ASB 222-Finals

You are an archaeologist excavating a site and you find an artifact of a type you've never seen before. Which method would NOT help you figure out what the artifact was used for in the past?

1. Survey, Analogy, ethno archaeology, experimental archaeology

Which of the following New World civilizations is the only one with a fully developed writing system?

1. The Maya the Inca, Ancient Egyptians, Aztecs

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the Maya collapse?

1. epidemic disease climate change, rulers not responding well to a crisis, increased warfare

Archaeological site is:

A cluster of artifacts, and a place where activities once took place

a social archaeologist, such as Dr. Smith, would be most interested in:

A commoners house

__________is used in archaeology to compare ancient artifacts to modern ones to reconstruct past activities.

Analogy

Biologically modern humans

Appear by about 200,000 years ago and are distinct from behaviorally modern humans

The earliest ceramics in the world

Asia

Chaco persisted as a political entity influencing a smaller region after moving to:

Aztec

The four types of human societies in order from smallest in size and least complex, to the largest in size and most complex:

Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States

How would an archaeologist determine whether a pot was made using local, or non-local materials?

By analysis of clay and inclusions

The most prevalent theory on the 'Chaco phenomenon' is that

Chaco was a ceremonial center for ritual and pilgrimage

Anthropologists argue that construction of Hopewell mounds:

Created a stronger sense of community.

The goals of archaeology include:

Discovering evidence of the human past, reconstructing cultural history around the world, and reconstructing past lives and societies

Differences in oxidation btwn the core of a pot shard, and the exterior of that shard allow archaeologists to infer:

Duration of firing

Archaeologists that live in other cultures to learn about how artifacts are made and used are called:

Ethno archaeologists

Archaeological theories

Explain and describe the past, provide a broad explanatory framework for material evidence, are based on existing evidence and research

After the Urban Revolution, most societies have communal ownership of land, animals and the other resources.

FALSE

Aztec commoners, such as those at Cuexcomate and Capilco, were poor and oppressed

FALSE

Early human populations lived in harmony w/ their surroundings, and never affected their environment

FALSE

Native American cultures in the New World almost never had negative effects on their environment.

FALSE

People chose to practice agriculture b/c it afforded them more free time and a more regular supply of food.

FALSE

Teotihuacan was founded by the Aztecs.

FALSE

The Hohokam pottery economy was very simple; every site produced its own pottery and there was little trade

FALSE

The Hopewell were the first to build mounds or earthworks in North America.

FALSE

Tripartite Hopewell earthworks probably never took more than five years to complete.

FALSE

The hominines that exited Africa during the first out of Africa migration were anatomically modern humans.

False

Which of the following is an example of a low density tropical city?

Great Zimbabwe

Knapping is:

Hammering flakes off a stone core to create tools

How did humans disrupt ecological balance through globalization?

Hunting, Competition, Fire

Archaeologists at the Mayan city of Dos Pilas found evidence that commoners had built huts on the city plaza and a stone wall around the city center around the time of the Maya collapse. Archaeologists conclude this is likely evidence of:

Increased conflict and warfare

Four methods for chronometrically dating the past are...

Potassium-Argon dating, Radio Carbon dating, Historical documents, and Dendrochronology

The earliest states that developed through local processes are called:

Primary States

Flotation of archaeological sediments is aimed towards the recovery of:

Seeds

Which of the following in an example of a macro-botanical remain?

Seeds

If you were investigating a previously unknown culture, which of these features of the urban revolution would be the BEST evidence that you had found a state level society?

Social classes, with clear elites and commoners

A practice that is sustainable when the local scale is taken into consideration, may not necessarily be sustainable at the global scale.

TRUE

Archaeology is a historical science.

TRUE

Cahokia ritual spaces differ from earlier Hopewell in that at Cahokia they were controlled by elites.

TRUE

Chaco Canyon represents the greatest centralization of power in Pueblo society, compared to Pueblo groups before and after.

TRUE

Cows, pigs, and donkeys were not domesticated in Mesoamerica.

TRUE

Evidence presented suggests that the Tiwanaku Empire expanded as far as San Pedro Atacama in modern Chile

TRUE

Human sacrifice was the greatest concern and dictated all the activities of the average Aztec person.

TRUE

Stratigraphy is a relative chronology method where objects are dated in relation to each other by which layer they are associated.

TRUE

The Egyptian state differed from those in Mesopotamia, in that it lacked a market economy.

TRUE

The Hohokam built and maintained the most extensive irrigation systems in prehistoric North America.

TRUE

The last glaciation (during the Late Pleistocene) was marked by large continental ice sheets, and a cool, dry climate, and drop in sea level.

TRUE

When an archaeologist attempts to find sites with a conservation goal in mind, s/he is trying to identify the potential damage of a proposed project by finding any archaeological sites in its path.

TRUE

Based on the evidence from Cuexcomate, Capilco, and Yautepec, which conquest had the greatest impact on community prosperity?

The Spanish Conquest

Mohenjo-Daro, an Indus Valley culture, is unique among the state societies we covered in this module because:

The existence of social stratification is not clear given the evidence currently available.

The geology of the phoenix basin allowed for archaeologists to source pots produced in different areas. This allowed archaeologists to reconstruct.

The movement of pots on the landscape and trade networks.

Phytoliths are plentiful in the archaeological record because:

They are made of silica and resist decay

Where was the Anu-Ziggurat located

Uruk

The Andean practice of sending out satellite communities to collect resources from other ecological zones in order to maintain self-sufficiency is called:

Verticality

The second human diaspora, when humans colonized much of the planet, including Australia, and the Americas, occurred when?

approx. 10-50 kya

Shifts in movement of pottery during the Hohokam indicate:

changes in Hohokam regional economy

If a sediment core showed that pollen from drought tolerant plants was more prevalent in comparison to plants that thrive in wetter climates, this would indicate that this area was:

dry

Archaeology without excavation

is called non-invasive archaeology

The two major hypotheses explaining the origins of modern humans are...

the multiregional model vs. the out-of-Africa model

The idea that pre-contact groups in the New World did not change their environment is termed:

the pristine myth