ASR's

a. True

Boys are 5 times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with ASD. a. True b. False

a.Skinner's (Nature's) Verbal Behavior Categories

Mands, tacts, echoics, and intraverbals, are examples of: a.Skinner's (Nature's) Verbal Behavior Categories b.Vocal verbal responses only c. Non-verbal responses d. Listener responses

b. 4

Most children with ASD are diagnosed after age: a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 10

a. Indirect teaching of social skills

Which of the following is not true regarding components of effective programming essentials? a. Indirect teaching of social skills b. Teach generalization from outset c. Develops tolerance for delay in reinforcement d. Clear criteria for mastery of skills e. On-going and objective measures of progress

c. Developmental disability

Autism is a ___ that is defined by its symptoms. a. Psychological disorder b. Mentalistic explanation c. Developmental disability d. Cognitive impairment

a. True

Autism is defined by its symptoms (behavioral excesses and deficits). a. True b. False

A. Reinforced through the actions of another person

For Skinner, verbal behavior is best described as behavior that is: A. Reinforced through the actions of another person B. Spoken C.Expressive D. Receptive

b. The psycholinguistic literature

From mainly which body of literature have "the rules" for how and when to start the process of increasing the mean length of utterances mainly been drawn? a. The mentalistic literature b. The psycholinguistic literature c. The philosophical literature d. The behavior analytic literature

b. I saw, 's

Identify the autoclitics in this sentence: "I saw Leanne's dog" a. I, saw b. I saw, 's c. I, Leanne d. I, saw, 's

b. Evidence-based treatments

Procedures that have been studied with strong experimental designs and results, and have been replicated, peer-reviewed, and published are: a. Research b. Evidence-based treatments c. Unestablished treatments d. Science

a. Automatic reinforcement

The more severe the cognitive and language impairment, the higher the prevalence of behavior maintained by: a. Automatic reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Social reinforcement d. Tangible reinforcement e. Any of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following increases the effectiveness of discrete trial instruction? a. Interspersing mastered items with instructional trials b. Using short intervals between trials c. Proper use of response prompts d. All of the above e. A and C

b. False

An eclectic approach is the best treatment option. a. True b. False

b. There are an abundance of strong primary verbal operants

As Skinner (1957) explained the autoclitic responses that enhance the meaning of the utterance don't occur until: a. Stage 2 of Brown's stages of development b. There are an abundance of strong primary verbal operants c. Vocal musculature is well developed d. The verbal community requires it

b. 68

As of 2014, 1 in ___ children have ASD. a. 10 b. 68 c. 120 d. 300

a. True

Autism was once thought to be a form of schizophrenia. a. True b. False

b. False

Based on the research vaccines are a possible cause and/or contributing factor in causing autism. a. True b. False c. Undetermined, more research is needed

c. Agree, disagree

Brown and Skinner appear to ___ when describing the process regarding the development of increased length of utterance and ___ in terms of their descriptions of the mechanisms that account for the progression toward complex verbal utterances in children. a. Disagree, disagree b. Disagree, agree c. Agree, disagree d. Agree, agree

a. The speaker more precisely controls the behavior of their listener, and therefore more effectively receives reinforcement

Brown suggests that these added morphemes of language that occur in the speaker's language during Stages 2-5 assist in "modulating the meaning." "Modulating the meaning" said behaviorally is: a. The speaker more precisely controls the behavior of their listener, and therefore more effectively receives reinforcement b. The speaker sounds more coherent by the addition of morphemes c. The listener can more easily listen to the speaker d. The listener can more effectively receive reinforcement

a. Form, function

By prompting and requiring additional words, we are not teaching the use of autoclitics, but merely imitating autoclitics. By doing this we are defining appropriate responses based upon ___ not ___. a. Form, function b. Function, form c. Age, grammatical rules d. Grammatical rules, age

b. False

Discrete Trial Instruction and errorless learning are the same thing. a. True b. False

a. Verbal behavior about verbal behavior

Essentially, the autoclitic is: a. Verbal behavior about verbal behavior b. The addition of morphemes so speech sounds more "pleasant" to the listener c. Verbal behavior that develops because of the rules of an underlying grammatical structure d. Something that develops because of an innate ability to increase the complexity of language

d. Preventative

FAs may be useful in developing successful early intervention treatment. This can be a ___ approach to treatment. a. Cognitive b. Socio-emotional c. Reactive d. Preventative e. All of the above

f. A, B and C

Facilitated Communication is also known as: a.Supported typing b. Rapid prompting c. Saved typing d. Functional communication training e.All of the above f. A, B and C

c. Error correct the mand by not providing any forms of reinforcement, pause for 3-5 seconds, prompt the one word response and reinforce the prompted response

