Astronomy Module 13, Astronomy, Exam 3
Protoplanetary Disk
The interstellar nebula flattened into a disk is called a/an: a. asteroidal disk. c. proplyds. b. protostars. d. protoplanetary disk.
99%
The jets of energy emitted by Blazars are traveling at what percent of the speed of light?
c. 1.4Msun
The largest a White Dwarf can be, according to the Chandrasekhar Limit, is: a. 9.4MSun b. 4.1MSun c. 1.4MSun d. Eight times the mass of a variable star
a. Henry Norris Russell
Was initially concerned about the conclusion that the Sun is primarily composed of hydrogen. a. Henry Norris Russell b. Hipparchus c. Edward Pickering d. Norman Pogson
Earth
Water Planet • Big moon - double planet! • Life everywhere
False
We can know what happens inside a black hole because we can get data out. True False
3rd
We can measure a White Dwarf's mass by the binary star relationship Kepler's 1st/2nd/3rd Law! [pick one]
100,000
When a Nova occurs: a Star can brighten _______ times! a. 10 b. 1000 c. 10,000 d. 100,000
c, d
When a Protostar's core temperature reaches 10,000,000 K (pick 2): a. It becomes a Neutron Star b. It becomes a Supernova c. Fusion begins d. Proton-proton cycle
Solar Wind
_________ ________ streams off of the Sun's Corona in all directions at speeds of about 1 million miles/hour).
nuclear fusion
a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
Hypothesis
a prediction that is formulated based on prior knowledge and by considering how to test a problem; a hypothesis proposes a possible answer, or answers, to a problem
If a planet orbits at 4 AU from the Sun, how many years does it take to complete one orbit? REMINDER: LaTeX: x^3\:=x\times x\times xx3=x×x×x and LaTeX: x\:=\:\sqrt{x^2}
8
How many years does it take light to cross the diameter of our Milky Way Galaxy (80,000 light years according to the textbook)?
80,000
Jupiter
9.8 hours Short rotation
3 to 4 billion
A collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies may occur in ________ years If they collide, individual stars within the galaxies would not collide, but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy over the course of about a billion years
True
A star's Color, Photosphere Temperature, and Spectral Type are all synonymous. True False
c. Nuclear Fusion
A star's primary energy source is a. Nuclear Fission b. Burning of Hydrogen and other elements c. Nuclear Fusion d. Hyper-Plasmic Conflagration
Luminosity
A star's total amount of power radiated into space, measured in watts.
Ten
A t least ____ dwarf galaxies orbit the Milky Way.
Fusion Crust
A thin, glassy coating, usually black and rarely more than 1 millimeter thick, which is formed by ablation on the surface of a meteorite.
d. Father Angelo Secchi
3. First categorized spectral types. a. Annie Jump Cannon b. Williamina Fleming c. Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin d. Father Angelo Secchi
Determined Earth's circumference by measuring the Sun's shadow at two points on Earth
Eratosthenes
Some turn over utensils to avoid contamination during an eclipse:
Eskimos
Galileo hypothesized that Saturn had a ring, based on his telescopic observations.
False
H-a and UV are released from the Sun's upper atmosphere and corona.
False
Water Ice
Found in a lunar South Pole crater: a. Carbon dioxide, CO2. b. NASA's Lunar Module. c. Titanium, Ti. d. Water ice.
True
Gravitational Lensing is the magnification or distortion of an image caused by light bending through a gravitational field. Light emitted from a source bends around intermediate mass usually called the deflector or cluster mass distribution. True False
Hydrogen
Life as a Low-Mass Star - Over time, a Low-Mass star consumes all of the _______ in its core.
Hydrogen Helium
Life as a Low-Mass Star Low-Mass Stars: - Fuse _______ into _______ (Proton-proton cycle)
True
Life as a Low-Mass Star Low-Mass Stars: - Fuse hydrogen into helium Proton-proton cycle - Large Convection Zone In very low-mass stars the Convection Zone goes all the way to the star's core! - Over time, a low-mass star consumes all of the hydrogen in its core - what happens now? True False
Core
Life as a Low-Mass Star Low-Mass Stars: - Have very large Convection Zones. In very low-mass stars, the Convection Zone goes all the way to the star's _____.
The distance light travels in one year:
Light year
the sky we see from where we stand
Local Sky
...Transit
Looking for a reduction in light due to a planet crossing in front of its star as seen by Earth or the Kepler Space telescope is called a/an: a. Astrometric change. c. Red Shift. b. Gravitational Lensing. d. Transit.
Extremophiles
Organisms which flourish in extreme Earth conditions that would be harmful to most life: a. CHZs. c. Extremophiles. b. Exophiles. d. Volcanoorganisms.
230 million
Our Sun and Solar System orbit around the Milky Way once every __________ years.
True
Our Sun is so close, relative to the other stars and celestial objects, that itappears to be very bright, with an apparent magnitude -26.74 Mv. Yet, move the Sun to thehypothetical distance of 10 pc, and the Sun becomes a relatively-faint 4.83 M absolute magnitude object. True False
Galileo
Self-Check Quiz First to use the refracting telescope astronomically: (a) Brahe. (b) Galileo. (c) Lipperhey. (d) Newton
c. Edwin Hubble
Self-Check Quiz His research and observations determined "nebula" like Andromeda were indeed actually galaxies: a. Heber Curtis b. William Herschel c. Edwin Hubble d. Harlow Shapley
c. Both a and b
Self-Check Quiz If we were too close to the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, we would find: a. Daytime all of the time due to the number of stars. b. Possibly deadly radiation from Sagittarius A*. c. Both a. and b. d. Neither a. nor b.
Military
Self-Check Quiz Lipperhey thought the best use of the telescope was: (a) astronomy. (b) watching gladiator fights. (c) bird watching. (d) military.
1 c 2 e 3 d 4 b 5 a
Self-Check Quiz Match the telescope with the description: 1. Uses a lens or lenses as the telescope's objective 2. Attuned to specific regions of the spectrum 3. Attuned to the radio end of the spectrum 4. Uses a concave mirror as the telescope's objective 5. Uses a combination of Refractor and Reflector characteristics a) Catadioptric b) Reflector c) Refractor d) Radio e) Specific Wavelength-Sensitive
...1a 2c 3b
Self-Check Quiz Match the type of telescope mount with the description: 1. Move in two directions: left to right, or up and down 2. Tracks the apparent motion of the stars by aligning one of its axes parallel to Earth's axis 3. Enables the telescope to find objects in the sky using a microprocessor, encoders and motors a) Alt-azimuth mount b) Go-To mount c) Equatorial mounts Discussion Question Based on the types of telescopes, characteristics, and telescope mounts, what type of telescope would you select and why?
b. EBS
Self-Check Quiz Observers on Earth see eclipses occur as one star orbits the more-massive central star: a. Cepheid b. EBS c. Intrinsic Double d. Optical Double
b. where the galaxy's mass is located
Self-Check Quiz Observing the Milky Way Galaxy's rotation helps astronomers determine: a. the galaxy's diameter and optical clarity b. where the galaxy's mass is located c. the size of the galaxy d. the type of spiral galaxy
a. Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Self-Check Quiz Proposed that the Milky Way was a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars: a. Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī b. Tycho Brahe c. Galileo Galilei d. Hipparchus
Reflector 1 3 Refractor 2
Self-Check Quiz Select the best qualities of the Reflector and the Refractor from the following list: a) Reflector b) Refractor 1. Great color 2. Can be built large 3. Very sharp focus 4. Inexpensive, relatively speaking
d. Harlow Shapley
Self-Check Quiz Used globular clusters to show where we "live" in our Galaxy: a. Heber Curtis b. William Herschel c. Edwin Hubble d. Harlow Shapley
b. Main Sequence
Self-Check Quiz Usually smaller stars, often dwarf stars: a. Giants b. Main Sequence c. Supergiants d. White Dwarfs
d. White Dwarfs
Self-Check Quiz Very hot stars which are small in size and relatively dim: a. Giants b. Main Sequence c. Supergiants d. White Dwarfs
Which of the following is NOT in the composition of comets? Carbon dioxide (CO2) Organic material Silicates Talcum powder Water ices
Talcum powder
The measure of the speed at which the object's particles move
Temperature
Electrons move between discrete energy levels, or escape the atom (creating an ion) if given enough energy. what is this?
how electrons in an atom change energy
1. The orbit of each planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus 2. As a planet orbits the Sun it sweeps out equal areas in equal times. 3. Planets with larger orbits orbit the Sun at slower average speeds than planets with smaller orbits.
keplers laws of planetary motion
5. Galaxy
large island of stars containing a few hundred million to over a trillion stars
define a star
large, glowing ball of gas that is mostly hydrogen. it generates heat and light through nuclear fusion
define a galaxy cluster
larger grouping of galaxies including several dozen up to 100 galaxies held together by gravity
what is it called when the moon passes through earth's shadow?
lunar eclipse
whos model had the planets moving in smaller circles attached to the larger spheres? (these were called epicycles)
ptolemys
what parts of the spectrum can be observed from earth's surface?
radio and visible
spontaneous nuclear reaction
random and bigger then the regular nuclear reaction.
define a comet
relatively small icy object that orbits a star
define an asteroid
relatively small rocky object that orbits a star, non-spherical
when earth passes mars in it's orbit, it begins to change its motion relative to the background stars , this is what causes the
retrograde motion of mars
Earth orbits the Sun
revolution
One object orbiting a second
revolution
Solar System
the Sun and all of the objects that orbit around it, including the Earth, the Moon, other plants and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteors
Tilt
the angle between the Earth's rotational axis and its orbital axis: the Earth has a 23.5 degree tilt which is why the seasons occur
Umbra
the area of total shadow
apparent magnitude
the brightness of a star when viewed from Earth
stellar evolution
the changes in size, luminosity, temperature, and chemical composition that occur as a star ages
Phase
the daily change in the Moon's appearance, as viewed form Earth
define light year
the distance that light travels in a year, not speed
Light-Year
the distance traveled by light in a year; one light-year equals around 9.4605284 x 10^15 meters
how does the Doppler effect affect an emission line spectrum if the emitting object is moving toward you?
the emission lines move to shorter wavelengths
Where would you go on Earth if you wanted to be able to see both the north celestial pole and the south celestial pole at the same time?
the equator
Data
the facts and information during an experiment
Milky Way Galaxy
the galaxy that contains Earth, the Sun, and other celestial objects in the Solar System; a barred spiral galaxy that can be faintly seen int he night sky
Celestial Sphere
the imaginary circle surrounding the Earth around which other objects (the Sun, the Moon, stars, and planets) appear to be moving
Zenith
the imaginary point on the celestial sphere directly above the observer
Nadir
the imaginary point on the celestial sphere directly underneath the observer's feet
stellar energy
the internal energy radiated by a star
Which of the following was not an observation made by Galileo supporting the Sun-centered model of the Solar System?
he measured the parallax of a comet
Spiral
What type of galaxy is the Whirlpool Galaxy?
2. Comet
Relatively small, rocky/metallic object usually orbiting a star
Relates the color of an incandescent object to its temperature
Wien's Law
Giordano Bruno
(1548-1600) was an Italian Dominican Friar, poet, philosopher, astronomer and mathematician. His theories about the Universe were considered extreme for his day, eventually leading to his being burned at the stake. ____ ____ thought the stars were distant suns being orbited by their own planets. He also thought these planets might even harbor life of its own. ____ ____ also believed the Universe was infinite. "There are countless suns and countless earths all rotating around their suns." Friar _____ _____ 1584
Astronomical Unit
(AU) the average distance form the Earth to the Sun, or about 150,000,000 km; astronomers use the astronomical unit to measure the large distances of space
absolute magnitude
(astronomy) the magnitude that a star would have if it were viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs (32.62 light years) from the earth
Gliese 581
.. .Gliese 581 is a red dwarf star with spectral type M3V, about 22 light years away from Earth in the constellation Libra.
Brown Dwarf
...
Orpheus
...
Tres 4
... Dubbed TrES-4, the planet is about 1.7 times the size of Jupiter and belongs to a small subclass of "puffy" planets that have extremely low density
Achondrites
... a stony meteorite that does not contain chondrules. It consists of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks and has been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree due to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies.
Widmannstatten Pattern
... also called Thomson structures, are unique figures of long nickel-iron crystals, found in the octahedrite iron meteorites and some pallasites. They consist of a fine interleaving of kamacite and taenite bands or ribbons called lamellae.
Nebular Theory
...So...how did the Solar System form and end up with all these different types of objects? Currently the best idea is the _______ ________.. This states that the Solar System developed out of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas, called a nebula. This theory best accounts for the objects we currently find in the Solar System and the distribution of these objects. According to the _______ ________, three processes occurred during the nebular collapse: 1. Temperatures continued to increase 2. The solar nebula spun faster and faster 3. The solar nebula disk flattened The orderly motions of the Solar System today are a direct result of the Solar System's beginnings in a spinning, flattened cloud of gas and dust.
Iron, Stone, Stony-Iron
...What are the three categories of meteorites?
