Assessment FINAL
False
A Bender-Gestalt can tell us about aural and oral perception and integration
+2
A Child Behavior Checklist T-Score of 70 would have a Z (SD) score of +2
a counselor-in-training being observed during an interneship experience is participating in a
performance assessment
true
the confidence interval is the range of scores calculated using the standard error of measurement for the obtained score
competence
the counselor must have the knowledge and understanding to select, administer, score, and interpret the instrument. This addresses the ethical issue of
false
when the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution are less than the mean of the set of scores the distribution is negatively skewed
Each of the evaluative criteria must be clearly defined after the performance assessment
which of the following is NOT one of the components that must underlie authentic performance assessments?
confidentiality can be maintained despite any situation
which of the following is NOT true about confidentiality?
Pearson Product Moment
which of the following is not a type of validity
unstable over time
which of the following is not an essential facet of personality
Assessment is only used during some stages of the counseling process
which of the statements regarding assessment is NOT true?
changes in setting, timing, and response format (all the above)
which type of accommodations in testing might be appropriate for use in schools?
a formative evaluation
would be best for a counselor who wishes to assess a client's progress in order to make any necessary changes
norm reference tests are commonly used to assess intelligence, achievement, perceptual skills, personality, and behavior criterion referenced tests compare a person's score to a predetermined standard or level of performance, common in education
Define and Give examples of norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests
giving patients the right to obtain and examine a copy of their health records and request corrections, allowing patients some ability to control the uses and disclosure of their health information, allowing patients to know how their information might be used and if disclosure have been made, setting limits on the use and release of health records, and providing a complaint process
Describe important provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
advantages: cost savings can be substantial; results are much faster; clients with writing disabilities may find it easier to handle a mouse and keyboard than pen and paper disadvantages: counselor is not much focused on observing the client while he/she is taking the test; varying familiarity with technology, online tests are often not developed with the same attention to technical rigor as the print versions
Describe the advantages and disadvantage inherent in computer-managed, computer-adapted, and computer assisted testing
advantages: ease with which tests in this format can be administered and scored disadvantages: examinees have a 50% chance of getting an item correct and it may be difficult to determine whether examinees are just guessing
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a dichotomous item format
1. educate members about sound ethical behaviors 2. provide a mechanism for accountability 3. serve as a means for improving professional practice
Describe the purposes of ethical standards
rational approach - test developers are theorizing that the items are related to the constructs they are attempting to measure empirical approach - rely on data collection to identify items that relate to the construct they are attempting to measure bootstrap approach - combination of ration and empirical
Describe the three basic categories of approaches to test contrsuction
1. Multiple evaluative criteria must be used 2. Each of the evaluative criteria must be clearly articulated and defined prior to judging the performance 3. Human judgments are necessary to determine the acceptability of performance responses
Describe the three components that must underlie authentic performance assessments
A story completion test presents the client with the start of a story and required the client to finish the story
Name a completion techniques assessment and describe how it is given
False
Group intelligence tests are often used to place individuals in special education or apply for medicaid disability
performance-based assessment involves the evaluation of an examinee's product, action , or behavior
How are multiple-choice assessments different from performance-based assessments?
1. individually administered tests are often used for diagnostic decision making 2. individually administered tests require some interaction between the examiner and examinee 3. individually administered tests allow the examiner to better establish rapport, reduce anxiety, and observe behaviors (all the above)
How do individually administered tests differ from group-administered tests?
rating scales allow clients to state their position on a scale form 1-10. This allows the counselor to use the client's own scoring system to grade and track progress
How might you decide to use a rating scale or a screening instrument - especially in the initial assessment phase of counseling?
the client has difficulty finishing tasks
How would you interpret elevated scores on the hypomania scale of the MMPI?
true
Terra Novas, National assessment of Educational Programs (NAEP) and subject area tests are all examples of achievement tests
competence
The counselor must have the knowledge and understanding to select, administer, score, and interpret the instrument. This addresses the ethical issue of
Army Alpha
The development of the __________ was driven by the need to assign soldiers to appropriate duties in WWI
autism
The following disorder exhibits social withdrawal and language deficits with an onset before 30 months of age
RUST seems to be a sort of code of ethics for those who give assessments. The goal is to promote the accurate, fair, and responsible use of standardized tests by the counseling and education communities.
What do you now understand about RUST
the intake interview should include the following: 1. demographic information 2. referral reasons 3. current situation 4. previous assessments and counseling experiences 5. birth and developmental history 6. Family history 7. medical history 8. education and work background
What is covered in an initial intake interview?
the client is likely to have little trust in most situations
Which of the following would be the most accurate interpretation of a T score = 24 on Trust, a scale in the Measures of Psychosocial Development?
counselors should use an ethical decision-making model when ethical dilemmas arise
Which of these statements most accurately describes the best course of action when following ethical codes?
