ASTRO 7N 1
What is the volume of a sphere?
(4/3) x pi x Radius^3
What's underneath Uranus atmosphere? Is it like Jupiter or Saturn?
It's sort of like Jupiter — it's gaseous on the outside and has an extended fluid within consisten of water, methane, and ammonia surrounding a small rocky core.
What's underneath Neptune's thick atmosphere? I wonder . . .
It's sort of like Uranus — it's gaseous on the outside, and has an extended liquid ocean. But Neptune also has a heavier, Earth-sized core
In what ways does a 5 meter telescope outperform a 1 meter telescope?
Its images are 25 times brighter than a 1 meter
In what ways does a 30 meter telescope outperform a 10 meter telescope?
Its images are 9 times brighter than a 10 meter.
Suppose I detect a star giving off more ultraviolet light than infrared light. What property of the star can I (very roughly) estimate with this information?
Its temperature
What time of year is it dark all day (and night) at the South pole of Earth?
June
When is it the Summer Solstice?
June 21
Longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere is on or about ___ and the shortest is, again, six months later near ___, when the Earth is at the opposite point in its orbit around the Sun.
June, December
Which planet has a moon with many sulfur volcanoes?
Jupiter
Which of the following statements is false?
Jupiter's moon Io does not have any volcanic activity.
With the same mass, but a smaller radius, we jump...
Less
So if tidal heating warms up the interior of Europa, there might even be a ___ ___ ___ underneath the icy crust.
Liquid water ocean
From what you just saw and heard, which of the following is an accurate description of the KT event?
Living forms, notably the dominant ones such as the dinosaurs, were driven to extinction by the aftermath of the impact more than the impact itself.
What properties characterize all the Jovian planets (compared to Terrestrial planets)?
Many moons, large size, low densities
Hey, these two dates are on opposite sides of the Earth's orbit near
March 21 and September 21 (Vernal and Autumnal Equinox or the first day of spring and fall).
The dark regions are called
Maria
What two properties of a planet affect the gravity we feel on its surface?
Mass and radius
What is density?
Mass/volume
If Earth's Moon was Full on May 1, 2007. When was it next in the First Quarter phase after this Full Moon?
May 22
Even though Ganymede was bigger, this is still a pretty respectable moon, too. I'd say Callisto is about the same size as
Mercury
What is the nearest planet to the sun?
Mercury
Which of the following planets looks the most like the Earth's Moon?
Mercury
Which planet has a temperature of 800 degrees Fahrenheit on the side facing the Sun and -290 degrees Fahrenheit on the side opposite the Sun?
Mercury
Which two Terrestrial planets have the least amount of atmosphere?
Mercury and Mars
Which of the following is TRUE?
Mercury rotates exactly one and a half times for every one revolution around the Sun
Why is the day on Mercury so long?
Mercury rotates slowly.
Which planets have a rocky, relatively dense composition?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
What are the four terrestrial planets?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
Which feature of Neptune is most responsible for its blue color?
Methane in its atmosphere
At approximately what time does the third quarter Moon rise?
Midnight
Jupiter has about the overall density of
Milk
And did this wave appear to take more energy to generate that the longer-wavelength (lower frequency) one before, or less?
More
So, will it require more or less energy to generate the higher-frequency waves?
More energy
What is the size of a meteor?
Most are between the size of a small grain and a large boulder.
Which is NOT a characteristic of a comet?
Most orbit the Sun in between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
The density of water is 1 gram per cubic cm. What about the density of most gases?
Must less than 1 gram per cubic cm.
Is it daytime or nighttime when [the lunar eclipse] occurs?
Night
Let's keep the mass at Earth's mass but change the radius to three times the radius of Earth. How high do you jump?
Nine times as high
Do you think they could survive on the surface of Titan without a spacesuit; maybe just an oxygen mask or something?
No, it is far too cold
What's up with the compass? Is it broken? What does the encyclopedia say?
No, the magnetic field is offset from the planet's core and is tilted with respect to the axis of rotation.
How is Pluto different from the other objects in the Kuiper belts?
None of the above
Object A has a temperature of 5000 Kelvin while object ''s temperature is 500 Kelvin. Which object has its blackbody spectrum peak at a shorter wavelength?