Match the astronomer with the contribution: a. Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi b. William Herschel c. Immanuel Kant d. Charles Messier e. Lord Rosse f. Thomas Wright 1. The first to recognize the Large Magellanic Cloud and called it small cloud 2. Hypothesized that the Milky Way galaxy was a flattened disk of stars 3. Coined the term Island Universe to describe 'nebulae' being observed at the time 4. Completed a catalog listing a number of bright nebulae 5. Used the phrase spiral nebula for a number of the objects, such as the Andromeda nebula 6. Differentiated between elliptical and spiral nebulae
1. Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi 2. F. Thomas Wright 3. C. Immanuel Kant 4. D. Charles Messier 5. B. William Herschel 6. E. Lord Rosse
Match the galaxy characteristic with the galaxy type. You may use each letter more than once. a. Active galaxies b. Blazars c. Elliptical galaxies d. Irregular galaxies e. Quasars f. Radio galaxies g. Seyfert galaxies h. Spiral galaxies 1. Emit large amounts of radio electromagnetic radiation 2. Look neither Elliptical nor Spiral and have no true shape or form 3. Look like stars yet are the most luminous, powerful, and energetic objects known in the Universe 4. Often satellite galaxies of larger spirals or ellipticals 5. Most, if not all, have a supermassive black hole at their centers 6. Appear to be the oldest class of galaxies 7. Look like Spirals but produce extreme energy output 8. Classified as very-compact Quasars 9. Usually small in size when compared to other galactic types 10. Extreme amounts of dust when compared to other galactic types 11. Shapes go from round - soccer-ball like - to extreme elongated - football-like 12. Exhibit very focused jets of energy which are traveling at 99%c 13. Have very little dust and gas 14. Not the dominant type of galaxy found in the Universe 15. Appear like flattened disks with a central bulge; usually with arms 16. Galaxies with extreme energy output 17. If one is in the energy jet path, it will appear very bright 18. Extreme radio sources, emitting the energy of an entire galaxy or more 19. Found at the "edge" of the observable Universe
1. F. Radio 2. D. Irregular 3. E. Quasars 4. D. Irregular 5. H. Spiral 6. C. Elliptical 7. G. Seyfert 8. B. Blazars 9. D. Irregular 10. H. Spiral 11. C. Elliptical 12. B. Blazars 13. C. Elliptical 14. C. Elliptical 15. H. Spiral 16. A. Active 17. B. Blazars 18. E. Quasar 19. E. Quasar
1 a 2 deh 3 bcdfgij 4 bfj
1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars a. Looks like the Moon b. Polar Caps c. Strong magnetic field d. Active volcanoes e. Most volcanoes in the Solar System f. Satellites g. Sometimes called a double planet system h. Sulfuric acid in the atmosphere i. Confirmed life j. Dunes k. Dynamic tectonic activity
what is the astronomical unit
1.5x10^8 km, 1.5x10^11m
what is a light year
10 trillion kilometers, 10^13km, 10^16m
Saturn
10.6 hours Short rotation
Jupiter
11.86 years Long revolution
about how many days must elapse between first-quarter moon and third-quarter moon?
14
If you double the temperature of a blackbody, by what factor will the total energy radiate per second per square meter increase?
16
Uranus
1st planet discovered with a telescope, Ice Giant, Very small rocky core, Little atmospheric activity, Looks like a billiard ball, Aurora, Neptune's twin
Neptune
1st planet, predicted position mathematically, Ice Giant, Very small rocky core, Great Dark Spot, Scooters, Aurora, Uranus' twin
a molecule is
2 or more atoms linked together
Saturn
29.46 years Long revolution
c. Its density
A Black Hole's disk rotation speed allows us to calculate what? a. Mass b. Its speed of rotation c. Its density d. Luminosity
10
A Neutron Star created by the collapse of the iron core in a massive star supernova is roughly _____ miles in diameter
d. A type of Neutron star
A Pulsar (rapidly rotating radio source) is: a. A type of Galaxy b. A type of Binary star c. A type of Pulsatar d. A type of Neutron star
True
A Star is Born when the Protostar's core temperature reaches 10,000,000 K. True False
True
A Supernova is usually a one-time event. True False
True
A Supernova: The ultimate cosmic fireworks... - Immense pressure at the Iron-laden core - Core mass equal to our entire Sun! - The core collapses in an instant; simply cannot withstand the immense pressure and gravitational attraction (a core the size of Earth collapses into a ball, and a sphere of Neutrons remains) - Heavier elements are produced - Enormous amounts of energy released True False
Coronal Mass Ejection
A ________ ______ ________ or CME occurs when huge gas bubbles threaded with magnetic field lines that are ejected from the Sun over several hours. If a CME directly hits Earth, the results can be catastrophic; from disruption of orbiting satellites to destroying electrical power stations on Earth. It takes 3 to 72 hours for a CME to strike Earth.
b. Frauenhofer lines.
A continuum with thousands of dark absorption lines superposed: a. H-. b. Frauenhofer lines. c. Helium D3 line d. 5895.9Å..
True
A couple of good mnemonics to help remember the Spectral Types in order are: 1. Oh Be A Fine Girl/Guy, Kiss Me 2. Oh Boy, An F Grade Kills Me True False
Sunspot Cycle
A cycle, averaging in duration of slightly more than 11 years, in which sunspot frequencies varies from a maximum to a minimum and back to a maximum again.
star system
A group of two or more stars held together by gravity
True
A leading galaxy-formation scenario holds that the Milky Way and other galaxies began small and grew bit by bit for the most part, gravitationally acquiring intergalactic gas and dust and merging with galaxies in their immediate neighborhood. True False
Eyepiece
A lens or series of lenses which focuses the light from the telescope's primary objective for the eye is called _________.
String Theory
A model of physics which interprets all particles and forces in terms of specific vibration modes of submicroscopic particle strings (originated in the late 1960's) ______ ______
True
A new study (2010) suggests that several large and seemingly disparate chunks of the galaxy form at the same time from the collapse of a single blob of gas and dust. True False
Those objects other than Solar System and stellar system objects and individual stars, including objects such as star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies: a. Deep sky objects. b. Extrasolar planets. c. Pulsars. d. Supernovae.
A, Deep sea objects
A compact region located at a galaxy's center which has a significantly-higher luminosity from one to several ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum a. Active galactic nuclei. b. Black hole. c. Neutron center. d. Singularity.
A. Active galactic nuclei
Supermassive black holes at a galaxy's center are hypothesized to be the principal driver of: a. Active galactic nuclei. b. Neutron centers. c. Photon stars. d. Singularities.
A. Active galactic nuclei
What type of galaxy formed first? a. Elliptical galaxies b. Irregular galaxies c. Spiral galaxies d. Both b. and c.
A. Elliptical galaxies
Massive Objects can act to magnify or distort images caused by light bending: a. Gravitational Lenses. b. Gravitational Strings. c. Quasar warping. d. WIMPs.
A. Gravitational Lenses
Hubble's Law is a relationship between velocities and distances, and is related to expansion through the: a. Hubble Constant. b. Parallax and parsec relationship. c. Space-time constant. d. Stellar densities.
A. Hubble Constant
Peculiar
ARP 295 is an example of what kind of galaxy? (not one of the traditional types)
Produces a spectrum with dark lines:
Absorption
c. Galactic Cepheid Parallax
Accuracy is the issue; Which of these is NOT how we determine distances in the Universe? a. Parallax b.Cepheid Variables c. Galactic Cepheid Parallax d. Radar
Proxima Centauri
After the Sun, what is the next closest star?
False
All galaxies are roughly the same age. True False
13. Universe
All matter and energy also called the cosmos
If you were at the equator, how many constellations would you be able to see?
All of them
Compound Telescopes
Also Called Catadioptric Telescopes
Catadioptric Telescopes
Also Called Compound Telescopes
True
Although Astronomers use terms you probably have heard associated with Biology: - Stars being born or stellar birth - Stellar nursery - Stellar life - Stars growing old - Star death - Stellar evolution ... Stars are not alive! These are simply terms of convenience. True False
"peculiar"
Although not an actual "classification," there are some ______ galaxies in the cosmos. Centaurus A and ARP 295 are examples.
c. Disruptions in the Event Horizon
Although we cannot see black holes directly, how do we know they are there? Pick the one that is NOT correct: a. Warped star fields b. Close binaries with gas flowing into ... nothing c. Disruptions in the Event Horizon d. Extreme Doppler shifts of a star e. gravitational lensing).
True
An example of a High Mass Star is Betelgeuse; a Super-giant that is 500 times the size of our Sun! True False
satellite communication
An example of a significant benefit of space exploration
Saturn
An intricate system of rings: Spokes Twisted F ring Giant outer ring
Hexahedrites
An iron meteorite composed of single (six-sided) crystals or aggregates of kamacite, usually containing 4-6% nickel in the metal phase.
Ataxites
An iron meteorite that lacks the structure of either hexahedrite or octahedrite and contains more than 10% nickel.(petrology)
Protostar
An object in which no nuclear fusion has occurred, unlike a star that is undergoing nuclear fusion. A _______ becomes a star when nuclear fusion begins. Most likely the next step was that the nebula flattened into a disk called the Protoplanetary Disk; planets eventually formed from and in this disk.
Protostar
An object in which no nuclear fusion has occurred: a. Blue Dwarf-like star. c. Population I star. b. Protostar. d. Nebular Star.
the angle the object appears to span or distance between objects
Angular Sizes
Regmaglypts
Any of various small, well-defined, characteristic indentations or pits on the surface of meteorites, frequently resembling the imprints of fingertips in soft clay. Also known as pezograph; piezoglypt.
Intermediate
Any star larger that that defined by the Chandrasekhar Limit is an _______ Mass Star and has a different ending
None of the known potentially-hazardous asteroids are on a collision course with Earth, with one possible exception:
Aphophis
The Moon's closest orbital approach to Earth is call:
Apogee
d. Radar
As with measuring distances from object to object here on Earth, ______ works well for many Solar System objects, but not beyond. a. Sonar b. So-lar c. Light Year d. Radar
6. Minor Bodies
Asteroids, comets, and miscellaneous small/irregular objects and "dust
This study of how stars work is called:
Astrophysics
True
At the end of a High Mass star's life: iron composes the star's core (No nuclear fusion possible out of iron), and pressure continues to build until it becomes a Supernova. True False
Jupiter
Atmosphere: Hydrogen, H2 Helium, He Methane, CH4 Ammonia, NH3 Water, H2O
Saturn
Atmosphere: Hydrogen, H2 Helium, He Methane, CH4 Ammonia, NH3 Water, H2O
1000 AD
Atmospheric Refraction was first explained in _______.
Galactos
Because the Milky Way looked like milk being poured across the sky, early astronomers used the Greek word, ________ to describe it (the Greek word for milk).
Matter we believe to exist from its observed gravitational effects: a. Black holes. b. Dark matter. c. Gravitational lenses. d. Pulsating neutrino particles.
B. Dark matter
Gravitational lensing was predicted by: a. Big Bang Theory. b. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. c. String Theory. d. Zwicky's Air Turbulence Theory.
B. Einstein's General Tehory of Realtivity.
Shows Dark Matter exists: a. Effects of black holes. b. Galaxy mass physics. c. Milky Way's arms photographs. d. QSO's Spectroscopy.
B. Galaxy mass physics
Which of the following did Hubble NOT do? a. Demonstrated that some of nebulae were actually galaxies far beyond our Milky Way galaxy b. Observe colors in distant galaxies as well as dusty arms in elliptical galaxies c. The more distant a galaxy, the greater the red shift d. Classify galaxies based on what he observed
B. Observe colors in distant galaxies as well as dusty arms in elliptical galaxies
Combined the practice of astrology and astronomy
Babylonians
Who divided the 24-hour day into 60 minutes per hour and 60 seconds per minute?
Babylonians
Significant
Basic star characteristics assist in detailing specifics about a star; not all stars are the same and these variations in characteristics can be __________. a. Frustrating b. Stellar c. Significant d. Tough to swallow
Interface Layer
Believed to be where the Sun's magnetic field is generated; lies between the Radioactive and Convective Zones
Ganymede
Biggest moon in the Solar System, tectonic twists
True
Binary Neutron Stars: two neutron stars orbiting each other True False
True
Black Holes - Catastrophic collapse continues - Do not allow matter or even light to escape a certain point, called the Event horizon - Event horizon size is the Schwarzchild radius - Escape velocity: greater than the speed of light - Black holes eject energy back out when overloaded with stuff flowing in - Black holes eventually crush to a final, infinitely dense and small point called a Singularity - There are questions as to what happens to this Singularity? What happens at the end to the black hole?? True False
True
Black Holes As gas is pulled into a black hole by its strong gravitational force, the gas heats up and radiates back out True False
Active Galactic Nuclei
Both Blazars and Quasars are classified as _____ _____ _____.
Faculae
Bright areas visible on the Photosphere
Prominence
Bright gas clouds ejected from the Sun and shaped by its magnetic field
Eris was discovered by:
Brown
The Sun does not: Answers: Burn Fuse Expand Collapse
Burn
How do we know Dark Matter is there in the first place? a. Mass-to-Light ratio b. Weight a galaxy c. Both a. and b. d. Neither a. or b.
C. Both a. and b.
More difficult to determine for the more-distant galaxies: a. Galactic brightnesses. b. Galactic colors. c. Galactic distances. d. Galactic spin rates.
C. Galactic distances
A massive, gravitationally-bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar medium, and dark matter: a. AGN. b. Dark matter. c. Galaxy. d. Nebula.