1. it assumes that respondents will answer honestly 2. it is transparent 3. clinicians can make inaccurate decisions based on untruthful responses (all the above)
Why is the question "I drink a quart of whiskey each day" deemed problematic?
multiple-choice exams increase the standardization of conditions and item selection
Why might multiple-choice exams be preferred over essay exams?
using a combination of these things provides for more accurate results and more information
Why should professional counselors use a combination of behavioral interviews, rating scales, inventories, and direct observations in assessing behavior?
when assessing a young child, it would be best to use the Leiter Scale because the client will most likely not be completely developed verbally yet. Aditionally, the scale would work for a child who has not yet learned how to read
Why would you use a Leiter Scale, often used for individuals who are deaf or autistic when assessing a young child?
difference
diversity simple means
false
conditions exhibited in the definition of serious emotional disturbance do not have to occur to a marked degree because of the seriousness of this disorder under IDEA
true
construct validity assesses whether a test measures what it supposed to measure
true
criterion referenced tests can be used to document student mastery of objectives
50
a Wechsler IQ score of 100 would have a percentile of
a histogram
a bar graph used to portray distribution of test data is called
visual-motor
a bender gestalt test produces which of the scores listed below
content bias
a child in poverty encounters an assessment question about the different parts of a boat but he has never seen or learned about boats. This is an example of
true
a key criterion for A.D.H.D is the presence of externalizing behaviors
false
a key criterion for the diagnosis Learning Disability is behavioral and/or emotional difficulties that interfere with academic progress
false
a normal curve that is skewed to the left is skewed in the positive direction
a formal summary and discussion of assessment results
a psychological report is
True
a reliability measure of .79 is stronger than one of .49
fidelity
establishing an accepting relationship in which the client can trust the counselor is a component of
true
baselines are used to establish the frequency, duration, or latency of a behavior before an intervention is determined
performance assessment
building an engine is an example of
laws regulate who can perform what type of counseling, in which settings, and with which clients. Codes of ethics proposed guidelines for standards of professional behavior, and it is essential for professional counselors to be familiar with and follow these standards in order to provide high-quality professional counseling services
define the roles of laws and the code of ethics in regard to assessment
false
differential ability scales are designed to assess neurological disorders such as parkinson's or alzheimers
labile (internalized and externalized) emotions presumed
factors common within the definitions of learning disability include all except
true
gardner would say that any set of adult competencies that is valued in a culture merits consideration as a potential intelligence
offers an objective standard
good assessment
Adaptive tests
have made administration and scoring of testing programs more efficient
false
high-stakes testing is a term commonly used to describe suicide assessment
interview and in-take processes allow the counselor or observer to observe and identify superficial functionings of personality. Many of the inventories used in personality assessment work well in an interview setting
how is interviewing used in personality assessment?
the client has little depression
how would yo interpret lower scores on the depression scale of the MMPI?
be cited or sanctioned
if a licensed professional counselor violates a state regulation, he/she will
performance assessment
if a professor wanted to see a more real=life, comprehensive understanding of a topic, she would give her students a
true
if asked "which of the following describes you best?" and answers to choose from are "I am a good listener" or "I am expressive and creative" you are doing an assessment which uses ipsative scoring
true
if one uses the discrepancy model in diagnosis, the focus is on examining the differences between IQ and achievement. This model has historically been used in diagnosis of learning disabilities
monitor the situation so the child does not internalize the parents' reaction
if parents have a negative reaction to their child's assessment results indication their child has a disability, the counselor should
higher
in general an individual trying to "look good" will have a ________ score on the Lie scale
true
in looking at reliability, the correlation coefficient provides a numerical indicator of relationship
a student's performance is compared to the performance of other students
in norm referenced evaluation
true
in the definition of deafness under IDEA, the impairment is in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification
a bank teller-in-training
in which profession would it be least appropriate to evaluate an intern by using a portfolio
worldview
includes beliefs, values, perspectives, and perceptions
justice
involves treating each client according to what is best for the client
confidentiality
is NOT one of Kitchener's moral principles
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
is an example of a personality assessment
Charles Darwin
is credited with spurring the experimental interest in individual differences that characterized the second movement in the history of assessment
an English-language learner
is most likely to face a disadvantage when taking a verbal test
perception
is not an important part of establishing confidentiality
Wilhelm Wundt is famously credited with
opening the world's first experimental psychology laboratory
alternate forms
A researcher gives two equivalent forms of the same test in order to determine a coefficient of equivalence. The researcher is using which type of reliability
Infrequency
The scale on the MMPI which concerns whether the individual is faking is the
Most tests lack appropriate reliability and validity data
Which of the following was NOT a criticism of tests during the Era of Discontent?
developmental
communication, cognitive skills, physical development, emotional development are all in what domain?