Object A
Object A has a temperature of 5000 Kelvin while object B's temperature is 500 Kelvin. Which object will look brighter in the infrared wavelength region?
Object A
When is the Autumnal Equinox
On or about September 22
A moon orbits a planet in exactly the same plane as the planet orbits its star. How often does this planet experience a solar eclipse?
Once every orbit of its moon (its month).
How much of the total surface area of the Moon is illuminated by sunlight during the Full Moon phase?
One Half
Keeping the mass at Earth's mass, but changing the radius to half of the radius of Earth. How much higher do you jump?
One quarter as high
Venus is visible to us ...
Only near sunrise or sunset
What is beyond the Kuiper belt? (Official name)
Oort Cloud
What evidence do we have that suggests Mars was once much wetter than it is today?
Outflow channels on the Martian surface and evidence for subsurface water ice
Bright lines in an emission spectrum represent:
Particular energies of light that are emitted from a distant object
What absorbs the electron?
Photon
Light is made up of little packets of energy called
Photons
What is Kepler's First Law?
Planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun as one focus at the ellipse
Does it seem like Pluto is made out of the same material as the Gas Giants or the Terrestrial Planets?
Pluto seems to be composed of a different material . . .
In what region of the electromagnetic spectrum would an object near absolute zero radiate the most?
Radio
A ___ and ___ telescope uses ______ and ____ mirrors to focus light
Refracting/lenses Reflecting/mirrors
Which one needed more energy to make -- long or short waves?
SHORT waves require more energy to generate.
So, at the Winter Solstice, at noon, the sun is in (that is, appears in front of) which zodiac constellation?
Sagittarius
Which of the following is NOT a feature on Mars' surface?
Salty oceans with red sand beaches around them.
Of these choices, which planet has the most moons?
Saturn
Which of the following is FALSE?
Saturn has a density of 4.8 grams per cubic centimeter, similar to metals like aluminum and iron
What does Maria mean?
Seas
Compared to ultraviolet radiation, X-rays have a wavelength that is ...
Shorter
Let's increase the frequency again, this time to '50'. But before we press 'play' again, would you predict the wavelength will become longer or shorter?
Shorter
Mercury has a semimajor axis of 0.39AU. That is about half the semimajor axis of Venus so the period of Mercury should be
Shorter
As compared to a cool star, a hotter star emits ...
Shorter wavelength, higher frequency, bluer color
Which of the following is the cause of an aurora?
Solar wind particles that hit the atmosphere of a planet
So what would the density of most of Mercury be most like?
Solids like iron and aluminum
Tidal heating on Io causes
Sulfur vocanoes
I think what Linassa meant was that we were struck by lightning from the ___ ___ clouds in Venus's ___ ___ atmosphere just a little while ago in the VR lab.
Sulfuric acid, carbon dioxide
in the southern hemisphere it's ____ is in late December.
Summer
At what time will the Moon set on the day of a Solar eclipse?
Sunset
Say that there were a planet X in our Solar System with a mass 1/4 the mass of Earth and a radius 1/2 the radius of Earth. How will the gravity on its surface compare to the surface gravity of Earth?
Surface gravity on Planet X is the same as on Earth
From Earth, in which constellations might you find the planet Saturn?
Taurus
Aren't we in a region of the Solar System with hundreds of thousands of other small, icy bodies — what was that region called, again?
The Kuiper Belt
Besides the discovery that moons orbit Jupiter, what other discovery made by Galileo Galilei, with an early telescope, proved that the Earth is not at the center of the Universe?
The Phases of Venus
Which among the following scenarios will be true for someone watching the sky from the Venus surface?
The Sun would rise in the west and set in the east.
How fast are the wind speeds on Neptune?
They can reach almost 1,200 kilometers per hour
The force of gravity by the Sun keeps the planets in orbit around it, but how do the planets affect the Sun?
They exert an equally strong pull on the Sun, causing it to move slightly.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of jovian planets?
They have a higher density than terrestrial planets.
Radio waves can travel large distances without interference because ...
They have longer wavelengths than visible light
Now, since an individual photon of blue light has more energy than a photon of red light, does the blue one move faster?
They travel at the same speed -- the "speed of light."