C. Galaxy
First published the relationship between distance and velocity, supporting an expanding Universe model: a. Herschel. b. Hubble. c. Lemaître. d. Shapley.
C. Lemaître.
Stars and thus galaxies formed out of: a. AGN groups. b. Ether. c. Protogalactic clouds. d. Supercluster.
C. Protogalactic clouds
Will occur if there is no Dark Matter or not enough Dark Matter: a. The Big Bang. b. The Big Chill. c. The Big Crunch. d. The Big Merger.
C. The Big Crunch
Astrophotography
CCDs are used in: (a) Astrophotography. (b) Photometry. (c) Spectroscopy. (d) Visual observations.
Venus
Called Earth's twin • Extreme Greenhouse effect • Rains sulfuric acid; H2SO4 • Polar Vortex
d. Yes (but not indefinitely)
Can the Nova process repeat itself? a. Yes (indefinitely) b. No (not ever) c. Depends if Chandrasekhar Limit is reached or not d. Yes (but not indefinitely)
imaginary sphere on which all the objects in the sky appear
Celestial Sphere
Core
Central region where nuclear fusion occurs
The first asteroid discovered, now classified as a dwarf planet:
Ceres
Neutrons released during the fission process can strike other nuclei and cause them to split, called a:
Chain Reaction
Who did NOT historically record observations of passages of Halley's Comet?
Chaldeans
Pluto's large moon is named:
Charon
First to record observations of comets, meteor showers, meteorites, and supernovae
Chines
Made some of the first usually-accurate eclipse prediction
Chinese
Star of Bethlehem
Christian New Testament
b. Williamina Fleming
Classified Pickering's spectra with a system of letters. a. Hipparchus b. Williamina Fleming c. Gaposchkin d. Norman Pogson
Developed a Geocentric Solar System model
Claudius Ptolemy
True
Cold Fusion The challenge with recreating fusion is the very-high temperatures required as well as sustaining the fusion process. True False
4. Galactic Cluster
Collection of galaxies gravitationally bound
Used a total lunar eclipse in 1504 to convince the Jamaican natives to supply him and his crew food
Columbus
True
Companion & Neutron Star Scenario: - Close Binary System - Like a White Dwarf & Companion Binary: (An Accretion Disk can form; Neutron Stars are much hotter & more luminous than the White Dwarf scenario) - Becomes a powerful X-ray source (Called X-ray Binaries; Bursts of energy: called X-ray Bursters) True False
Large Space Telescope
Congress approved funding for this telescope in 1978. The Hubble Space Telescope, HST, as it was renamed to honor astronomer Edwin Hubble, was launched April 24, 1990, after numerous design and construction delays, along with flight delay due to the space shuttle Challenger accident.
The capacity of the Sun which shows rising heat
Convection
Central region of the Sun where nuclear fusion occurs
Core
Sun's outer atmosphere; charged particles and dust at low density and very high temperatures (10 million K)
Corona
Huge gas bubbles threaded with magnetic field lines that are ejected from the Sun over several hours
Coronal Mass Ejection
a million
Cosmic Rays Recently discovered (May 2005): ultra-high energy cosmic ray particles were almost _____ times faster than normal lightning
Brightest Fastest
Cosmic Rays Recently discovered (May 2005): ultra-high energy cosmic ray particles: _________ and _________ radio blasts ever seen on the sky. [pick two] Brightest Faintest Fastest Slowest
16. Universe
Cosmos
High Mass star
Crab Nebula Supernova remnant. Question: Did this star begin life as a High Mass star or a Low Mass star?
100 to 140 kilometers/second
Current observations show that the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at what speed?
Andromeda
Current observations show that the _________ Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at 100 to 140 kilometers/second.
Pluto, Ceres and Eris.
Currently there are three Dwarf Planets: Pluto, Ceres (previously classified as an asteroid), and Eris.
The Milky Way's supermassive black hole is called: a. AGN. b. Sagittarius A*. c. SGR A*. d. Both b. and c.
D. Both b. and c.
Dark Matter in galaxies was first proposed by: a. Albert Einstein. b. Williamina Fleming. c. Edwin Hubble. d. Fritz Zwicky.
D. Fritz Zwicky
A model of physics which interprets all particles and forces in terms of specific vibration modes of submicroscopic particles: a. Big Bang theory. b. Dark matter. c. Gravitational lensing theory. d. String theory.
D. String Theory
The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are members of: a. Andromeda strain. b. Milky Way supercluster. c. The Gamma Quadrant. d. The Local Group.
D. The Local Group
Relationship between a spiral galaxy's luminosity and how fast it rotates: a. Hubble's constant, Ho. b. Hubble's law. c. Pogson's law of rotation relationships. d. Tully-Fisher Relationship.
D. Tully-Fisher Relationship
Hypothetical extraordinary Dark Matter: a. Black holes. b. Gravitational lenses. c. Gravitational strings. d. WIMPs.
D. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, WIMPs.
True
Dark Matter has never actually been seen (no light; no energy); We believe it to exist from its observed gravitational effects. True False
d. Fritz Zwicky.
Dark Matter in galaxies was first proposed in the 1930's by a. Albert Einstein b. Isaac Newton c. Edwin Hubble d. Fritz Zwicky.
Light
Dark matter neither emits nor absorbs ______ , our primary means of observation.
d. Hipparchus
Developed the initial magnitude system a. Williamina Fleming b. Edward Pickering c. Father Angelo Secchi d. Hipparchus
A change in an object's spectrum because the object is moving towards or away from the observer:
Doppler Effect
Open
Double Cluster in Perseus Identify this Star Cluster as Globular or Open?
True
During star formation, a shock wave moves through a giant molecular cloud and causes slight over-densities in the gas - these are "cores." True False
Planets
During star formation, a thin residual dusty disk surrounds the full-fledged star; this material will eventually form ________.
True
During star formation, each slightly dense core attracts more material (a result of gravity) and begins to contract. True False
True
During star formation, jets perpendicular to the disk channel mass and radiation away from the baby star, thus helping to clear out the area. True False
True
During star formation, the core gains more mass, becomes brighter, and spins faster. The surrounding material flattens into a circumstellar disk. True False
True
Dying Gasps of a Low-Mass Star After Helium Fusion begins and the star begins to dim and shrink in size, the cycle reverses; Hydrogen and Helium are fused at a tremendous rate; a process that takes maybe a few million years. True False
False
Dying Gasps of a Low-Mass Star In a Red Giant Star that begins to fuse Helium into Carbon (3He >>> 12Carbon), very low temperatures are required. True False
Helium Carbon
Dying Gasps of a Low-Mass Star The Red Giant Star is now larger than out to the orbit of Mars! At this point, except for the shell, no more Hydrogen remains in the dying star. Therefore, the star begins to fuse _______ into _______.
Eris has a moon named:
Dysnomia
Some of the impact marks left in Jupiter's upper atmosphere due to the Shoemaker-Levy 9 cometary impact were as big as:
Earth
We see the Moon go through its phases because of:
Earth-Moon-Sun positions.
True
Eclipsing Binary Star; EBS; and Eclipsing Variable Star are all synonymous True False
Sun moves along an apparent path on the Celestial Sphere
Ecliptic
Hubble Galactic Tuning Fork or Hubble Sequence
Edwin Hubble's classification of galaxies based on what he observed (Spiral, Elliptical, Irregular) lead to his _______ ______ _______ ______ or ________ ________ . He thought it might represent how galaxies evolve.
Around 3500 BC recognized the seasons, and implemented a day clock
Egyptians
Developed the first recorded sundials in the form of Obelisks
Egyptians
Pyramids
Egyptians
Radiative Zone
Energy generated in the core is carried by light that bounces from particle to particle
The Saturnian moon Io probably collided with the planet Uranus.
False
Core Radiative Interface Convective
First there is the Sun's _____, the central region where nuclear fusion occurs. This is a very-high temperature gaseous soup of charged particles called plasma at 15 million degrees. Next is the _______ Zone, where energy generated in the core is carried by light that bounces from particle to particle through that Zone. Next is the ______ Layer, where it is thought the Sun's magnetic field is generated. Finally the _________ Zone is the region in which energy is transported outward by convection; 70% of the Sun's radius. Convection occurs because heated fluids, due to lower densities, rise and cooler fluids fall.
The splitting of large nuclei of certain isotopes into smaller nuclei along with the release of energy with several free neutrons:
Fission
Large
For White Dwarfs, the Chandrasekhar Limit defines how (large/small/hot/cold) the star can be. [pick one]
Extremophiles
Found on Earth, organisms which flourish in extreme Earth conditions that would be harmful to most life are called ______.
A continuum with thousands of dark absorption lines superposed:
Frauenhofer lines
Photosphere
Frauenhofer lines, and the solar spectrum are produced primarily in the __________. Such a spectrum is created when light passes through a gas or a liquid, or strikes a solid surface. You see the spectrum of the absorption; the wavelengths of light absorbed by the material are absent in the spectrum, leaving blank spaces behind a. Core b. Galactic Ether c. Vacuum d. Photosphere
The combining of particles to produce a new isotope and energy:
Fusion
Cannibalism
Galactic ________ can create galaxies ten times bigger than the Milky Way! a. Voracity b. Proto-Storms c. Ellipses d. Cannibalism
velocities
Galaxies can have _______ based on their interaction with nearby galaxies
interaction
Galaxies can have velocities based on their ______ with nearby galaxies
groups
Galaxies today are found in _____ a. Super-Massive Black Holes b. Proto-Active Clouds c. Groups d. Galactic Systems
reddish
Galaxies with _____ (color) stars indicate they are older: - Mostly Elliptical Galaxies -Bulges and Halos of Spiral Galaxies
bluish
Galaxies with _____ (color) stars indicate they are younger - Spiral Galaxy Disks
What are the 3 types of galaxy structures?
Galaxy Group, Galaxy Cluster, Galaxy Supercluster
Ears of Saturn
Galileo Galilei
first used the telescope astronomically
Galileo Galilei
a, c, d
Gamma Ray Bursts GBRs) What we know about GRBs is that: (pick 3) a. GRBs appear to be way outside our Galaxy b. GBRs appear to be inside our Galaxy c. GBRs are the most massive energy outbursts seen d. GBRs are quite possibly at the edge of the early Universe
True
Gamma-Ray Bursts, GRB's - First noted in the 1960's by the military - Determined to be coming from space - Even distribution from throughout the sky True False
c. Millions of years
Generally speaking, in terms of stellar evolution, High Mass Stars have lives measured in: a. Hundreds of years b. Thousands of years c. Millions of years d. Billions of years e. Trillions of years
d. Billions of years
Generally speaking, in terms of stellar evolution, Low Mass Stars have lives measured in: a. Hundreds of years b. Thousands of years c. Millions of years d. Billions of years e. Trillions of years
The first asteroid was discovered in 1801 by:
Giuseppe Piazzi
c. Star Clusters
Gravitationally-bound groups of stars. a. The Local Group b. Star Nebulae c. Star Clusters d. Bounded Star Groups
star formation
Gravity overcomes the pressure and causes the cloud to collapse.
Solar flares and prominences are best seen through a/an:
H-a filter
Makahiki
Hawaiians
True
High-Mass Star Stellar Ending Scenario #1: If the star is <3Msun - This is the neutron star limit - If a single star (not part of a binary star system), the star will simply cool as a large cinder in space - If the star is part of a binary system, the star will continue accreting material, jetting energy into space until all of the stellar fuel is exhausted True False
a, c
High-Mass Star Stellar Ending Two Scenarios (pick 2) a. If the star is <3Msun b. If the star is <3Mstellar c. If the star is >3 Msun d. If the star is >3Mstellar
True
High-Mass Star Stellar Ending Two scenarios: #2. If the star is >3 Msun: - The Ultimate Cosmic Oblivion - a Black Hole! (There is a discussion among astronomers how massive of a star is needed to form a black hole; ranges from >3 Msun to 25 Msun) - Black Holes (Originate as the iron core collapses, just prior to the star going Supernova) - Called a Type 2 Supernova True False
True
High-Mass Stars: - Have a very-short life - Fusion includes heavy elements H2 He C N O ... Fe (the CNO Cycle; Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen) - Very high core temperatures - Crushing stellar core pressures - Very big and very bright - Ends life in a bang True False
a, b
Released from the Sun's upper atmosphere and corona: a. UV b. X-Rays c. H-. d. Both a. and b.
Comet orbits are often:
Highly elliptical
Developed a stellar brightness magnitude scale
Hipparchus
giant impact theory, Orpheus
How did the Moon form? There are a number of theories, from capture of the Moon by Earth, formation of the Moon in the same area s Earth, and the blob-spinning-of-early Molten Earth. However the best theory by far is the _______ ______ ______; early Earth being struck by a Mars-sized rogue planet that astronomers call ________.. The evidence seems to highly favor the giant impact theory over others; evidence of lava flows and a small iron lunar core are at the heart of the evidence.
Solar Fusion Neutrinos
How do we know that _______ _______happens? We look for the _______ from the fusion process by counting the actual number of _______ received versus the calculated number of _______ expected.
about 100,000 years
How long does it take for the energy from the fusion process to get from the Sun's core to the photosphere?
Two
How many different theories are there to explain why there are different galaxy shapes?
None
How many moons does Mercury have?