Criterion-referenced Tests
compare a person's scores to a predetermined standard of performance
true
scoring of Wechsler subscales is somewhat complex because different points are awarded depenmding on the quality of the response
true
spearman says intelligence is a component of not only general ability but also specific factors which are to some degree correlated with that general intelligence
stability over time
test-retest reliability is a measure of
TOWL-4
the __________ is a test designed to help students who may need specialized help with writing. It has two alternate forms.
projective test
"Say the first thing that comes into your mind when I say the word mother" would be an example of an item from a
computer-based test interpretation
CBTI stands for
structured, unstructured, and semi-structured
Clinical interview may be
a specified level of mastery or achievement
Criterion-referenced tests compare an individuals performance to
nominal
Examinees were asked to mark 1 if hispanic and 3 if asian. What type of scale of measure is being illustrated here?
Wechsler
Give an example of how at least one criticism of assessment has led to improvement of assessment
94 142
IDEA, the Individuals with Disability Act of 101476 is the updated common name for the original Public Law
Wechsler
If assessing intellectual functioning, I would expect to see which of the following assessment scores given?
fairness to examinees is a paramount consideration in test selection. Care should be taken to select tests with language or content not considered offensive to clients from diverse racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or other groups. Test administrators should not require reading performance above what a test requires.
In testing clients who are culturally and/or ethnically different from the cultural or ethnic background of the test administrator, what issues are important for the examiner to remember?
preserve the integrity of assessments
It is a duty for professional counselors to
true
Like K-R 20, Coefficient Alpha checks for internal consistency of an instrument
Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement
Of the following, the best instrument to understand a student's potential eligibility for services to accommodate for learning problems would be to administer the
allow less opportunity for clients to fake responses
Projective tests are advantageous because they
1. Taylor-Johnson - this will allow each partner to learn what strengths and weaknesses are present in the other 2. Genogram - showing a clear family history will shed light on how each partner became who they are 3. Timeline - highlights and lowlights are important in the development of relationships and can open doors into why each partners behaves the way they do.
Select 3 specific assessments used in marriage/family/couple counseling that you can see yourself using.
computer-adapted
The GRE is available in a _________ format
giving patients the right to corrections to be made to their records
The HIPAA privacy rule has provisions including
true
The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test is frequently administered to students as a cognitive screening measure and has been used as a screening measure for identifying gifted students
1. political affiliations or beliefs of the student or parent 2. mental and psychological problems of the student or family 3. sex behavior or attitudes 4. illegal, antisocial, self-incriminating, or demeaning behavior 5. critical appraisals of other individuals with whom respondents have close family relationships 6. legally recognized privileged or analogous relationships, such as those or lawyers, physicians, and ministers 7. religious practices, affiliations, beliefs of the student or the student's parents 8. income other than such information required to determine eligibility/participation in a program
The Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment of 1978 (PPRA) requires surveys given to minor children are made available to the parents if the include any information from eight areas. List these eight areas of information
-2
The subtest score of 4 on a Wechsler correlates to what standard deviation?
1. how to administer and score the test 2. as much as possible about the construct or content under study 3. the test's psychometrics (all the above)
What do professional counselors need to know in order to administer a test?
Examiner bias refers to the preconceptions that the examiner has a result of past experiences, theoretical orientation, his/her worldview, ethnicity, culture, social influence, etc. The impact of examiner bias might give results that do not reflect the true capabilities or situations that the client actually has or faces. This inaccurate information might lead to the wrong kind of diagnosis or treatment and cause more harm than good.
What is examiner bias and what might be its impact?
personality assessment using projective techniques is based on the projective hypothesis, the assumption that essential information about a client's personality characteristics, needs, conflicts, and motivations will be transferred onto ambiguous stimuli. Projective personality assessment is based on the psychoanalytic notion of the unconscious, that portion of one's personality that is beyond awareness and control.
What is meant by a projective technique in personality assessment?
self-monitoring is a method by which clients can observe and record their own behavior. Self-monitoring is an effective way to monitor infrequent behaviors (such as binge-eating or self-injury). Training a client to effectively monitor behavior is critical because the client needs to identify a target behavior precisely and record it appropriately. Second, to increase accuracy, it is effective for a counselor to monitor a client's behavior simultaneously and subsequently compare data with the client's self-monitoring
What is the importance of client self-observations to the counselor?
To collect relevant information about a client's history and background in order to quickly ascertain the effects past events may have on the client's current situation. The major advantage is that it can be completed by a client prior to the first sessions.