If Earth had its orbit changed so that at all points along its orbit it was always the same distance from the Sun (circular orbit), how would this affect the seasons on Earth?
They would be the same as they are now
Jupiter has about 300 times the mass of Earth and 10 times the radius. What is the surface gravity of Jupiter compared to Earth?
Three
The rotation axis of the Earth is ...
Tilted at about 23 degrees relative to the axis of the Earth's orbit around the Sun
Which of Saturn's moon has a thick and nitrogen atmosphere?
Titan
True or false: Saturn is less dense than water
True
After changing the mass to 0.5 M, how much higher are you jumping than at Earth's mass?
Twice as high
Since the jump height is half as high, what does that tell us about the gravity?
Twice as much
A star has a surface temperature of 50,000 Kelvin, in which region of the electromagnetic spectrum does its peak brightness occur?
Ultraviolet
Oh okay, I see it now. And hey, it looks like Pluto's rotation axis is on its side, tilted by 120 degrees. Mi Yeon, wasn't one of the other planets tilted on its side?
Uranus
The "North Star" is a star in the constellation of Ursa Minor, which lies just above the North pole of Earth. Which of the following is true?
Ursa Minor is not a Zodiac constellation
What planet is in this picture?
Venus
Which of the following planets has the densest atmosphere? Mercury, Venus, Earth, or Mars?
Venus
Which of the following is moving fastest in the orbit?
Venus at its perihelion (closest point to Sun)
The surface of Venus is hotter than the surface of Mercury because ...
Venus is more massive and is able to retain a thick atmosphere
Which statement about the rotation of the Inner planets is true?
Venus rotates in the opposite direction from the three others
Why is Venus' day so long (a day-night cycle on Venus lasts for as long as 243 Earth day and night cycles)?
Venus' rotation time is very long compared to the time it takes to go once around the Sun.
At midnight, on March 21 what zodiac constellation would be seen?
Virgo
What region would you expect an object at 6,000 Kelvin radiating the most energy?
Visible Light
When the northern hemisphere is tilted TOWARDS the Sun, the 'Average Daily Temperature' is marked as ___ suggesting that the northern hemisphere is experiencing ___
Warm, summer
What phase must the moon be in so that an observer on Earth will see the moon overhead?
Waxing Crescent
Where in the sky does the moon set?
West
When in the orbit is there a crescent Venus visible to us here on Mars?
When Venus is approaching the point in front of the Sun or has just passed in front of the Sun.
When will we see a gibbous phase of Venus?
When Venus is close to passing behind the Sun or has just emerged from behind the Sun
Which of the following does Kepler's Second Law support?
When a planet is closer to the Sun, its speed is greater than when it is farther away.
Aside from the Great Red Spot, I wonder what the weather is usually like on Jupiter?
Winds of hundreds of miles per hour, thick clouds.
in the southern hemisphere it's ___, in late June,
Winter
Compare frequency of x-ray versus regular light.
X-ray has a larger frequency than visible light.
Look at those cloud patterns! There's even a storm that kind of looks like the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. Is that similar . . . ? (Neptune)
Yes, but wind speeds are even higher on Neptune than on Jupiter.
Neptune is blue, much like Uranus. Are they made of the same substances?
Yes, the composition is similar. Methane gives it a blue color
Is there anything beyond the Kuiper Belt?
Yes, there is an enormous, diffuse cloud of about a trillion comets.
If you were to sit on the ground, there would be a force due to gravity pulling you toward the Earth. Which of the following is true according to Newton's 3rd Law?
You are pulling the Earth away from yourself with the same force.
When you magnify an object with a telescope, what else happens to your view of the sky?
Your field of view gets smaller, so you can only see a small area of sky.
something glowing in visible light probably has a temperature of
a few thousand Kelvin.
What are the top cloud players of Jupiter made of?
ammonia and ammonia compounds
What is a blackbody
an ideal object that is both a pure emitter and an absorber, and does not reflect any light.
Most meteors
are very small (centimeter scale) pieces of rock burning in the Earth's atmosphere
Most meteorites come from
asteroids
The Sun formed
at the center of a spinning disk made of gas and dust.
Even the largest ground-based telescopes have resolution restrictions imposed by
atmospheric blurring of images.