None
How many moons does Venus have?
True
How to make a star 1 A shock wave moves through a giant molecular cloud and causes slight over-densities in the gas - these are "cores" 2 Each slightly dense core attracts more material (a result of gravity) and begins to contract 3 The core gains more mass, becomes brighter, and spins faster. The surrounding material flattens into a circumstellar disk. 4 Jets perpendicular to the disk channel mass and radiation away from the baby star, thus helping to clear out the area 5 Nuclear fusion kicks in as the star's primary energy source. A thin residual dusty disk surrounds the full-fledged star; this material will eventually form planets True False
True
Hubble's Law helps us determine a galaxy's distance; hence, its age. Ultimately, we can use the age of galaxies to determine the age of the Universe. True False
Coronal Mass Ejection
Huge gas bubbles threaded with magnetic field lines that are ejected from the Sun over several hours
The Proton-Proton Cycle will continue until the Sun runs out of:
Hydrogen
Rocky 13567 Gas 2348
Identify each characteristic as being that of a Solar System Rocky or Gas Giant Planet a. Rocky Planet b. Gas Giant 1. Few satellites 2. Rings 3. Atmospheric water 4. Long revolutions 5. Closer to the Sun 6. Craters 7. Solid surfaces 8. Large diameters
4
If we look at Proxima Centauri (next closest star to Earth after the Sun) tonight, we see Proxima Centauri as it appeared a little over ___ years ago because it took a little over ___ years for the light to travel from Proxima Centauri to the Earth.
2.4 million
If we look at the Andromeda Galaxy tonight, we see the Andromeda Galaxy as it appeared about ______ years ago. It took about ______ years for the light to travel from the Andromeda Galaxy to the Earth... and your eyes!
8
If we look at the Sun, we see the Sun as it appeared about ____ minutes ago. In other words, it took about ____ minutes for the light to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
Ray Crater
Impact splash: a. Bowl b. Crater c. Minor Body d. Ray Depressions and scars on a Solar System body's surface: a. Bowl b. Crater c. Minor Body d. Ray
Isaac Newton
In 1668, _____________ designed and built one of the first Reflecting Telescopes; one of his many accomplishments.
Hubble's
In 1929 Edwin Hubble based distances to galaxies on their spectral red shifts. The more distant a galaxy, the greater the red shift. We can determine a galaxy's receding velocity by its red shift ... most of the time. Receding velocity: how fast the galaxy is moving away from us. THIS IS KNOWN AS: ____ Law.
d. Eclipsing Binary Star
In Astronomy, an EBS is an... a. Extra Big Star b. Extra-Solar Star c. Early Binary Star d. Eclipsing Binary Star
c. Black Hole
In a High-Mass star ( >3 Msun), as the iron core collapses, just prior to the star going Supernova, what is created? a. Black Dwarf b. White Hole c. Black Hole d. White Dwarf
True
In order to "Weigh a Galaxy" ... Look at the gravitational effects on the objects in the galaxy. True False
Protostar
In star formation, as the pressure and density increase, no thermal (heat) energy can easily escape. Rising pressure and density lead to the formation of a __________. a. Black Hole b. Neutron Star c. Red Giant d. Protostar
Proton-Proton Cycle or Chain
In stars the size of the Sun or smaller, the fusion process is referred to as the _______ - _______ Cycle or _______ - Reaction.
colors
In terms of galactic aging, the ______ of various galaxies give us a clue as to what occurred next...
Nebulae
Initially astronomers did not associate the Milky Way with other galaxies they saw. They called these other galaxies __________.
Chromosphere
Layer of the Sun's atmosphere located above the Photosphere, beneath the Corona
No
Is it practical to use miles or kilometers when measuring distances to other galaxies? Yes No
Mars
Is liquid water still flowing? • Less dense; very light compared to Venus and Earth • Life?
Action - Reaction law
Isaac Newton
An object remains at rest or in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force
Isaac Newton
F = ma
Isaac Newton
Deuterium
It appears that the Sun has used about 50% of its __________
True
It appears that this unseen Dark Matter is the vast majority of mass in the Universe! True False
Interstellar Medium
It is challenging to study the Milky Way due to the dust that prevents us from "seeing" through the ________ ________' We "look" through the Milky Way using radio astronomy and infrared observing techniques.
a., c.
It is important to understand Dark Matter if we want to begin to "look" at the fate of the Universe... Two Possible Scenarios: a. Hyper-Universal-Destruction b. Continue to expand c. Slow to a static configuration d. Collapse - The Big Crunch
Globular
NGC 5139, Omega Centauri Identify this Star Cluster as Globular or Open?
True
It turns out that over 50% of all stars have a companion star. True False
When is the Sun closest to the Earth?
January
Subaru
Japan
Refers to stars, constellations, and eclipses
Jewish Bible or Old Testament
a3 = kP2
Johannes Kepler
equal areas in equal periods of time
Johannes Kepler
Thursday
Jupiter
Which Solar System Gas Planet is characterized by a Great Red Spot?
Jupiter
Most centaurs have been found between:
Jupiter and Neptune
What percentage of the Sun's deuterium has been used, and what percentage remains?
Just an FYI I got my original answer of 60%, 40% wrong and I cannot check the answer but I think the answer could be: 50% used, 50% remains
0, Absolute Zero
Kelvin temperature scale
Jupiter
Largest Solar System planet Great Red Spot Gives off more heat than receives Small, dense rocky core surrounded by H2 and He Radio source Aurora Lightning and thunderstorms
Tuesday
Mars
Olympus Mons
Mars has one of the largest volcanoes in the Solar System:
...Super Jupiters
Massive gas giant exoplanets are called: a. Brown Dwarfs. c. Hot Jupiters. b. Gas Exoplanets. d. Super Jupiters
a6, b5 c7, d1, e4, f2, g8 h3
Match the accomplishment to the astronomer responsible a. Annie Jump Cannon b. Williamina Fleming c. Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin d. Hipparchus e. Edward Pickering f. Norman Pogson g. Henry Norris Russell h. Father Angelo Secchi 1. Developed the initial magnitude system. 2. Specified that a 1st magnitude star is 100 times brighter than a 6th magnitude star. 3. First categorized spectral types. 4. Observed and recorded stellar spectra. 5. Classified Pickering's spectra with a system of letters. 6. Revised the various classifications to give us our more-modern Spectral Types interpretation. 7. Showed that spectral types were a sequence in stellar photosphere temperatures. 8. Was initially concerned about the conclusion that the Sun is primarily composed of hydrogen.
..1c 2b 3d 4a
Match the brief description with the moon of Jupiter: 1. Biggest in the Solar System, tectonic twists 2. Liquid water oceans below the "crust"? 3. Most active volcanoes in the Solar System 4. A heavily-cratered iceball a. Callisto b. Europa c. Ganymede d. Io
1d 2b 3a 4c
Match the brief description with the moon of Saturn 1. Thick atmosphere of mostly Nitrogen, liquid methane on the surface 2. Gap moon with a moon-splitting crater; looks like the Death Star 3. Geysers, distinctive twisted surface features 4. F-Ring Sheepherder or Shepard satellite a. Enceladus b. Mimas c. Prometheus d. Titan
a168, b2357, c4
Match the characteristic with the type of star cluster. Make the best sensible match. You will use each letter at least one time. a. Globular star cluster b. Open star cluster c. Star Cluster 1. Tight groupings of very old stars 2. Irregular in shape or pattern 3. Groups of young, hot stars that are physically related by being held together by gravity 4. Gravitationally-bound groups of stars 5. Less than 50 to 100 or more stars 6. Spherical in shape 7. Stars can somewhat disassociate with other cluster star members 8. 10,000 to one million or more
1b, 2a, 3d, 4c
Matching 1. Radar 2. Parallax 3. Parsec 4. Light Year a. Close stellar distances b. Solar System objects c. Distant objects d. Preferred by astronomers
1c, 2a, 3b
Matching Astronomers group stars as: 1. Low-mass 2. Intermediate-mass 3. High-mass a. 1.33 MSUN to 4 MSUN b. >4 MSUN c. <1.33 Solar Masses; <1.33 MSUN
1 h 2 e 3 g 4 b 5 k 6 a 7 i 8 f 9 c 10 j 11 d
Matching: Solar Features 1. Visible portion of the Sun 2. Bright areas visible on the Photosphere 3. Vast gas bubbles, with rising centers and sinking edges 4. The area of the Sun which shows rising heat - heat rises, cold falls 5. Temporary disturbed magnetic area in the Photosphere 6. Layer of the Sun's atmosphere located above the Photosphere / beneath the Corona 7. bright gas clouds ejected from the Sun and shaped by its magnetic field 8. Occur when the Sun's atmosphere suddenly releases built-up magnetic energy 9. Sun's outer atmosphere; charged particles and dust at low density and very high temperature (10 million K) 10. Streams off of the Sun in all directions at speeds of about 1 million miles/hour); the source is the Sun's Corona 11. Huge gas bubbles threaded with magnetic field lines that are ejected from the Sun over several hours a. Chromosphere b. Convection c. Corona d. Coronal Mass Ejection e. Faculae f. Flare g. Granulation h. Photosphere i. Prominence j. Solar Wind k. Sunspot
b d c a
Matching: Solar Regions 1. Central region where nuclear fusion occurs 2. Energy generated in the core is carried by light that bounces from particle to particle through the Radiative Zone 3. Believed to be where the Sun's magnetic field is generated; lies between the Radiative and Convective Zones 4. The region in which energy is transported outward by convection; 70% of the Sun's radius a. Convective Zone: b. Core c. Interface Layer d. Radiative Zone
Windows placed for observations of Venus
Mayan observatory at Chichén Itzá
star temperature
Measured at a star's photosphere. The photosphere temperature dictates its color. Hotter stars are whiter. Cooler stars are redder. Our Sun is a yellow star.
Neumann Lines
Mechanical deformation twins seen as straight, serrated narrow bands parallel to preferred planes in the crystals of an etched metal which has been strained, usually by sudden impact; most often observed along the 112 planes of body-centered-cubic ferrite. Also known as ________ bands.
Wednesday
Mercury
an imaginary line from due north to the zenith to due south
Meridian
First comprehensive catalog of the night sky; circa 750 BC
Mesopotamians
Globular
Messier 13 Identify this Star Cluster as Globular or Open?
Comets are the sources for the majority of our:
Meteor showers
Material that makes it to the surface of a planet, satellite, etc.
Meteorites
The streaks we see in the sky:
Meteors
Spiral
Milky Way Characteristic 1: Type of galaxy:________.
100-400 billion
Milky Way Characteristic 2: Population or estimated number of stars: ________.
Local Group
Milky Way Characteristic 3: The Milky Way is located in the ______ _____ of galaxies.
a and c
Milky Way Characteristic 4: The Milky Way has two major satellite galaxies: a. Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) b. Cygnus 1 c. Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) d. Andromeda e. Ursa Major
100,000
Milky Way Characteristic 5: The Milky Way is _______ light years (LY) in diameter - across the disk.
1,000
Milky Way Characteristic 6: The Milky Way is _______ light years thick (through the center).
Frisbee
Milky Way Characteristic 7: Spiral galaxies are like a ________ in shape; thin, flattened discs.
28,000
Milky Way Characteristic 8: The Sun is _______ LY from the Galactic Center.
The smaller, often non-spherical objects found in the Solar System:
Minor bodies
Dilyehe
Navajo
Monday
Moon
Our common word month comes from:
Moonth
Proton-Proton CNO cycle Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen
More-Massive Stars For stars more massive than the Sun, the _____-______ cycle can still occur, but another reaction sequence becomes more favorable for converting hydrogen to helium. It is called the _____ _____ or _____-_____-_____ . These stars are ~1.33 solar masses or larger with the final fusion end product being the element iron, Fe. The process goes no further because iron cannot be fused due to its binding energy.
Developed Algebra
Muslims
...Kepler Mission
NASA's first mission capable of finding Earth-size and smaller planets around other stars using an orbiting space telescope is called the: a. Hubble Space Telescope. c. NASA ARC JPL. b. Kepler Mission. d. Voyager.
True
Neutron Stars are the spheres of neutrons created by the collapse of the iron core in a massive star supernova - Roughly 10 miles in diameter - Composed completely of neutrons; n0 - Dim and intensely hot - Gravitational attraction holds a neutron star together - Heavier elements are produced due to the supernovae event True False
d. Chain Reaction.
Neutrons released during the fission process can strike other nuclei and cause them to split, called a: a. Fissionable product. b. Proton-proton cycle. c. Gamma ray release. d. Chain Reaction.
Chain Reaction
Neutrons released during the fission process can strike other nuclei and cause them to split, called a __________ __________.
d. Chain Reaction.
Neutrons released during the fission process can strike other nuclei and cause them to split, called a: a. Fissionable product. b. Proton-proton cycle. c. Gamma ray release. d. Chain Reaction.