What is the purpose of the intake/initial interview? What is the major advantage of structures interview at intake?
Directed at identifying differences between and among individuals so that identification and diagnostic practices as well as intrapersonal strengths and weaknesses could be translated into remedial
What was the main purpose behind developing assessments throughout the 20th century?
Piers-Harris
Which of the following assessments is widely used to measure self-perceptions in children, and is said to be cost-effective, easy to use, and yields reliable and valid scores in the measurement of children's self-concept
a counselor examines how Joey's classroom environment could be altered to better accommodate his needs
Which of the following examples is illustrative of environmental assessment
The creators focused item development on assessing sensory processes
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the 1905 Stanford-Binet Scale?
observational techniques
Workers in the helping professions use _______ to assess client behavior in play therapy, sociodrama, psychodrama, simulated experiences, role playing, test performance, discussion groups, conferences, and interviews
intelligence
_______ tests measure a person's ability to learn, solve problems, and understand increasingly complex or abstract information
true
a sociogram enables one to assess group dynamics and social networks
false
a standard score of 85 is equivalent to a standard deviation of -2
false
a standard test score of 145 is 3 standard deviations below the mean
true
a t-score of 70 would be a good thing is one is assessing self-esteem
standard deviation
a unit representing the typical amount that a score may vary from the mean in a set of data is called
false
according to RUST, use of obsolete assessments is certainly allowable if the budget is not large enough to accommodate buying the newer assessments
they are step-parents
according to our textbook, under the law, parents have rights to their children's educational records except when
walking
adaptive behavior self-care skills include all except
Standardized Tests
allow for comparability of scores and interpretations across different examiners
formative evaluation
allows for midcourse modifications to ensure that objectives are met
1. outlines the goals for the child 2. outlines the goals for the services that will be provided 3. should not be based on one assessment (all the above)
an Individual Education Plan (IEP)
false
an intelligence assessment that includes a measure of full scale intelligence and index scores on verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning and working memory is a Peabody Assessment
projective techniques
are based on psychodynamic principles and normally present the client with unstructured stimuli
Nondiscriminatory
assessment that is fair to persons from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds is called
self-observations
autobiographies, diaries, and journals are examples of
true
checklists often consist of statements about observed behaviors
inaccurate labels can have lasting detrimental consequences and labels can be used as an excuse (both of the above)
labeling can be problematic because
intelligence tests
measure cognitive strengths and deficits
Criterion-referenced tests
measure specific objectives and skills. They focus on mastery of a given objective skill
equivalent forms reliability
measuring the consistency of 2 like forms with items matched for difficulty level is called
an objective and standardized measure of a sample behavior
psychological tests are
is helpful in keeping test developers and test users focused on best practices
public concern about test use
The Rorschach Inkblot test
purports to measure unconscious thoughts and feelings
an anthropological construct based on the classification of physiological characteristics
race can best be defined as
clinical assessment
refers to the identification of mental disorders and related syndromes
Clinical assessment
refers tot he identification of mental disorders and related syndromes
true
reliability, norms, validity, and standard error of measurement are considered psychometric factors
true
the mental measurements yearbook provides descriptive information about a test, including publisher and population for whom the test is appropriate
true
the steady rise of intelligence tests scores in recent years is called the Flynn effect
false
there are 3 forms of Wechsler's and the one for pre-school children is the WAIS
false
there are 3 forms of Wechsler's and the one for pre-school children is the WISC-IV
Projective assessment
was NOT a contributing factor in the vocational guidance movement
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
was created to safeguard school recods for assessments around specific topics
Jesuits
were the first to use written examinations at the university level
The Thematic Apperception Test is a construction technique. The client is given a picture or other visual stimulus and is required to construct a story about the picture. The stimulus pictures vary in terms of scenery, people, and social situations
what KIND of assessment is the TAT?
when the observer may unintentionally change the operational definition or criterion of a behavior due to habituation
what is "observer drift" referring to in behavioral direct assessments?
self monitoring
what is a widely used technique in behavioral assessment as client homework that can be used as a therapeutic technique or simply as a data collection device to assess behaviors?
Leiter
what nonverbal test would be appropriate to test the intelligence of a 7 year old who has both hearing and language difficulties?
1. document this unusual circumstance 2. consider this unusual circumstance when interpreting test scores (both the above)
what should a professional counselor do if a loud ambulance drives by the office while he/she is administering a test to a student?
structured
what type of interview calls for the interviewer to ask each interviewee the exact same questions in the exact same manner?
true
when a score of 100 is achieved as a standard score, it represents the norm, not a perfect score
false
when administering a test, coaching is not only allowed, it is encouraged