So from that, we know
compared to the distance from Earth to Mars, the distance from Earth to the Moon is very small.
I guess because the asterisms we're most familiar with were
drawn by connecting the brightest, easiest-to-see stars as seen from Earth.
A comet's nucleus is composed of
dust, dry ice, and water ice
The spectrum of an oxygen lamp looks different than the spectrum of a sodium lamp because
each atom has a unique set of electron orbits.
What loses energy as the photon leaves.
electrons
Asteroids are
found in high concentration in an asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
From the relationship between gravity and radius and the relationship between mass and gravity, we learned earlier, what is the relationship between gravity, mass, and radius?
g ∝ m/r^2
Compare the frequency and wavelength of a gamma ray with visible light
gamma ray frequency is higher and its wavelength is lower.
as I increased and decreased the semimajor axis (a), I found the curve to
get stretched bigger and smaller along the y-axis which represented distance.
As I increased and decreased the period P, I, and F, I found the curve to
get stretched out and compressed in along the x-axis which represented the period.
How do most craters on moons form?
impact of asteroids
What does IR stand for?
infrared
The Greenhouse effect
is larger on Venus than Earth.
What is Perihelion?
is the name for the point in an orbit where the planet is closest to the sun and the fastest.
If the Earth rotated on its axis more slowly than it does now
its days would be longer
Since the area of a circle is equal to pi times its radius squared, if you double the width of a telescope's circular mirror
its light-gathering power is multiplied by a factor of four.
Mars' moons are
just 0.3% the size of Mars
Craters on Venus are
larger in size and structure than those on Earth, Moon, and Mars.
Compared to blue light, red light has
longer wavelength, smaller frequency, and smaller energy.
Therefore, blue light has ___ energy than red light?
more
Constellations close to the North pole of Earth...
move in a circle around the North star, Polaris, over the course of a single night.
Dark lines in the absorption spectrum represent
particular energies of light coming in from a distant object that are absorbed by material in between.
Well, the Moon has a surface covered with
powdery dust and rocky debris
Volcanoes on Venus
produce very large lava flows that cover at least 85% of the planet's surface
The energy and frequency increase, while the wavelengths decrease, as you move from
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays.
Because of the temperatures in the protoplanetary disk
rocks and metals froze in both the inner and outer regions, and ices and H and He gases froze only in the outer region.
The material of a meteorite is
roughly as old as the Solar System
Blue light has a ___ wavelength than red light?
shorter
The four hydrogen absorption lines at energies of 3.02, 2.86, 2.55, and 1.89eV correspond to specific wavelengths. A higher energy difference corresponds to a
shorter/smaller wavelength and bluer color
The Earth radius is about 6400 km. If you were in orbit in the Space Station 150 km above the ground, the force of gravity you feel from Earth would be...
slightly weaker than when you are standing on Earth
Asteroids are
solid, rocky, or metallic, and they can have craters.
We don't see a solar eclipse from Earth every single month. Oh, I see, the reason is that
the Moon's orbit around Earth is actually tipped about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun so the Moon isn't always in the right plane for an eclipse to occur.
It looks like the lines associated with hydrogen -- like the red one, and those blue and purple ones -- and the lines for helium -- some green or blue -- are some of the most prominent of the absorption lines out of all of them. I wonder if that means
the Sun has a lot of hydrogen and helium
What is Aphelion?
the farthest away from the sun and the slowest.
Uranus
the magnetic field is tilted about 60 degrees from the rotation axis. It's not even centered on the middle of the planet, either!
As the solar nebula collapsed, it became a disk because
the overall rotation of the nebula plus collisions between particles made the particles go in more or less the same direction
Both the Moon and the Sun rise and set for the same reason. It is because of
the rotation of the Earth.
The planets in our Solar System are thought to have come from
the same cloud of gas and dust in which the Sun formed.
Spectroscopy is
the science of looking at the light or of looking at the spectra from things such as rainbows.
Near the polar regions, there's no sun at the same parts of the year. That might mean
the seasons on Uranus are extreme.
The planet Jupiter emits radio waves, and also visible light (which is reflected Sunlight). On Earth, or on Mars, we should then observe
the visible light and the radio waves arrive simultaneously.