F is the Gravitational force G is the Gravitational Constant; 6.67 x 10-11 N-m2/kg2 m1 is the first object's mass m2 is the second object's mass r is the distance between the two objects
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
F is force; kg-m/s2 = Newton (N) m is the mass in kilograms; kg a is acceleration; m/s2 Units in the Metric System
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Fc is the centripetal force m is the object's mass v is the object's velocity r is the radius of the circular path
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Developed a Heliocentric Solar System model
Nicolaus Copernicus
Which Solar System Gas Planets have craters? Answers: Saturn Uranus Neptune None of the responses are correct
None
The circular motion of a planet's tilted axis
Nutation
True
Objectives Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to: - Know the basic stellar characteristics and descriptions of each characteristic. - Know how astronomers use parallax. - Identify terms such as light-year, parsec, stellar luminosity, and the magnitude system. - Detail Stellar Types and those responsible for the development of the stellar types. - Identify how the H-R Diagram works and what it shows. - Identify the different types of binary stars and variable stars. - Differentiate between globular and open clusters True False
True
Objectives Met You should now be able to: • Overview how the Sun works - the production of energy and light through the proton-proton cycle • Be able to identify the Sun's regions • Be able to identify the Sun's solar features • Overview how we study the Sun • Understand the power of the Sun - and potential dangers it can pose to Earth True False
3. Dwarf planet
Objects that orbit the Sun but have not cleared their orbits
Binary
Observations show that many White Dwarfs are part of close _____ star systems.
a. Edward Pickering
Observed and recorded stellar spectra. a. Edward Pickering b. Norman Pogson c. Henry Norris Russell d. Father Angelo Secchi
mass
Observing rotation helps astronomers determine where the Galaxy's ______ is located.
Flare
Occur when the Sun's atmosphere suddenly releases built-up magnetic energy
Red Giant
Old Age as a Low-Mass Star After the star becomes a Sub-Giant Star; 1. The outer layers continue to expand 2. The star becomes brighter At this point, the Sub-Giant star becomes a (true) ____ ______ Star.
a, b. c
Old Age as a Low-Mass Star The question arises: 'So, how does a star expand and get brighter if it has ceased to fuse hydrogen in its collapsing core?" The answer is three of the following: a. Helium is left in the core b. Gravity continues to shrink the core and the surrounding layers c. The surrounding layers (shell) contain Hydrogen, which begins to fuse (called Hydrogen Shell Burning) d. The energy generated by the collapsing core causes the star to brighten and explode outwardly
True
Old Age as a Low-Mass Star When the core Hydrogen is used up: The core shrinks True False
True
Old Age as a Low-Mass Star When the core Hydrogen is used up: The outer stellar layers expand True False
True
Old Age as a Low-Mass Star When the core Hydrogen is used up: - No more nuclear fusion True False
Sub-Giant
Old Age as a Low-Mass Star When the core Hydrogen is used up: 1. No more nuclear fusion 2. The outer stellar layers expand 3. The core shrinks At this point, the star becomes a ____ - _____ Star
Hydrogen and Helium
One hypothesis about galactic aging is that just after "In the beginning," there was a lot of two elements, _______ and _______.
True
One hypothesis about galactic aging is that stars--and thus galaxies--formed out of Protogalactic Clouds. True False
True
One hypothesis about galactic aging is that there was an initial expansion of H2 and He and that gravity slowed the expansion. True False
Clumps
One hypothesis about galactic aging is that there was probably not a uniform distribution of H2 and He, but that they existed in _____.
Protogalactic
One hypothesis about galactic aging is that when gravity slowed the initial expansion of H2 and He, _________ Clouds formed.
Normal
One of the best techniques astronomers employ is understanding what is _______. a. Problematic b. Normal c. Stellar d. Fascinating
light pollution.
One of the biggest challenges to Earth-based telescopes is (a) lack of astronomers. (b) light pollution. (c) space-based telescopes. (d) telescope costs.
Constant
One of the main Hubble Space Telescope goals was to determine the exact value of Hubble's _____.
Elliptical
One theory to explain why there are different galaxy shapes is that If a group of galaxies form from a specific Protogalactic Cloud, then they will mostly be _____ Galaxies a. Spiral b. Elliptical c. Regular d. Proto-Active
a, c
One theory to explain why there are different galaxy shapes is that each Protogalactic Cloud rotated at a speed which formed a specific galaxy. Which two of the following are correct? a. Fast: Spiral b. Fast: Elliptical c. Slow: Elliptical d. Slow: Spiral
425 BC
Optical properties were first discussed in _________.
Main Asteroid Belt
Orbiting between Mars and Jupiter
8. Satellite
Orbits a planet
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
PT
True
Parallax allows one to determine close stellar distances by using triangles and trigonometry. True False
Near-Earth Asteroids
Pass close to Earth
Jupiter
Planet that has a very strong magnetic field; 20,000 times that of Earth's
The larger asteroids are also called:
Planetoids
14. Dwarf Planet
Plutoid
Island-to-island sailing navigation
Polynesians
Potentially-Hazardous Asteroids
Pose a threat to Earth
Geocentric Solar System and Universe
Ptolemy
True
Pulsars, a type of neutron star, were Initially called LGM... Little Green Men! True False
a. Super Massive Black Holes
Quasar (QSO) fuel sources appear to be: a. Super Massive Black Holes b. Neutron Stars c. Binary Star Systems d. Coronal Mass Ejections
Blazars
Quasar-like objects called ______ exhibit very focused jets of energy. These jets of energy are traveling at 99%c - 99% of the speed of light!
b. QUASi stellAR objects
Quasars are... a. QUaint ASsorted stARs b. QUASi stellAR objects c. QUiet AStronomical stARs d. b. QUASi solAR objects
b. Age
Quasars have the highest observable red shifts of any object in the Universe. This tells us what about Quasars? a. Temperature b. Age c. Color Spectrum d. Galactic Location
d. Stars
Quasars look like _______. a. Proto-Planetary Systems b. Black Holes c. Galaxies d. Stars
True
Quasars were most-likely formed through early galactic collisions. These collisions formed the super massive black holes at the centers of Quasars. True False
Arrange the classified wavelengths in correct order, starting with the longer wavelengths
Radio, Microwave,Infrared (IR),Visible, Ultraviolet (UV), X-rays, Gamma Rays
True
Recently (May 2005), ultra-high energy cosmic ray particles were discovered. True False
Arrange the visual colors in correct order, starting with red.
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
True
Related Neutron Star Objects - Binary Neutron Stars: two neutron stars orbiting each other - Pulsar: rapidly rotating radio source A type of neutron star Discovered in 1967 by Joycelin Bell Initially called them LGM... Little Green Men! True False
1. Asteroid
Relatively small, icy object usually orbiting a star
a. Annie Jump Cannon
Revised the various classifications to give us our more-modern Spectral Types interpretation. a. Annie Jump Cannon b. Father Angelo Secchi c. Henry Norris Russell d. Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin
Jupiter in the sky
Rotation
Spinning of an object around its axis
Rotation
Objects which have the characteristics of both asteroids and comets:
Satellites
Saturday
Saturn
Which Solar System Gas Planet has rings?
Saturn
Which Solar System Gas Planet would float in water? Answers: Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Saturn
d. CMEs
Self-Check Quiz Capable of knocking out satellites in orbit, electric power stations, and electronics: a. Solar corona. b. Eclipses of the Sun. c. Mini-ice ages. d. CMEs
b. H-a filter
Self-Check Quiz Solar flares and prominences are best seen through a/an: a. Sodium Na-D line filter. b. H-a filter. c. UV filter. d. White light filter
d. All three; a. b. and c.
Self-Check Quiz The Sun: a. Is a variable star b. Is a non-consistent object. c. Experiences sunspot extremes. d. All three; a. b. and c.
b. Main Sequence
Self-Check Quiz A band of stars includes most of the stars, like our Sun: a. Giants b. Main Sequence c. Supergiants d. White Dwarfs
d. Virgo Stellar Stream
Self-Check Quiz A collection of stars which rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way Galaxy: a. high energy emission spherical bubbles b. Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC c. Sagittarius A* d. Virgo Stellar Stream
Compound Telescope
Self-Check Quiz A corrector plate is used to correct the primary mirror's shortcomings: (a) Compound telescope. (b) Convex mirror telescope. (c) Newtonian Reflecting telescope. (d) refractors.
b. H-R Diagram
Self-Check Quiz A graph of stellar absolute magnitude or luminosity versus a star's spectral type or photosphere temperature: a. Color Index Scale b. H-R Diagram c. Mass-Luminosity Graph d. Stellar Growth Pattern
e. Visual Binary Stars
Self-Check Quiz A pair of stars that we can see orbiting each other: a. Binary Stars b. Cepheids c. Extrastellarsolar systems d. Trinary systems e. Visual Binary Stars
d. Both b. and c.
Self-Check Quiz A proper solar filter is safe because it does not transmit: a. Any visible light. b. Infrared. c. Ultraviolet. d. Both b. and c.
d. Luminosity
Self-Check Quiz A star's total amount of power radiated into space, measured in watts: a. Apparent Brightness b. Apparent Magnitude c. Lsun d. Luminosity
b. Light-year, ly
Self-Check Quiz A unit of length or distance; the distance light travels in one year: a. Astronomical Unit, AU b. Light-year, ly c. Parallax d. Parsec, pc
b
Self-Check Quiz An estimate of the surface temperature is the stars': a. Color Index. b. Color. c. Spectral Index d. Solar Mass e. Both b. and c f. Both a. and d g. Both a and b
a. Inverse Square Law.
Self-Check Quiz Apparent Brightness is proportional to 1/d2 a. Inverse Square Law b. Magnitude System c. Pogson's Law d. Stellar Type
b. Aristotle
Self-Check Quiz Believed that the Milky Way was due to the ignition that takes place in the upper part of [Earth's] atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with heavenly motions: a. Anaxagoras b. Aristotle c. Galileo d. Hipparchus
a. Cataclysmic Variables
Self-Check Quiz Binary stars which consist of a white dwarf primary and an orbiting secondary star: a. Cataclysmic Variables b. Cepheid Variable c. EBSs d. Pulsating Variables
Newton
Self-Check Quiz Built the first reflecting telescope: (a) Galileo. (b) Kepler. (c) Lipperhey. (d) Newton.
a. Novae
Self-Check Quiz Cataclysmic Variables were originally called: a. Novae b. Intrinsic Variable Doubles c. Optical Doubles d. VV Cepheid- type variables
a. Giants
Self-Check Quiz Cool stars which are a little smaller and dimmer than the Supergiants: a. Giants b. Main Sequence c. Supergiants d. White Dwarfs
c. Supergiants
Self-Check Quiz Cool stars which are very large and very bright; located towards the top right of the H-R Diagram: a. Giants b. Main Sequence c. Supergiants d. White Dwarfs
d. Immanuel Kant
Self-Check Quiz Correctly hypothesized that the Milky Way Galaxy might be a rotating body of an innumerous number of stars that were held together by gravitational forces: a. Heber Curtis b. Galileo Galilei c. William Herschel d. Immanuel Kant
d. Surface Temperature
Self-Check Quiz Dependent on the star's diameter and the rate of energy production at the stellar core: a. Diameter b. Luminosity c. Mass d. Surface Temperature
d. Ray Villard
Self-Check Quiz Estimates that the Milky Way Galaxy contains at least 100 billion planets: a. Enrico Fermi b. Stephen Hawking c. Neil deGrasse Tyson d. Ray Villard
d. Sunspot cycles.
Self-Check Quiz Solar variations might be due to: a. Prominences. b. Solar flares. c. Nuclear fission. d. Sunspot cycles.
b. EBS
Self-Check Quiz Star system in which the stars orbital plane is such that it lies in the line of sight of telescopes on Earth so that the stars eclipse each other: a. Cepheid Variable b. EBS c. Optical Double d. Visual Binary
b. Evolutionary behavior
Self-Check Quiz Stars are occasionally classed by their stellar masses based upon their: a. Color b. Evolutionary behavior c. Nuclear Fission d. Spectral Class
b. 1 msun or 1 solar mass
Self-Check Quiz Stellar mass is usually related to the mass of the Sun, where the Sun equals: a. 540,000,000 miles b. 1 Msun or 1 Solar Mass c. Eta Carinae d. EFG Spectral Class
a. Binary Stars
Self-Check Quiz Systems in which physically-associated star systems are made up of two stars: a. Binary Stars b. Cepheids c. Intrinsic Double d. Visual Variable
c. Stellar Evolution
Self-Check Quiz The H-R Diagram can also show a star's life, referred to as: a. Color Index b. Luminosity c. Stellar Evolution d. Stellar Mass-Density
b. Hertzsprung and Russell
Self-Check Quiz The H-R Diagram was designed by: a. Henry Ryles b. Hertzsprung and Russell c. Hubble and Reynolds d. Hubble and Russell.