If a student mands for a chip by saying "I want more big chip please" you should do what to eliminate the autoclitic frame? a. Reinforce the mand b. Prompt the correct phrase (e.g., "I want more chips please") c. Error correct the mand by not providing any forms of reinforcement, pause for 3-5 seconds, prompt the one word response and reinforce the prompted response d. Reinforce the mand, and the next time the student mands for the item prompt the correct phrase (e.g., "I want more chips please")

b. Teach specific mands

If problem behavior is identified to be maintained by access to tangibles (toys, items) what should be done? a. Seek medical attention b. Teach specific mands c. Use PECS d. Use Direct Instruction

d. All of the above

In Jay Moore's summary of traditional language development, which of the following point(s) are made: a. Verbal behavior is explained in terms of underlying mental causes and activities b. The meanings of words are stored in the lexicon which is accessed prior to speech c. Language is regarded as the output of various "cognitive mechanisms" that manipulate the symbols and generate the language according to rules d. All of the above

a. True

Individuals with a well-established DSM-IV diagnosis of autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified should be given the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. a. True b. False c. Not yet determined

b. More likely to exhibit behavior maintained by tangible reinforcement

Individuals with autism are: a. Less likely to exhibit behavior maintained by tangible SR+ b. More likely to exhibit behavior maintained by tangible SR+ c. Very likely to exhibit behavior maintained by attention d. Very unlikely to exhibit behavior maintained by attention

c. Primary verbal operants

Initially, children acquire one word utterances that are: a. Secondary verbal operants b. Nouns c. Primary verbal operants d. Verbs

d. All of the above

Instead of using chronological age as a reference for increasing the MLU, as a behavior analyst, you should: a. Focus the initial language training program during this period should on functional communication with one word utterances across the verbal operant classes. b. Avoid attempts to increase the MLUm or teach autoclitic functions (e.g. I want, I see, I have, etc. before a child emits at least 300-400 words that are produced without specific training) c. Completely forego the training of autoclitics since the response will ultimately develop without training if the child develops a sufficient verbal repertoire d. All of the above

b. A set of contingencies that prevail within a verbal community

Language is simply a name for: a. A system of mental rules and representations within a verbal community b. A set of contingencies that prevail within a verbal community c. An arrangement of symbols according to conventional rules that govern a verbal community d. The output of cognitive mechanisms that manipulate the symbols and generate words that are used within the verbal community

b. Good; talented

Leo Kanner (1943) described "autistic" children as those with impairments in social interaction, anguish for changes, ___ memory, echolalia, over sensitivity to certain stimuli, food problems, limitations in spontaneous activity, good intellectual potential, and often coming from ___ families. a. Poor; impoverished b. Good; talented c. Average; broken

a. A collection of words that have the appearance of autoclitics are taught by prompting, but before a child has the pre- requisite skills

Mand errors such as "more open," "I want go," "I want yes, ok" are common when: a. A collection of words that have the appearance of autoclitics are taught by prompting, but before a child has the pre- requisite skills b. The analysis of verbal behavior is included in the development of appropriate language goals c. Language goals are selected without the guidance of a linguist d. Language goals are selected without considering age norms

b. Verbal community

Over time the ____ requires the speaker to inform the listener of additional information about the reasons for the verbal utterances and more details of the verbal responses. a. Teacher b. Verbal community c. Rules of language d. None of the above`

c. Increasing; reducing

Research shows ABA methods are effective at ___ socially significant behavior, teaching new skills, and ___ inappropriate behavior. a. Reducing; increasing b. Maintaining; decreasing c. Increasing; reducing d. Decreasing; maintaining

c. Autoclitic responses

Skinner refers to the secondary verbal operant as: a. Automatic responses b. Secondary responses c. Autoclitic responses d. Grammatical responses

e. Only A and C

Under restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities some of the symptoms of ASD may include: a. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements b. Hallucinations and/or delusions c. Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input d. All of the above e. Only A and C