The densities of the four Terrestrial planets are similar to each other. This means
they are made of similar substances.
What does UV stand for?
ultraviolet
A photon's ___ can be measured to determine its energy.
wavelength
Carbon dioxide is the gas
we exhale and if we would breathe too much in again at a high concentration it would be very dangerous.
The Moon formed from debris broken off of the Earth. But they are thinking that two separate moons formed and one got stuck in that "gravity trap"/Lagrange point and then eventually crashed into the Moon. And that explained
why the Moon is not symmetric, and why the far side is so different from the near side.
How would you describe Neptune's magnetic field?
It's much stronger than Earth's and It's much like Uranus' (B and C).
Consider a planet whose rotation axis is NOT tilted with respect to its orbital plane. What are the seasons like on this planet?
There are no seasons.
Could there be a place where it would never be a day on Mercury?
There could be a crater that is always in shadow since there is water ice that survives.
How did the seas form?
They are craters filled with lava 1-4 billion years ago.
How are the moons of Uranus named?
They are named after characters in Shakespeare's plays
What is the largest moon of Jupiter?
Ganymede
Is Saturn is terrestrial or gas giant?
Gas giant
Look at the table. Is Neptune's density closer to a terrestrial planet or a gas giant?
Gas giant
Two planets have the same radius. If Planet A is 5 times more massive than Planet B, how does gravity differ on the surfaces of the two planets?
Gravity is 5 times stronger on Planet A
What was that formula for gravity again?
Gravity is proportional to mass over radius squared.
Venus's atmosphere has a lot of carbon dioxide, which is a
Greenhouse gas
How does the greenhouse effect work?
Greenhouse gases absorb thermal radiation that is emitted by the surface.
How high are you jumping at twice Earth's mass compared to Earth's mass?
Half as high.
If the frequency of radiation is twice as large than its wavelength is
Half as large
A planet in a nearly circular orbit with its rotation axis tilted by 5 degrees relative to its orbital plane around its star would ...
Have seasons that are not very different from each other as compared to Earth's
In what direction does the energy levels move when a photon is emitted by an electron?
Higher to lower
What are the light areas called?
Highlands
What is Jupiter primarily composed of?
Hydrogen and helium
Planets move faster when closer to the sun.
:)
Pluto is mostly made of ice! That's just one of the reasons that it doesn't fit the trend set by other planets.
:)
That would make Neptune's moon Triton, Saturn's Enceladus, Jupiter's Io, and the Terrestrial planets the only bodies in the solar system that exhibit volcanism!
:)
The New Moon is in the sky during the day, but it cannot be seen because it appears so close to the sun on the sky.
:)
The moon has only about 16% of the gravity of Earth.
:)
The planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
:)
The southern hemisphere has opposite seasons than the northern hemisphere because of Earth's tilt.
:)
Uranus doesn't really have a surface. Uranus is so far away from the Sun, it's basically cold all the time.
:)
Waxing refers to the fact that the moon will be MORE illuminated in the coming days and is advancing toward the full moon. The phase prior to the New Moon phase is also a crescent. Waning refers to the fact that the moon will be LESS illuminated in the coming days and is advancing toward the new moon. The waxing crescent phase rises at 9 a.m.
:)
there aren't really any seasons on Venus; the temperature is 'mild' all the time.
:)
Is the density of the moon less or more than Earth?
A bit less
Based on the information in this image, which kind of telescope makes the most sense to build?
A combination x-ray and gamma-ray telescope in space.
What is a dwarf planet?
A dwarf planet is any object orbiting the Sun that is large enough to be round but not one of the 8 planets.
It says the whole planet and its rings are tipped over on its side, almost at a right angle. That would explain why the rings go up-and-down like that. What could have caused something like that?
A large collision early in its formation could have tipped it over
How did Kepler himself originally state his second law?
A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
if Jupiter was the size of a basketball, Earth would be the size of
A marble
What is a meteorite?
A meteor that passes through the Earth's atmosphere and survives to hit the Earth
Where do rainbows come from?
A rainbow is the result of white light being split into its component parts of the visible light spectrum through mist droplets.
The inclination [of Phobos] is
About 1 degree
How long is Jupiter's year (in terms of Earth years)
About 12 years
When is the waning gibbous moon highest in the sky?