b
Self-Check Quiz The Milky Way Galaxy has two major satellite galaxies: a. Andromeda and the Orion Dwarf Cloud b. Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud c. SGR A* and the LMC d. Virgo Stellar Stream and VSS1-2387.JXC9751
a. Barred Spiral galaxy
Self-Check Quiz The Milky Way Galaxy is most-likely a/an: a. Barred Spiral galaxy b. Elliptical galaxy c. Spiral galaxy d. Spiral nebula
a. Differential rotation
Self-Check Quiz The Milky Way Galaxy rotates: everything rotates at about the same speed: a. Differential rotation b. Galactic integral rotation c. Partial rotation d. Primary rotation
c. Sagittarius A*
Self-Check Quiz The Milky Way Galaxy's supermassive black hole, discovered in 1974: a. high energy emission spherical bubbles b. Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC c. Sagittarius A* d. Virgo stellar stream
b. Luminosity
Self-Check Quiz The amount of light and other radiant energy released by a star: a. Diameter b. Luminosity c. Mass d. Temperature
a. Apparent Brightness
Self-Check Quiz The amount of light reaching us, per unit area; measured in flux: a. Apparent Brightness b. Absolute Magnitude, M c. Lsun d. Luminosity
c. Parallax
Self-Check Quiz The apparent shift of an object relative to some distant background as the observer's point of view changes: a. Astronomical Unit, AU b. Light-year, ly c. Parallax d. Parsec, pc
a. Stellar size
Self-Check Quiz The diameter or radius of a star: a. Stellar size b. Luminosity c. Mass d. Temperature
d. Parsec, pc
Self-Check Quiz The distance to an object with a parallax angle of 1 arcsecond: a. Astronomical Unit, AU b. Light-year, ly c. Parallax d. Parsec, pc
Galileo
Self-Check Quiz The first person to use the telescope astronomically was: (a) Brahe. (b) Janssen. (c) Galileo. (d) Lipperhey.
c. Galileo Galilei
Self-Check Quiz The first to see the Milky Way in 1610 as individual stars through the telescope: a. Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī b. Tycho Brahe c. Galileo Galilei d. William Herschel
First Surface Mirror
Self-Check Quiz The mirror is coated on the surface of the glass: (a) Concave mirror. (b) First surface mirror. (c) Second surface mirror. (d) Secondary.
c. Mass
Self-Check Quiz The most important stellar characteristic: a. Diameter b. Luminosity c. Mass d. Temperature
c. Parallax
Self-Check Quiz The only method for directly measuring stellar distances: a. Astronomical Unit, AU b. Light-year, ly c. Parallax d. Parsec, pc
a. Absolute magnitude, M
Self-Check Quiz The scale which defines brightness as if we moved all the stars to the same distance; 10 parsecs: a. Absolute Magnitude, M b. Apparent Magnitude Mv c. Stellar Color Index d. Luminosity
b. Proxima Centauri
Self-Check Quiz The second-closest star to Earth: a. Alpha Centauri b. Proxima Centauri c. Rigel d. Sun
a
Self-Check Quiz The two Marian moons Phobos and Deimos are most likely: a. Captured asteroids. b. Comets. c. Planets. d. Orbiting satellites.
Astrophysics
Self-Check Quiz This study of how stars work is called: a. Solar processes. b. Astrophysics. c. Neutrino science. d. Stellar atmospheric science.
a. Anaxagoras and Democritus
Self-Check Quiz Thought the Milky Way might consist of distant stars: a. Anaxagoras and Democritus b. Aristotle and Hipparchus c. Brahe and Curtis d. William and Caroline Herschel
c. Optical Double
Self-Check Quiz Two or more stars which happen to line up so that we see what appears to be a double star system, yet are not physically related to each other: a. Cepheid Variable b. EBS c. Optical Double d. Visual Binary
a. Heber Curtis
Self-Check Quiz Was convinced that Andromeda was indeed a galaxy much like the Milky Way Galaxy, and that the dust lanes seen in Andromeda were similar to those in the Milky Way Galaxy: a. Heber Curtis b. William Herschel c. Edwin Hubble d. Harlow Shapley
d. radio astronomy and infrared observing techniques
Self-Check Quiz We are able to look through the Milky Way Galaxy using: a. the Hubble Space Telescope, HST b. the International Space Station, ISS c. Keck Observatory on top of Mauna Kea in Hawaii d. radio astronomy and infrared observing techniques
b. Apparent Magnitude, Mv
Self-Check Quiz What we see in our sky is called an object's: a. Absolute Magnitude, M b. Apparent Magnitude, Mv c. Luminosity d. Spectral Class
Sun
Self-Check Quiz Which of the following do not provide a number of clues and evidence of Nebular-type development? a. asteroids c. comets b. meteorites d. Sun
yes
Several techniques have been developed. The first technique is to look for a very slight drop in the light from a star when the exoplanet crosses in front of the star, this is like an eclipse but usually called a transit. Another technique is to look for a very small change in the star's spectra from blue shift to red shift back and repeated as the planet revolves around the star and tugs it very slightly back and forth due to the gravitational pull. Another technique is somewhat related to the Doppler blue shift to red shift, where a slight wobble in the star's position is actually observed. And one interesting technique is called gravitational lensing, where one object 'lenses' the image of a second object around it.
Trojan Asteroids
Share an orbit with a larger planet
Small moons which orbit Saturn near the outer edges of a ring or within gaps in the rings:
Sheepherder moons
we have seen a comet impact a planet:
Shoemaker-Levy 9
Cataclysmic Variables
Short orbital period (hours to days) binary star systems composed of a white dwarf and a low mass main sequence star: ______ _______
c. Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin
Showed that spectral types were a sequence in stellar photosphere temperatures. a. Williamina Fleming b. Henry Norris Russell c. Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin d. Norman Pogson
dcad
Small moons which orbit Saturn near the outer edges of a ring or within gaps in the rings: a. Cassini b. satellites c. Roche limit moons d. Sheepherder moons e. Spoke moons Hypothesized that Saturn had a ring, based on his telescopic observations: a. Cassini b. Galileo c. Huygens d. Kuiper First suggested that Saturn's ring was actually made up of numerous smaller rings with gaps or divisions between these smaller rings: a. Cassini b. Galileo c. Huygens d. Newton A quite-distant ring of dust was discovered in 2009, called the: a. Cassini b. division c. F-Ring d. Phoebe ring e. Roche limit ring
Tully-Fisher
So...what about Distant Galaxies? 1. Develop a standard galactic brightness: There is a relationship between a spiral's luminosity and how fast it rotates The faster it spins, the brighter the galaxy Called the ____-____ Relationship 2. Examine a galaxy's white dwarf supernovae luminosities Another "standard" brightness...
c. Elliptical Galaxies (reddish stars)
So...which type of galaxy formed first: a. Elliptical Galaxies (bluish stars) b. Spiral Galaxy Disks (bluish stars) c. Elliptical Galaxies (reddish stars) d. Spiral Galaxy Disks (reddish stars) e. None of these
Elliptical Galaxies
So...which type of galaxy formed first: Elliptical Galaxies or Spiral Galaxy Disks?
reddish
So...which type of galaxy formed first: Galaxies with mostly reddish color stars or bluish color stars?
four
Solar Regions Astronomers identify _____ major regions within the Sun
...
Some Interesting Exoplanets TrES-4 was discovered while looking for transiting planets. It is about 70 percent bigger than Jupiter but less massive. TrES-4 has the density of approximately 0.2 grams per cubic centimeter, or that of balsa wood. The Gliese 581 System is a red dwarf star with a mass about 1/3 that of the Sun. It is located 20.4 light years from Earth and is among the 100 closest stars to Earth. Gliese 581 has at least four planets; some of the earlier planets discovered around Gliese 581 were errors and no longer listed as Gliese 581 planets. • Gliese 581b: ~16X as massive as Earth and completes one orbit of Gliese 581 in 5.4 days; appears to be Neptune-like • Gliese 581c and g: rocky planets; Gliese 581c appears to be in the Goldilocks Zone • Gliese 581d: ~8X as massive as Earth; orbits Gliese 581 in 84 days HD80606b is a strange planet about four times the mass of Jupiter It comes so close to its star at its perihelion point HD80606b would have a surface temperature of 1,200oC. Then there is the strange planet, Wasp-12b. It takes this planet 1.1 earth days to go around its star one time; in other words you would celebrate your birthday every 26.4 hours. Wasp-12b's surface temperature is estimated to be 1,500oC, and it is slowly being eaten by its star.
b. Norman Pogson
Specified that a 1st magnitude star is 100 times brighter than a 6th magnitude star. a. Annie Jump Cannon b. Norman Pogson c. Williamina Fleming d. Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin
1285 AD
Spectacles - eyeglasses were invented in _________.
Saturn
Spectacular / intricate rings Would float in water Small, dense rocky core surrounded by H2 and He Polar hexagon Aurora Lightning
True
Star Clusters Stars often seem to group into what astronomers term as star clusters. Star clusters are gravitationally-bound groups of stars. There are two major types of star clusters. True False
True
Star characteristics consider physical characteristics such as stellar mass, size, surface temperature, and luminosity. True False
Interstellar Medium
Stars are formed in the _______ _______, which is: - Filled with hydrogen, helium, dust - Cold - Dense
True
Stars responsible for Gamma Ray Bursts (GBRs) appear to eject Gamma Rays after a Hypernova event. True False
True
Stars responsible for Gamma Ray Bursts (GBRs) last about 1 million years! True False
...Stellar Systems
Stars with planets orbiting around them are called: a. Extrasolar Systems. c. Solar Systems. b. Kepler Planetary Systems. d. Stellar Systems.
The power emitted per unit of area of an object is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
a, b, d
Steps to Stellar Birth: - Interstellar Medium gathers - Interstellar Medium starts to collapse due to gravity - As the Interstellar Medium collapses (pick 3): a. Pressure increases b. Temperature increases c. Stellar weight matrix increases d. Density increases
Chondrites
Stony (non-metallic) meteorites that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body. They are formed when various types of dust and small grains that were present in the early solar system accreted to form primitive asteroids.
Solar Wind
Streams off of the Sun in all directions at speeds of about 1 million miles/hour); the source is the Sun's Corona
Astrophysics
Studying the Sun and how it works allows astronomers to understand other stars. This study of how stars work is called ____________ We specifically study the Sun's fusion process.
Brown Dwarfs
Sub-stellar objects with a mass below that necessary to maintain hydrogen nuclear fusion reactions in their cores: a. Brown dwarfs. c. Exoplanets. b. Super Jupiters. d. Gliese 581c
Who developed the 24-hour day?
Sumerians
Sunday
Sun
Corona
Sun's outer atmosphere; charged particles and dust at low density and very high temperature (10 million K)
Temporary disturbed magnetic area in the Photosphere
Sunspot
True
Supernovae When the White Dwarf accretion mass reaches the low-mass star 1.33Msun limit: 1. The white dwarf begins to collapse 2. Fast, quick heating occurs 3. Carbon fusion begins (12C in the stellar core) 4. The Star "ignites" 5. Star explodes as a White Dwarf Supernova - One-time event ... usually - Also called a Type 1a Supernova True False
1a
Supernovae are also known as Type 1a/4b/sn/sn1. [pick one]
Cosmic
Supernovae may also produce ______ Rays, composed of electrons, protons and neutrons, moving at close to the speed of light!
String Theory
Supporters of ______ ______ state that it unifies the natural known forces (electromagnetic, gravitational, strong and weak).
Binary
Systems in which physically-associated star systems are made up of two stars: a. b Scorpii c. eccentric habitable system b. binary stars d. trinary stars
Sunspot
Temporary disturbed magnetic area in the Photosphere
Core Nucleus.
The "Bulge" of a galaxy is more accurately known as the galaxy's _____ or ______.
True
The "Quick Guide" to Solar Fusion... the Proton-Proton Cycle: 2 protons fuse to yield deuterium, which then fuses with a proton to form helium 3, which fuses with another helium 3 to form helium 4, two protons, and a lot of energy is produced and released during this process. The Proton-Proton Cycle is for less-massive stars, like the Sun. True False
a. Type 2 Supernova
The "explosion" of a High-Mass star capable of producing a Black Hole is called a: a. Type 2 Supernova b. Type XL- Supernova c. Type 2 Blazar d. Type 2 Quasar
Librations
The "rocking" of the Moon back and forth is, called ______.
Goldilocks Zone.
The Circumstellar Habitable Zone is also known as ________.
4 million
The Core or Nucleus of the Milky Way has a mass of of approximately ________ Suns.
30,000
The Core or Nucleus of the Milky Way is approximately ________ light years across.
Position
The Earth has a unique __________ within the Milky Way Galaxy: - Not in the middle of Interstellar Medium lanes - We could not see out into space because the dust would block our view - Not too close to the Galaxy's center - Some postulate it would always be daytime because there are too many stars! - Dangerous levels of radiation due to the super massive black hole at the Galactic Center
True
The Hertzsprung - Russell diagram, also referred to as the H-R Diagram, is a graph of stellar absolute magnitude or luminosity versus their spectral type or photosphere temperature. The HR Diagram was created circa 1910 by Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung and American astronomer Henry Norris Russell. True False
True
The Interstellar Medium is also called Molecular Clouds, Interstellar Clouds, or Stellar Nurseries (more than one star...) True False
a, c, d
The Interstellar Medium is also known as (pick 3): a. Stellar Nurseries b. Magellanic Clouds c. Molecular Clouds d. Interstellar Clouds
Irregular
The Large Magellanic Cloud Galaxy is an example of what galaxy type?
Irregular
The Large Magellanic Cloud is an example of what type of galaxy?
True
The Low Mass Star's End - The star's outer layers flow out - The star's core is now mostly Carbon - The star can form a White Dwarf, then a Planetary Nebula (Planetary Nebula will be illuminated by its central, White Dwarf star) - White Dwarf Star cools and fades - Nebula fades True False
Circumstellar Habitable Zone
The area around a star within which a planet or planets with sufficient mass and atmospheric pressure can support liquid water at the planet's surface: a. circumstellar habitable zone c. Goldilocks zone b. exoplanet forming zone d. both a. and c.
