ASB 222-Finals
You are an archaeologist excavating a site and you find an artifact of a type you've never seen before. Which method would NOT help you figure out what the artifact was used for in the past?
1. Survey, Analogy, ethno archaeology, experimental archaeology
Which of the following New World civilizations is the only one with a fully developed writing system?
1. The Maya the Inca, Ancient Egyptians, Aztecs
Which of the following did NOT contribute to the Maya collapse?
1. epidemic disease climate change, rulers not responding well to a crisis, increased warfare
Archaeological site is:
A cluster of artifacts, and a place where activities once took place
a social archaeologist, such as Dr. Smith, would be most interested in:
A commoners house
__________is used in archaeology to compare ancient artifacts to modern ones to reconstruct past activities.
Analogy
Biologically modern humans
Appear by about 200,000 years ago and are distinct from behaviorally modern humans
The earliest ceramics in the world
Asia
Chaco persisted as a political entity influencing a smaller region after moving to:
Aztec
The four types of human societies in order from smallest in size and least complex, to the largest in size and most complex:
Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States
How would an archaeologist determine whether a pot was made using local, or non-local materials?
By analysis of clay and inclusions
The most prevalent theory on the 'Chaco phenomenon' is that
Chaco was a ceremonial center for ritual and pilgrimage
Anthropologists argue that construction of Hopewell mounds:
Created a stronger sense of community.
The goals of archaeology include:
Discovering evidence of the human past, reconstructing cultural history around the world, and reconstructing past lives and societies
Differences in oxidation btwn the core of a pot shard, and the exterior of that shard allow archaeologists to infer:
Duration of firing
Archaeologists that live in other cultures to learn about how artifacts are made and used are called:
Ethno archaeologists
Archaeological theories
Explain and describe the past, provide a broad explanatory framework for material evidence, are based on existing evidence and research
After the Urban Revolution, most societies have communal ownership of land, animals and the other resources.
FALSE
Aztec commoners, such as those at Cuexcomate and Capilco, were poor and oppressed
FALSE
Early human populations lived in harmony w/ their surroundings, and never affected their environment
FALSE
Native American cultures in the New World almost never had negative effects on their environment.
FALSE
People chose to practice agriculture b/c it afforded them more free time and a more regular supply of food.
FALSE
Teotihuacan was founded by the Aztecs.
FALSE
The Hohokam pottery economy was very simple; every site produced its own pottery and there was little trade
FALSE
The Hopewell were the first to build mounds or earthworks in North America.
FALSE
Tripartite Hopewell earthworks probably never took more than five years to complete.
FALSE
The hominines that exited Africa during the first out of Africa migration were anatomically modern humans.
False
Which of the following is an example of a low density tropical city?
Great Zimbabwe
Knapping is:
Hammering flakes off a stone core to create tools
How did humans disrupt ecological balance through globalization?
Hunting, Competition, Fire
Archaeologists at the Mayan city of Dos Pilas found evidence that commoners had built huts on the city plaza and a stone wall around the city center around the time of the Maya collapse. Archaeologists conclude this is likely evidence of:
Increased conflict and warfare
Four methods for chronometrically dating the past are...
Potassium-Argon dating, Radio Carbon dating, Historical documents, and Dendrochronology
The earliest states that developed through local processes are called:
Primary States
Flotation of archaeological sediments is aimed towards the recovery of:
Seeds
Which of the following in an example of a macro-botanical remain?
Seeds
If you were investigating a previously unknown culture, which of these features of the urban revolution would be the BEST evidence that you had found a state level society?
Social classes, with clear elites and commoners
A practice that is sustainable when the local scale is taken into consideration, may not necessarily be sustainable at the global scale.
TRUE
Archaeology is a historical science.
TRUE
Cahokia ritual spaces differ from earlier Hopewell in that at Cahokia they were controlled by elites.
TRUE
Chaco Canyon represents the greatest centralization of power in Pueblo society, compared to Pueblo groups before and after.
TRUE
Cows, pigs, and donkeys were not domesticated in Mesoamerica.
TRUE
Evidence presented suggests that the Tiwanaku Empire expanded as far as San Pedro Atacama in modern Chile
TRUE
Human sacrifice was the greatest concern and dictated all the activities of the average Aztec person.
TRUE
Stratigraphy is a relative chronology method where objects are dated in relation to each other by which layer they are associated.
TRUE
The Egyptian state differed from those in Mesopotamia, in that it lacked a market economy.
TRUE
The Hohokam built and maintained the most extensive irrigation systems in prehistoric North America.
TRUE
The last glaciation (during the Late Pleistocene) was marked by large continental ice sheets, and a cool, dry climate, and drop in sea level.
TRUE
When an archaeologist attempts to find sites with a conservation goal in mind, s/he is trying to identify the potential damage of a proposed project by finding any archaeological sites in its path.
TRUE
Based on the evidence from Cuexcomate, Capilco, and Yautepec, which conquest had the greatest impact on community prosperity?
The Spanish Conquest
Mohenjo-Daro, an Indus Valley culture, is unique among the state societies we covered in this module because:
The existence of social stratification is not clear given the evidence currently available.
The geology of the phoenix basin allowed for archaeologists to source pots produced in different areas. This allowed archaeologists to reconstruct.
The movement of pots on the landscape and trade networks.
Phytoliths are plentiful in the archaeological record because:
They are made of silica and resist decay
Where was the Anu-Ziggurat located
Uruk
The Andean practice of sending out satellite communities to collect resources from other ecological zones in order to maintain self-sufficiency is called:
Verticality
The second human diaspora, when humans colonized much of the planet, including Australia, and the Americas, occurred when?
approx. 10-50 kya
Shifts in movement of pottery during the Hohokam indicate:
changes in Hohokam regional economy
If a sediment core showed that pollen from drought tolerant plants was more prevalent in comparison to plants that thrive in wetter climates, this would indicate that this area was:
dry
Archaeology without excavation
is called non-invasive archaeology
The two major hypotheses explaining the origins of modern humans are...
the multiregional model vs. the out-of-Africa model
The idea that pre-contact groups in the New World did not change their environment is termed:
the pristine myth