About 3 am
Saturn is about 10 times as far from the Sun as Earth is (a = 10 AU, roughly). About how many times does the Earth orbit the Sun in the time it takes Saturn to orbit just once?
About 30
How long did the Great Spot last?
About 300 years
The orbital year [of Phobos] is
About 8 hours
How does that compare to Mercury?
About the same, rocky/metallic.
What is the size of the head of a comet and what is it made of?
About the size of a city and is made of frozen gases, rock and dust
A star is a hot, dense gas surrounded by a cooler, low density atmosphere. What type of spectrum will a star create?
Absorption spectrum
According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, if the next force acting on the object increases while the mass of the object remains constant, what happens to the acceleration?
Acceleration increases
It seems Jupiter is about three times as massive as Saturn, but only slightly larger. I wonder why?
Adding mass increases gravity and compresses gasses.
In the diagram above, which planets have temperatures lower than -200 degrees Fahrenheit? (chart with 7 planets)
All the Jovian planets
Which of the following is true?
An absorption spectrum appears as continuous spectrum interrupted by a series dark lines
Something in between Mars and Jupiter that's smaller than a planet. It must be
An asteroid
An emission line is produced when:
An electron passes from a higher to a lower energy level
Which best describes the orbit of the Earth around the Sun?
An ellipse that is close to being circular.
Sort of like Europa, Ganymede also has
An icy crust
We saw that Kepler's 3rd law states that P^2/a^3 = constant. What does P represent in this equation?
An orbital period, in this case how long it takes for a satellite to orbit Jupiter.
Stars that are in the same constellation ...
Are likely to be at very different distances from us
Why don't we see the constellation Orion at night all throughout the year?
As the Earth orbits the Sun, its nighttime side points to different constellations at different points along its orbit.
Meteors are
Asteroids or comet debris that pass into Earth's atmosphere and burn up
When is the best time for you to be able to see the constellation that is your sign of the zodiac?
At midnight, six months after your birthday
Wow, the temperature on Mercury does range from -290F to 800F. So why did they say Mercury has such extreme temperatures?
Because it has no atmosphere to retain the heat, the daytime temperature is very hot and the nighttime temperature is very cold.
Why do the planets orbit the Sun in close to the same plane?
Because they all formed in a disk around the early Sun and there was little material outside of that disk.
Is light a particle or a wave?
Both
Which of the following objects have a dark/black sky, even in the daytime?
Both the moon and Mercury
And, on the opposite site of the orbit, when the northern hemisphere is tilted the farthest AWAY from the sun, the average daily temperature is marked as ____, suggesting that the northern hemisphere is experiencing ___.
Cold, winter
What causes those craters?
Collisions with chunks of debris like meteorites and comets.
Where on the Venn diagram, above, does the clue "Tail always points away from the Sun" belong?
Comets
Which of the following is a truthful description of the physical appearance of a comet?
Comets develop a tail only when they get closer to the Sun in their orbit.
So there's this Kuiper Belt and an Oort Cloud. What are other differences?
Comets from the Kuiper Belt tend to orbit in the same plane as the same planets in the solar system.
So there's this Kuiper Belt and an Oort Cloud. Both have comets. What's the difference?
Comets from the Oort Cloud have longer periods.
What causes the black lines in absorption spectra?
Cooler material between the light-emitting object and the observer.
The Sun is eclipsed when the Moon is New. That is the only way that it could block the Sun's light. Is it daytime or nighttime when this occurs?
Day
The faintness of an object that a telescope can observe is mostly determined by the ...
Diameter of the opening of the telescope
Which of the following did not contribute to Venus's runaway greenhouse effect?
Due to its slow rotation, its magnetic field failed to prevent heating of the atmosphere by the solar wind.
From up close it looks a lot like ___ ___ but with the naked eye it looks like a star.
Earth's moon
A meteor shower can occur when
Earth's orbit crosses a trail of debris left behind from a comet
Do you see which way the stars are moving, as this movie plays?
East to West
What is the photon emitted by
Electron
What is Saturn made out of? Similar to what planet?
Hydrogen and helium. Jupiter.