True
The Mass-to-Light ratio is... The amount of mass that we see versus the amount of light. True False
Virgo
The Milky Way Galaxy is part of The Local Group of galaxies, and that group is a part of the _____ supercluster of galaxies.
Differential Rotation
The Milky Way Galaxy rotates in a manner known as __________ ________. This is where everything rotates at about the same speed (this is different than a rotating tire).
Mercury
The Moon looks like: a. Earth. b. Mercury. c. Phobos. d. Pluto.
Earth
The Moon probably formed from a collision with: a. Deimos. b. Earth. c. Mercury. d. the Sun.
True
The Nova and the Stellar Ending - The term Nova means new - Novae can brighten as much as 100,000 Suns! 100,000Lsun - Material from the Nova fusion event radiates outward from the White Dwarf (We see this as a Planetary Nebula) - The Nova process can repeat itself ... but not infinitely True False
85
The PROTON-PROTON CYCLE ____ % of the Sun's energy comes from this type of reaction.
Open
The Pleiades; M45 Identify this Star Cluster as Globular or Open?
d. less
The Proton-Proton Cycle is for ____ -massive stars. a. more b. super c. hyper d. less
b. Hydrogen
The Proton-Proton Cycle will continue until the Sun runs out of: a. Helium. b. Hydrogen. c. Carbon. d. Iron.
d. Event horizon size
The Schwarzchild radius refers to what part of a Black Hole? a. Stellar core size b. Black core size c. Singularity size d. Event horizon size
Frauenhofer
The Solar Spectra consists of a continuum with thousands of dark absorption lines superposed. These lines are called the _________ lines, and the solar spectrum is sometimes called the _________ spectrum
9. Solar System
The Sun and all the objects which orbit the Sun
Burn
The Sun does not _____. It generates heat by nuclear fusion.. a. Burn. b. Fuse. c. Expand. d. Collapse.
Burn
The Sun does not ______ ... this is a misconception
a. Burn
The Sun does not: a. Burn. b. Fuse. c. Expand. d. Collapse.
1 billion
The Sun will begin its Red Giant phase in about ______ years.
Photosphere
The Sun's __________ vibrates like ripples on a pond.
False
The Type and Life of the New Star... Depends on the initial amount of Proto-Stellar Granules present. True False
True
The Type and Life of the New Star... Depends on the initial amount of material present; Its stellar birth weight! True False
Sun
The _____ goes through constant changes: energy output, brightness, size; all of these affect Earth.
Mass
The _____ of a star determines things such as how quickly a star will consume its stellar fuel through the fusion process to the star's final ending when it has used all of its fuel.
Proton-Proton Hydrogen
The ______ ______ Cycle will continue until the Sun runs out of ________. This is much like a car running out of gas - unless you can syphon fuel from another car (or another star).
Primary Objective
The ______ ________ refers to the main lens (refractor telescopes) or mirror (reflector telescopes) which gathers the incoming light.
Heliophysics Science Division
The _______ _______ _______ conducts research on the Sun, its extended solar-system environment (the heliosphere), and interactions of Earth, other planets, small bodies, and interstellar gas with the heliosphere. Division research also encompasses geospace -- Earth's uppermost atmosphere, the ionosphere, and the magnetosphere - and the changing environmental conditions throughout the coupled heliosphere (Solar System weather).
Corona
The __________ is the Sun's outer atmosphere; charged particles and dust at low density and very high temperature (10 million K).
Photosphere
The __________ is the visible portion of the Sun. It consists of the area in which gaseous layers change from completely opaque to being transparent. It is also the lowest observable layer of the solar atmosphere.
Chromosphere
The _____________ layer of the Sun's atmosphere is located above the Photosphere / beneath the Corona.
Alt-Azimuth
The _____________ mounts move in two directions: left to right, or up and down.
Nut
The ancient Egyptians depicted the Milky Way as ____, a mythological mother of the night, whose star-filled body arches over the sacred north in a protective posture.
Circumstellar Habitable Zone
The area around a star within which a planet with sufficient mass and atmospheric pressure can support liquid water at the planet's surface; also called the Goldilocks Zone.
Convection
The area of the Sun which shows rising heat - heat rises, cold falls
Convection
The area of the Sun which shows rising heat; heat rises, cold falls
G
The basic Spectral Types are O - B - A - F - G - K - M (indicative of a star's color). Which type describes our deep yellow Sun?
Refraction
The bending of waves, such as light, when it passes from one substance to another, for example from air through glass, is called ______________.
Nebular Theory
The best theory in regard to development of the Solar System is the: a. Big Bang Theory. c. Protostellar Theory. b. Nebular Theory. d. Relativistic Theory.
b. Fusion
The combining of particles to produce a new isotope and energy: a. Fission. b. Fusion. c. Atomic recombination. d. Photoelectric effect (PEE).
Atmospheric refraction
The deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of altitude.
True
The distance from the Sun and Earth to a specific star is also important as astronomers detail the star's characteristics. True False
...Roche Limit Ring
The distance within one body will break apart due to a second body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's own gravitational attraction: a. Asteroidal collision b. Crater physics c. Ring dynamics d. Roche limit A disk of dust or small objects orbiting a planet or other body: a. Crater b. Planetary anomaly c. Ring or rings d. Roche rings
c. They represent the Universe in the distant past
The fact that most QSO's are found at the "edge" of the observable Universe tells us what about Quasars? a. They are made up of Proto-Stars b. They are made of young Stars c. They represent the Universe in the distant past d. They are made of Neutron Stars
True
The fact that most of the galaxies are moving away from each other infers that the galaxies must have been closer together at one time. True False
True
The farther away an object in space is from us, the farther back in time we are actually seeing it. True False
Galileo
The first person to see the Milky Way as individual stars through the telescope was _________.
Galileo
The first to use the telescope astronomically was _______.
Venus
The following describes the atmosphere of which planet? Carbon Dioxide, CO2 Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4 High Pressure Clouds Odd Polar Vortex
True
The general steps to the Proton-proton cycle (stellar nuclear fusion) include: 1. Two protons fuse to produce a deuterium nucleus (p+ + n0), a positron, a neutrino, and a lot of ENERGY 2. A proton and a deuterium atom combine to form a He-3, Gamma Ray, , and energy 3. Two He-3 atoms combine to form a He-4 atom, two protons , and energy True False
1278 AD
The glass mirror was invented and properties of reflection understood in ________.
Gravitational Lenses
The idea that Massive Objects can act as _______ ______, was predicted by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.
Quasars
The most luminous, powerful, and energetic objects known in the Universe are ________.
True...
The refractor works by two lenses first gathering and directing the light (right); Galileo's refractor only used one lens. The eyepiece on the left focuses the light for the eye (or camera, spectrometer. etc.). True False
Circumstellar Habitable Zone
The region around a star within which planetary-mass objects with sufficient atmospheric pressure can support liquid water at their surfaces
Convective Zone
The region in which energy is transported outward by convection; 70% of the Sunâ s radius
Optics
The science that deals with all aspects of visible light is called ____________.
d. QSO
The short name for a Quasar is... a. QUA b. QSR c. QAR d. QSO
a. Fission
The splitting of large nuclei of certain isotopes into smaller nuclei along with the release of energy with several free neutrons: a. Fission. b. Fusion. c. Atomic recombination. d. Photoelectric effect (PEE).
Angular Resolution
The telescope is an instrument designed to collect and magnify visible light and see detail. Detail refers to ________ ________; think of resolving into finer details. Bigger telescopes collect more light and produce better resolution. However, the bigger the better is not always true; our atmosphere can limit a telescope's resolving abilities
Telescope Mounts
The telescope's support structure. The Alt-azimuth mounts move in two directions: left to right, or up and down. The word "alt-azimuth" is a combination of altitude and azimuth. Equatorial mounts track the apparent motion of the stars by aligning one of its axes parallel to Earth's axis. The mount must be stable enough to hold the telescope without shaking. Remember that the telescope is magnifying the object and an unsteady mount with show vibrations.
Chromosphere
The term '_______' means the sphere of color. This is due to the fact that hydrogen atoms emit energy called hydrogen-alpha (H-) radiation. The _______is reddish in appearance; therefore, it is hard to see.
New
The term Nova means ____.
Carbon
Toward a Low Mass Star's end, the star's core is now mostly _______.
Alt-Azimuth and Equatorial
The two main types of telescope mounts are __________ and __________.
a. Age
The yellow arrow points to the most distant Galaxy observed to date. Note that it is reddish in color. This color indicates the galaxy's what? a. Age b. Type c. Coronal Mass d. General Mass
Spirals, Barred Spirals, Lenticular Spirals
There are three main types of Spirals, based on their shapes: 1. Classified Sa, Sb, Sc Central Bulge, Arms 2. Classified SB An elongated bar of stars across the Central Bulge Is the bar tearing the galaxy apart? 3. Classified; S0 and SB0 No Spiral Arms (but disk-shaped)
c. Globular and Open
There are two major types of star clusters. a. Globular and Closed b. Cepheid and Globular c. Globular and Open d. Cepheid and Open
b, c
There are two ways to "find" Dark Matter: a. Hubble telescope b. Weigh a Galaxy! c. The Mass-to-Light ratio d. The Lowell Deep Dark Mission
supermassive black hole
There is strong evidence that points to a __________ ______ ______ at the Milky Way's center.
Sirius B
This is an X-Ray image of Sirius A and B, a Binary Star System. Which is the Dwarf Star?
c. Galactic Cannibalism
This picture illustrates what? a. Super-Massive Black Hole b. Star being born c. Galactic Cannibalism d. Milky Way Galaxy
Which moon of Saturn has a thick atmosphere of mostly nitrogen and liquid methane on the surface?
Titan
Pluto was discovered by:
Tombaugh
Fades
Toward a Low Mass Star's end, after the star has become a White Dwarf, with a Planetary Nebula, the White Dwarf cools and ______ away.
Planetary Nebula
Toward a Low Mass Star's end, after the star has become a White Dwarf, with a Planetary Nebula, the White Dwarf cools and fades. Finally, the ________ ________ also fades away.
White
Toward a Low Mass Star's end, the star can form a (White/Black/Brown/Pink) Dwarf, then a Planetary Nebula (Planetary Nebula will be illuminated by its central, _____ Dwarf star). Pick one
The Roche limit is the distance within one body will break apart due to a second body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's own gravitational attraction.
True
The Sun does not burn. T/F?
True.
His measurements were accurate to better than 1/100 of a degree
Tycho Brahe
True
Type 1a Supernovae - Produce elements up to iron on the atomic table - Also produce elements heavier than iron, like gold, silver, and uranium - Act as our standard candle, standard brightness True False
True
Type 1a Supernovae act as our standard candle, standard brightness. True False
Iron
Type 1a Supernovae typically produce elements up to ____ on the atomic table.
Spiral
Types of Galaxies: Galaxies which appear like flattened disks with a central bulge; usually with arms.
Elliptical
Types of Galaxies: Galaxies which appear round in shape, often elongated in one direction (football shaped).
Irregular
Types of Galaxies: Galaxies which look neither Elliptical or Spiral; no true shape or form.
Active Galaxies - AGN's
Types of Galaxies: Galaxies with extreme energy output; 10% of all known galaxies - Seyferts (look like spirals) - Radio (large amounts of radio output) - Quasars, Blazars
Released from the Sun's upper atmosphere and corona:
UV and X-Rays
True
WARNING: NEVER LOOK AT THE SUN WITH YOUR EYES, THROUGH A TELESCOPE, OR BINOCULARS WITHOUT A PROPER SOLAR FILTER! Note that sunglasses, even with UV protection, are NOT adequate eye protection for viewing the Sun. True False
True
WIMP: Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (Extraordinary Dark Matter) Hypothetical particles that are dark by their nature (don't emit any sort of radiation that can be observed). WIMP interact through weak forces, not gravity. However, they are slow moving enough to collect into galaxies—called cold dark matter. True False
Yes
Under certain circumstances, can Type 1a Supernovae also produce elements heavier than iron, like gold, silver, and uranium? Yes No
Which Solar System Gas Planet rotates on its side?
Uranus
Telescope
Used to collect and magnify visible light and see detail: (a) glass vessels. (b) liquid lenses. (c) spectacles. (d) telescope.
Schmidt-Cassegrain
Uses a "thin" corrector plate
Liquid Lens
Uses the properties of two different liquids within a small space to provide magnification.
Granulation
Vast gas bubbles, with rising centers and sinking edges
Friday
Venus
1,600
Venus has over _____ volcanoes - most known on one body in the Solar System
Visual Observations
Viewing the object with the eye is referred to as: (a) Astrophotography. (b) Photometry. (c) Spectroscopy. (d) Visual observations.
Photosphere
Visible portion of the Sun
Spiral
What type of galaxy is the Andromeda Galaxy?
Elliptical
What type of galaxy is the M87 Galaxy?