d. All of the above

Under social communication and social interaction some of the symptoms of ASD may include: a. Failure to initiate or respond to social interactions b. Abnormalities in eye contact and body language c. Preference to be alone, lack of interest in others d. All of the above e. Only A and C

e. B and C

What does the "Spectrum" in ASD mean? a. High vs. low functioning individuals as defined by a variety of measures such as IQ, educational placement, etc. b. The level of support required c. Severity that is based on social communication impairments and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior d. All of the above e. B and C

b. Skinner's analysis of verbal bx

What is frequently neglected when making decisions about when and how to increase length of utterance in programs for children with autism? a. Brown's stage model b. Skinner's analysis of verbal bx c. Special education literature d. Linguistic literature

d. All of the above

What is the benefit of the National Standards Report in 2007? a. Provides information about the strength and evidence supporting treatment options for individuals with autism b. Help parents, caregivers, educators, and service providers understand how to integrate critical information in making treatment decisions c. Identified limitations in existing treatment research involving individuals with ASD d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What possible problems can occur when program supervisors suggest requiring an increase in length of utterance to move the child toward more age appropriate speech production without an evaluation of pre-requisite skills? a. It may not improve the communicative effectiveness of the child b. Children with poor articulation may produce even less intelligible responses when they are required to string together several words c. It can lead to disordered language that may lead to negative reactions by listeners and may even lead to decreased communication effectiveness d. All of the above

e. All of the above

What should the assessment and curriculum help you determine? a. Barriers to learning and language acquisition that need to be addressed b. What type of augmentative communication if any might be best c. Specific teaching strategies that might be most effective for the child d. The type of educational setting that might meet the child's needs e. All of the above

a. Modulating the meaning

What term that Brown uses can be described as the function of the autoclitic? a. Modulating the meaning b. Cognitive mechanisms c. Symbols d. Underlying structures

d. All of the above

Which of the follow have been determined as unestablished treatments, meaning there is little to no evidence in the scientific literature? a. Auditory Integration Therapy (AIT) b. Sensory Integration Therapy (SI,SIT) c. Academic/Eclectic Approach d. All of the above e. Only A and B

f. A, B, and D

Which of the following is/are true of facilitated communication? a. It is a discredited technique b. Its use is unwarranted and unethical c. It works with some individuals who can't speak d. The facilitator is the one communicating e. All of the above f. A, B, and D

e. Only A and C

Which of the following is/are true of verbal behavior training? a. Often uses the VB-MAPP to guide the sequence of milestones and teaching skills b. Focuses on form and meaning of words c. Uses stimulus control transfer procedures to teach across the classes of verbal behavior d. All of the above e. Only A and C

c. Floor time

Which of the following treatments does not treat speech development or motor development, but addresses emotional development (relating, communicating, and thinking)? a. Facilitated Communication b. TEACCH c. Floor time d. RDI

b. Y and Z

Which of these are true? X. Vaccinations are probably contributing factors to autism Y. Genetics probably are involved in the development of autism Z. There is no known cause of autism a. X and Y b. Y and Z c. X and Z d. All of the above

a. Mands and tacts

Which primary vocal verbal operants develop from about 12 months until about 30 months (during Brown's Stage 1, or the "two word" stage)? a. Mands and tacts b. Tacts and intraverbals c. Mands, tacts, and intraverbals d. Mands, tacts, echoics, and intraverbals

d. All of the above

Why ABA for ASD? a. We target the very behaviors that set kids with autism apart from other "neurotypically developing kids their age" b. It works! c. Behaviors can be changed through environment modifications d. All of the above e. Only A and C

a. The speaker more effectively controls the behavior of a listener who will then reinforce the speaker for greater clarity

Why is it beneficial to the speaker to include additional "information"? a. The speaker more effectively controls the behavior of a listener who will then reinforce the speaker for greater clarity b. The speaker sounds more intellectual c. The speakers mean length of utterance is increased d. The speaker engages the listener for longer periods of time

d. All of the above

Why would parents use ineffective treatments? a. They don't know what questions to ask or who to ask b. Trust so-called "experts" and the professionals c. Parents left on own to find treatment and lots of information is conflicting and confusing d. All of the above e. Only B and Ce. Only B and C

c. The autoclitic response

Within a behavioral analysis, it is the development of ____ that accounts for the increase in MLU. a. The cognitive response b. Maturity c. The autoclitic response d. Vocal musculature