In the diagram above, what is happening in the box in the center? (purple/pinkish color in box)
Hydrogen gas is absorbing photons at specific wavelengths
All of Saturn's moons are so different. Which one has one bright side and one dark side?
Iaeptus
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
If frequency increases, the wavelength decreases.
In the above diagram, how should the parameters of the white curve be changed in order that it matches the observed distance versus time graph of Callisto?
Increase P and shift the curve
In what region of the electromagnetic spectrum would a human being produce the most radiation?
Infrared
Which types of radiation have the lowest energy?
Infrared and radio
Of the four Galilean moons, what one is closest to Jupiter?
Io
What chemical compound that permeates the surface of Mars gives the Martian soil its distinctive color?
Iron oxide
A mountain top is a good location for optical telescopes because the site ...
Is above much of the atmosphere
Jupiter doesn't have a large metal core like Earth. How can it have a magnetic field?
It has a metallic hydrogen inside, which circulates and makes a magnetic field.
Why is Uranus blue?
It has methane in its atmosphere, which absorbs red light and makes the planet appear blue-green.
what distinguishes a dwarf planet like Pluto from a regular planet?
It has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
Which is true about Halley's comet?
It is a short period comet that was seen in 2061.
What happened to the electron when the photon was emitted?
It jumps from a higher level to a lower level.
Uranus is tilted 86 degrees. It's like that planet's knocked over sideways! The sunlight angle goes from straight up and down to no Sun at all at some part of the year.
It looks like the seasons are really extreme there, from "hot" to "cold."
Which of the following is NOT required in order to classify a Solar System object as a planet (instead of a dwarf planet)?
It must be larger than all of the moons in the Solar Systems
Do you see which way the North Celestial Pole (the point at the tip of the arrow just above 'N') is moving, as this movie plays?
It remains in place
A particular Zodiac constellation is high in the sky at midnight in April. Where will it be in October?
It should peak at X-ray wavelengths
The electrons in a cloud of hydrogen gas are making the transition from high energy states to the lowest state. What does the spectrum of this cloud of hydrogen gas look like?
It will consist of a few bright emission lines at specific wavelengths.
Here we see a photon with an energy that does not match any of the energies for our electron. What will happen?
It won't be absorbed and it will show up as light on the spectrum.
If the Earth were moved to half its current distance from the Sun, how would the force of gravity by the Sun on the Earth change?
It would become four times stronger.
What would happen to Earth if the Sun's gravity somehow 'turned off' instantaneously?
It would continue to move in a line in the same direction it was moving when the gravity turned off.
What do you suppose happens if we were to make a plot of planet temperature vs. distance from the sun?
It's complicated -- there's not going to be a tidy relationship between temperature and distance.
What do you think Jupiter is like below the top cloud layers?
It's gaseous on the outside, then liquid hydrogen, then more dense metallic hydrogen, possibly surrounding a solid core
What makes a transition from a lower energy state to a higher energy state when a photon is absorbed into an atom?
Electron
Which one of Saturns moon has ice volcanoes?
Enceladus
___ is the moon of Jupiter is believed to have a liquid ocean beneath a layer of ice.
Europa
That means Phobos eclipses
Every orbit
Change the mass to 0.75 M. How much higher are you jumping?
Four times as high
Let's keep the mass at Earth's mass but change the radius to twice the radius of Earth. How high do you jump?
Four times as high
With the same mass but a radius twice that of Earth, we are jumping...
Four times as high
In terms of energy level, how does it move?
From a lower to higher energy level
Approximately two weeks after a Solar Eclipse, what phase will the Moon be in?
Full
What phase is the Moon in during a lunar eclipse?
Full
We find that the orbital period of Mercury is
0.24 years
Experiment using Mars' and Earth's gravity to see what effect they have on gravity. What is its surface gravity compared to Earth? (Mars has about 1/10 the mass and 1/2 the radius of Earth.)
0.4 times as Earth
Saturn has about 100 times the mass of Earth and 10 times the radius. What is the surface gravity of Saturn compared to Earth?
1
Why do we use telescopes? (Four Reasons)
1. They enlarge apparently small objects so we can see them better. 2. They concentrate light from a larger area than a human eye does. 3. They can see in wavelengths outside the human visible range. 4. They can observe objects continuously for longer than humans can.
