10)

bright expressionistic colors

Rosiland Krauss confronted the dilemma of classifying Earth or Site Art under the rubric of sculpture in her paper Sculpture in the Expanded Field. With Postmodernism the definability of sculpture becomes more intricate. Sculpture was no longer the simple neuter of non-landscape/non-architecture. Discuss artworks that question the landscape/non-landscape and architecture/non-architecture complexes of sculpture.

"Marked sites" are landscape/non-landscape. Heizer's "Double Negative" and "Spiral Jetty" by Robert Smithson are landscape/non-landscape. Both are temporary and can be affected by nature and can be altered even if the artist doesn't touch it. "The Running Fence" is a non-architecture because it was purposely built to be temporary

Characteristics of Modernism

"the new," breaking barriers, no referencing,

What moment(s) mark the transition from modernism to postmodernism?

1970s the modernist questioning of conventions reached a point where there were no more conventions to question. The impulses that created modern art exhausted themselves

Which painting styles are included as part of Abstract Expressionism?

Action painting, color field, hard edge, stain painting

How can Robert Moses' idea that society must "go with the flow" of progress at any cost be viewed as indicative of Modernity?

Americans didn't know what they wanted, so Robert Moses was there to tell them what they wanted so they just "went with the flow" (new is better than old)

Discuss and give examples of how appropriation (or the representation of a preexisting image as one's own) became a popular technique among postmodernists.

Appropriation is the use of borrowed elements in creating a new work. Artists were borrowing imagery or elements of imagery which allows the viewer to really think about the meaning of the original in a different way (ex. "Fountain")

What architectural and design style developed during the 1920s and 1930s was seen as modern, yet not too abstract for the general public? It has been described as having the geometrically stable forms of Vienna, the acute angles of German Expressionism, the dynamism of Futurism, the collaged effect of Cubism, as well as geometric motifs developed by Frank Lloyd Wright, and the effects of lighting and dramatic presentation as seen in the theater and films.

Art Deco

Describe the impact that feminism has had on 20th century art and art history.

Art is now shown for a woman's perspective. Brought more visibility to women within art history and art practice

Discuss the history of Cubism. Who were its main proponents? What were some of its influences? Explain the two prominent styles of the movement that we discussed in class.

Art movement that began in Paris and was led by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Broke from tradition by rejecting single viewpoint. Paul Cezanne was a huge influence. Analytic and Synthetic

Discuss the history of Modernism as defined by Clement Greenberg.

Defined as a progressive simplification of forms towards an overall flattening of space that culminated in American Modernism A painting is supposed to be flat, a 2D object. What the painting shows in the picture is what it is. There's no hidden meaning. If it's a red square, it's a red square

Place these movements in chronological order based on when they began: Pop, Abstract Expressionism, Surrealism, Dada, Futurism, Feminism, Abstract Surrealism, Fauvism, Minimalism, and Cubism.

Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Dada, Surrealism, Abstract Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Minimalism, Feminism

Discuss the history and use of collage, a form of painting or drawing that incorporates pre-existing materials or objects as part of the surface.

First brought about by Picasso and Braque when the collage first became part of Modern art. Picasso first used it in 1912 when he made Glass Bottle of Suze. A form of synthetic cubism.

We want to fight ferociously against the fanatical, unconscious and snobbish religion of the past, which is nourished by the evil influence of museums. We rebel against the supine admiration of old canvases, old statues and old objects, and against the enthusiasm for all that is worm-eaten, dirty and corroded by time; we believe that the common contempt for everything young, new and palpitating with life is unjust and criminal. Which group professed these sentiments?

Futurist movement

Discuss the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. What were some of the influences that formed his style? What role did his visit to the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago play in this process? What were some of his central ideas about the purpose of architecture? How did he attempt to integrate a building with its site?

His architecture had an organic style that focused on function before exterior design. A building should fit into its space and surroundings. His style was influenced by non-western architecture (Turkish, Japanese, Columbian), which he found

How are the non-representational works of Russian Suprematist artists such as Kazimir Malevich related to the Cubist style?

His works are derived from cubism. His works were a style of pure abstraction and rejected the use of representational images

What was the intent of the 1937 Nazi organized Degenerate Art exhibition? Why?

Hitler wanted controlled art, nothing that made the war real, or showed expression. The art exhibition banned modern art.

Which architectural style is defined by its desire to free buildings from historical decoration and tradition and focus on the essence of their function? The aesthetic of these buildings emerges from the technology and structural system provided by its steel skeletal frame and sheets of external glass.

International Style

Discuss the dichotomy inherent in Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence.

It did not serve as a fence, which is meant to keep things in or out, but it served to bring a group of people (farmers, environmentalists, and state workers) together to agree on one thing; contemporary art

What role did Automatism play in the development of Surrealism?

It helped artists get what they had in their head out onto the canvas without thinking about what they were painting. It was a form of spontaneous drawing without letting the conscious take control.

Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial shows a strong influence of which art style?

Minimalism

Although the Impressionists obeyed rules of color contrast, they did so pragmatically and not according to the codified, scientific principles that were adopted by the artists of which related art style? These artists believed that painting could be based on rules that would make it possible to replicate the luminosity of nature on canvas.

Neo-Impressionism

What are "readymades"?

Ordinary manufactured objects modified and placed in an artistic expression. Introduced by Marcel Duchamp (Dada, object that already existed and was changed)

Which art movement, at its most rigorous, insisted on a direct relationship between its use of the imagery of mass production and its adoption of modern technological procedures?

Pop Art

What architectural trend is identified with an eclectic revival of the classical tradition, where often ironic or ambiguous uses of its elements are applied to architecture and design? Important in this trend is the dissolution of the traditional division between the arts.

Postmodernism

Term used with reference to art that celebrates certain values or forms regarded as primal, ancestral, fertile and regenerative. The term was used mostly in relation to art from Africa and the Pacific Islands.

Primitivism

Which artist's work disguised the danger that his fantasies, which replaced the 'real' world, had obscured Surrealism's concern with the interpenetration of subconscious and conscious realities? His concern with highly saleable commodities and his political unreliability led to a split with the movement in the 1930s.

Salvador Dali

Compare and contrast the style and intentions of Social Realism and Regionalism art.

Social Realism (1930): depicts everyday conditions of the poor and social causes, mainly city life. Conveyed a message of social or political edged with satire Regionalism Art (1930-40): Subject matter was derived principally from rural area

Cubism (1907-15)

abstract style, ignored traditions of perspective drawings, shows many views at once

Abstract Expressionism (1946-56)

action painting

Dada (1916-22)

artistic anarchy, born out of disgust for social, political, and cultural establishment of the time which it held responsible for Europe being in the war

Surrealism (1924-39)

beyond the real; liberating the artist's imagination by tapping into the unconscious mind

Conceptual art is best defined as works that stress ____________ over _____________.

conception; perception

Futurism (1909-14)

glorified industrialization, technology, transport, speed, noise and energy of urban life

Abstract Surrealism (early 1920s)

many uses of colors to convey with emotions, doesn't normally paint a scene, mostly shapes and colors

Synthetic Cubism

objects and shapes cut from paper and other materials; starts with pieces; Artists selected created motifs by combining simpler elements and making a collage of them to project their new form. referenced as a chemical synthesis

Characteristics of Postmodernism

pop art, feminism, chicano art, happenings/performance art, hyper-realism, site art, mix of both new and old, pluralism

Feminism (1970)

put forward the aim of a female conscious

Minimalism (1960-75)

reduced the elements of a work to the basic considerations of shape, surface and materials (hard edge)