Which of these following statements can be said about Venus? (two things)
1. Venus has a very slow speed of rotation. 2. Venus is closer to the Sun than the Earth is.
How long is Jupiter's day?
10 hours
A planet is in orbit around the Sun. The semimajor axis of the orbit is 5 Astronomical Units (AU). Use P 2 = a 3 to calculate the period of the orbit, in years.
11.2 years
OK, so p squared equals a cubed. It looks like a is about 5.2 (astronomical units), so that means a cubed is
140.6
How long would one need to observe a star on a 10 meter telescope to collect the same amount of light as one collects in one hour on a 5 meter telescope?
15 Minutes
The Moon has about 1/100 the mass of Earth and about 1/4 the radius. What is the surface gravity of the Moon compared to earth?
16/100
Now how long is a day on Mercury?
176 times as long as a day on Earth.
There are a total of 88 constellations. Roughly how many of these can be seen at any given time from a single location on a clear night?
44
How long ago did the sun and the solar system form?
4500 million years = 4.5 billion years ago.
What is the density of Venus?
5.2 g/cc
Notice that the moon in the panel at the upper right is half illuminated. Now, how much of the TOTAL surface of the Moon is illuminated in this phase?
50%
Now, how much of the TOTAL surface of the moon is illuminated in the Full Moon phase?
50%
Looking at where those two wave crests line up on the ruler, the wavelength exhibited by the string's motion is approximately ___ centimeters.
65
How many Earth years does it take Uranus to orbit the Sun?
84
42 years at a time, Uranus is dark all the time
:)
A solar eclipse occurs when the sun is eclipsed/blocked by the moon as seen from our vantage point.
:)
As the mass of the planet increases, the jump height decreases by the same factor at the mass.
:)
As the radius of the planet increases, the jump height increases as the square of the radius.
:)
Despite being over 300 times as massive as Earth, Jupiter has only three times the surface gravity.
:)
Either wavelength or frequency can be used to determine a photon's energy
:)
Gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the radius.
:)
I guess Pluto really isn't special after all. It's a little on the big side for one of these "trans-Neptunian" objects that one article mentioned, but it's a pretty ordinary icy ball of rock otherwise. It's just one of many others out there in this Kuiper Belt.
:)
Increasing mass, decreases the jump height. The mass of a planet and the jump height are inversely related.
:)
Infrared light is "cooler" than visible light, but ultraviolet is "warmer" than visible light.
:)
Oh, I see. Pluto's orbit takes it to Neptune's orbit, and out into the Kuiper belt. It's too small to clear its orbit around the Sun, like ordinary planets. It's more of a large chunk of space debris than a real planet.
:)
Star A is 4000 K, and Star B is 8000 K. Which of the following is true?
The color of Star A is redder than Star B
Which of the following is the largest distance?
The distance from Jupiter to Saturn
Why do the orbits of the planets all lie in nearly the same plane?
The early solar nebula flattened into a disk
Which of the following is FALSE?
The energy of a photon increases in proportion to the wavelength of the radiation.
What did Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation tell us about how gravity works?
The force of gravity from the Sun will be stronger on an object with more mass
Our sensors indicate there's a slight atmosphere on Triton. How can that be?
The gas comes from Triton's ice volcanoes.
The scanner indicates that the heart-shaped area is much smoother than most of the other, cratered areas on Pluto's surface. What does that mean about the age of the heart region?
The heart-shaped region is younger
If a telescope in space is only 1/4 the diameter of a telescope on Earth, which of the following is true?
The larger telescope can observe objects fainter than the space telescope.
A new planet orbits its star faster than the Earth orbits the Sun and it rotates more slowly than the Earth rotates. Which of the following is true?
The new planet has a shorter year than Earth and a longer day than Earth.
If I apply the exact same amount of force to a peddle and a bolder, what will happen?
The peddle will move faster.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The planet Saturn has more than 30 moons
Can you probe those rings? What are they made of? What does the encyclopedia say?
The rings are made of billions of icy particles that range in size from tiny grains to mountains.
What was Kepler's Third Law?
The square of the time period for an orbit of a planet is proportional to its average distance from the Sun (in other words P^2 is proportional to a^3).