Darkening
We observe limb ________ because the Sun is a sphere; near what is seen as the edge of the solar disk, the light must travel farther through the solar atmosphere. This causes the limb to be dimmer than the rest of the disk.
c. Dark Matter
We only see about 10% of the mass of the Milky Way; therefore, 90% is unseen! Thus, 90% must be: a. Dark Galactic Dust b. Dark Energy c. Dark Matter d. Darkness
Spiral
What "type" of galaxy is Andromeda? a. Elliptical b. Spiral c. Irregular d. Regular e. Globular
bca
What American astronomer initiated Mars Mania? a. Hubble b. Lowell c. Schiaparelli d. Slipher The canals were first described by: a. Hubble. b. Lowell. c. Schiaparelli. d. Slipher. Seeing the canals was probably: a. an optical illusion. b. faked by astronomers. c. conceived by science fiction writers. d. a photographic error.
...gas/dust; proplyds; spiral galaxies;
What Evidence do we have of a Nebular Theory-type development? We have observed discs of gas and dust around other stars. We can also see evidence of stars and planets forming in clouds of gas and dust; young planet systems in the making are called Proplyds. Other disk-forming evidence found throughout the Universe; such as spiral galaxies. Computer modeling is used to model formation of stellar systems, like our Solar System.
Quasars
What are extreme radio sources that emit the energy of an entire galaxy or more-1,000X Milky Way?
Deimos and Phobos
What are the 2 main moons of Mars?
Proteus, Triton
What are the 2 main moons of Neptune?
Callisto, Europa, Ganymede, Io
What are the 4 main moons of Jupiter?
Dione, Enceladus, Mimas, Titan
What are the 4 main moons of Saturn?
Ariel, Miranda, Oberon, Titania,and Umbriel
What are the 5 main moons of Uranus?
Spiral Elliptical Irregular
What are the three classifications for galaxies?
Reddish
What color are older stars? Bluish Reddish Whitish Brownish Pinkish
Bluish
What color are younger stars? Bluish Reddish Whitish Brownish Pinkish
a. Massive
What do we know about GRB's? Scientists believe GRB's are probably the death throes of extremely ________ stars a. Massive b. Reddish c. Small d. Irregular
...Charge-Couple Device
What does CCD stand for?
b. Gravitational attraction
What holds a neutron star together? a. Neutronic Plasma b. Gravitational attraction c. Neutronic attraction d. Gluetronic Plasma
b. CNO cycle
What is the more-favorable fusion reaction for more-massive stars? a. Helium fission b. CNO cycle c. Proton-proton cycle d. Hydrogen conversion
c. Heavier
What kind of elements are produced due to the supernovae event? a. Lighter b. Raw c. Heavier d. Radioactive
d
What percentage of the Sun's deuterium has been used, and what percentage remains? a. 50% used, 40% remains b. 60% used, 40% remains c. 90% used, 10% remains d. 50% used, 50% remains
New Horizons
What spacecraft will be investigating Pluto close-up, starting in 2015? a. Apollo c. New Horizons b. Curiosity d. Pathfinder
c
When a shock wave moves through a giant molecular cloud and causes slight over-densities in the gas - called "cores" ... a. Each slightly dense core repels more material (a result of anti-gravity) and begins to contract b. Each slightly reddish core attracts more material (a result of gravity) and begins to expand c. Each slightly dense core attracts more material (a result of gravity) and begins to contract d. None of these
star destruction
When a star dies in a violent explotion.
Before 79 AD
When did Pliney and other writers know of "liquid lenses," spheres filled with water?
3000 BC
When did glass first appear in Egypt?
True
When discussing stars, astronomers consider other factors such as the star's distance and brightness. True False
power disturbance
When electricity or power will get disrupted from the sun's solar flares.
thermonuclear
When fusion occurs at a very high temperature - 50 million degrees Celsius- this is referred to as __________ fusion.
True
When observing the Sun in Visible light you MUST use a proper solar filter, in front of your eyes, the telescope or binocular to view the Sun safely. A proper solar filter is safe because it does not transmit ultraviolet or infrared radiation, both of which are much more harmful to your eyes than light. It also drops the Sun's brightness to a comfortable level. And a pinhole viewer can also be constructed to safely - and indirectly - view the Sun and sunspots. True False
Filaments
When seen straight on, however, prominences look like dark lines, known as ________, silhouetted against the solar disk because they are slightly cooler than the surface beneath.
False
When the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies collide in 3 to 4 billion years, many individual stars within the galaxies will collide, True or False
elliptical
When the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies collide in 3 to 4 billion years, the two galaxies will merge to form a single __________ galaxy over the course of about a billion years.
1500 BC
When were the oldest known glass vessels made?
Neutron stars
Which is much hotter & more luminous? Neutron stars or White Dwarf stars
b. Galactic Proto-Storms
Which of the following is NOT an "odd" object that appears to be galaxy-related? a. Supermassive Black Holes b. Galactic Proto-Storms c. Starburst Galaxies d. Quasars
Charon
Which of the following is not considered to be a dwarf planet at this time? a. Ceres c. Eris b. Charon d. Pluto
d. Collapses into a Neutral Star
Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of High-Mass Stars? a. Have a very-short life b. Fusion includes heavy elements H2 He C N O ... Fe c. Very high core temperatures d. Collapses into a Neutral Star e. Crushing stellar core pressures f. Very big and very bright g. Ends life in a bang...
Venus
Which planet in our Solar System does not have water?
a. Low Mass
White Dwarf in NGC2440 [Hubble Space Telescope] What type of star would form this White Dwarf? a. Low Mass b. Super-Low Mass c. High Mass d. Super-High Mass
5 tons
White Dwarfs White Dwarf: the inert remaining stellar core that remains after a star has ended all core nuclear fusion All nuclear fusion is over, that is, all available H2 in the star's core has been fused into He and 3He into 12C. White Dwarfs weigh around ____ per teaspoon!!
Accretion
White Dwarfs and Neighbors In a White Dwarf Binary Star System: - A White Dwarf can steal or cannibalize matter from its companion star by forming an _________ Disk.
Edwin Hubble
Who was the first to classify galaxies based on what he observed?
True
X-ray Binaries and X-ray Bursters are types of Neutron stars. True False
star types
Yellow Dwarf (our sun), red dwarf (m-class; small faint, long lived, and most common) Red giant (large, rare, old), Supergiant (red, very large, short lived, end in supernovae) Pulsar, White Dwarf, Neutron stars
Borealis Basin
Yes; Mars has a very large impact crater ________ ______ (largest known in the Solar System), 6,600 miles across)
Objectives
You should now be able to: - Detail the history of optics that lead up to the telescope, the invention of the telescope, and the telescope's first use in astronomy - Overview telescope types of and telescope mounts - Discuss refracting telescope and reflecting telescope differences - Overview the types of instruments used with the telescope and what each does - Detail space-based telescopes and why they are of such importance to today's astronomers and information collection
Objectives Met
You should now be able to: • Detail the nebular theory of the Solar System formation • Overview the evidence which supports the nebular theory • Be able to list the IAU's criteria to be a planet, and how this changed the status of Pluto • Explain what an exoplanet is as well as the history of their discoveries • Give examples of unusual stellar systems • Explain brown dwarfs and how they differ from stars and planets • Be able to discuss stellar system habitable zones and what that has to do with life
Proolyds
Young planet systems in the making are called: a. planetoids. c. planetes. b. proplyds. d. rocky planets.
Flares
_______ occur when the Sun's atmosphere suddenly releases built-up magnetic energy. These emit radiation storms and are by far the Solar System's largest explosions.
Faculae
________ are bright areas visible on the Photosphere. The term is Latin for "little torch."
Uranus...
________ was the first planet found with a telescope. It was discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1781,
Irregular
_________ galaxies make up a small percentage of Galaxies{ Characteristics: - Usually dusty - Almost spiral galaxy-like in the amount of dust - Usually small - Appears to have been more common when the Universe was younger
Fusion
_________ is the combining of particles to produce a new isotope and energy. __________ is the combining of particles into larger particles. When __________ occurs at a very high temperatures - 50 million degrees Celsius- this is referred to as thermonuclear __________.
Fission
_________ is the splitting of large nuclei of certain isotopes into smaller nuclei along with the release of energy with several free neutrons. Almost all of the __________ fragments or products are radioactive
...Neptune
_________, the first planet discovered through mathematical prediction. T
Go-To Telescope Mounts
__________ enable the telescope to find objects in the sky using a microprocessor, encoders and motors.
Elliptical
__________ galaxy types are classified according to their shape and size: - Shape: Round to extreme elongated; classified E0 to E5 No significant disk, like spiral galaxies - Other characteristics: Very little dust and gas Age: appear to be the oldest class of galaxies This is an example of a "round" (EO) type ________ galaxy
Granulation
__________ is vast gas bubbles, with rising centers and sinking edges. This bubbling pattern is due to solar convection, as noted in the Sun's regions. Each __________ cell is about 1,000 miles across; compare that to the diameter of Earth at a little under 8,000 miles.
Prominence
___________ are bright gas clouds ejected from the Sun and shaped by the Sun's magnetic field. They often appear as spikes, loops, "trees," detached regions, and more as seen from Earth.
...Jan (or Han) Lipperhey
___________ of Holland, a spectacle maker, is given credit for inventing the first telescope in 1608; a refracting telescope. He called his telescope Kijker, meaning "looker" in Dutch. _______'s telescope was a refracting or lens-type telescope - as were all early telescopes; this used a convex lens to focus incoming light.___________ thought the telescope's best use was military.
...Lipperhey
_____________ unsuccessfully tried to patent the telescope, as well as telescope binoculars. Since ___________ was denied a patent - probably meaning he did not invent the telescope -
Sunspots
______________ are temporary disturbed magnetic areas in the Photosphere. They come in many shapes and sizes, depending on the status of the Sun's magnetic field.
Planet
a body that orbits a Sun-like star, that massive enough to be spherical in shape, and has clearance from any planetesimals; a celestial body that orbits a star or stellar remnant
sunspot
a cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere
Hertzsprung-Russell
a diagram that shows the relationship between the surface temperature and color of stars
Independent Variable
a factor that a scientist changes directly while conducting an experiment
all of newtons laws of motion express the concept that
a force (an only a force) changes the motion of an object
Precession
a gradual change in the axis of a rotating object; it takes nearly 26,000 years for the north celestial pole to complete a cycle; based on the gravity from the Sun and he Moon, the Earth twists like a top in a cyclic form
Galaxy
a group of stars, dust, gas, and plants held together by gravity
black holes
a mass that has collapsed to so great a density that its enormous local gravitational field prevents light from escaping
nuclear reactions
a reaction that involves splitting the nucleus of an atom or fusing two nuclei; these reactions produce much more energy then chemical reactions
Procedure
a series of steps to be followed to accomplish the final results in an experiment
Star
a sphere of gas and plasma held together by gravity; stars generate their own energy through nuclear fusion
11. Stellar System
a star and other objects, such as planets and other stars and other materials that orbit
supernova
a star that explodes and becomes extremely luminous in the process
solar wind
a stream of protons moving radially from the sun
define a galaxy
a very large grouping of stars held together by gravity, orbiting a common center of mass
Which of the following is NOT another name for the constellation Orion the Hunter? a. Canis b. Osiris c. Shen d. Skanda
a. Canis
Uranus
a. Jupiter b. Saturn c. Uranus d. Neptune Looks like Neptune Rings Green in color Ringlets Would float in water Great Red Spot 1st planet predicted position mathematically Rotates on its side Gives off more heat than receives Polar hexagon Polar Hexagon Aurora Most volcanoes in the Solar System 1st planet discovered with a telescope Radio source
Kepler's Third law
a3 = kP2
Milky Way
about 50 billion times the mass of our Sun, contains about 100 billion stars
Sunlight shining through a thin, cool gas
absorption spectrum
The oldest calendars have been found in:
along the Egyptian-Sudanese border.
if you wanted to find the planet jupiter in the night sky where would you look?
along the ecliptic
What characteristic do all stars in a constellation share?
an artificially defined boundary on the sky
Eclipse
an astronomical event in which one object is blocked by another object or by a shadow
Parsec
an astronomical unit of measurement that is equal to 3.26 light-years or 3.08567758 x 10^16 meter; the distance a star would need to be from Earth for the start to show a parallax of 1
Solar Eclipse
an eclipse that occurs when the moon passes between the Sun and the Earth
Lunar Eclipse
an event that occurs when Earth's shadow prevents sunlight from reaching the Moon
Control
an item or group used for comparison in an experiment; noting is manipulated in a control group
neutron stars
are the remains of high-mass stars after a supernova
Penumbra
area of partial shadow
drinking gourd
asterism
star pattern within a Constellation
asterism
An Astronomical Unit (1 AU) is the distance:
between Earth and the Sun
Halley's Comet is visible to Earth:
every 75-76 years
star size
can vary from 10-15kn to 500x the size of the sun
A constellation is:
connect-the-dots shapes and patterns in the stars
.shapes and patterns in the stars
constellation
more of connecting-the-dots
constellation
Produces a continuous spectrum:
continuous
An incandescent (with a filament) light bulb
continuous spectrum
the projection of earths orbit onto the celestial sphere and the path of the sun on the celestial sphere is the
ecliptic
Identify the types of spectra: Produces a spectrum with bright lines:
emission
Qualitative Data
descriptive information about qualities; information that cannot be measured
Where should the police car in Figure 6-9a (in the textbook) have parked to make a good measurement.
directly behind the moving car
define astronomical unit
distance between Earth and Sun, 93 million miles/ 150 million km
a neon sign
emission spectrum
solar energy
energy from the sun
Which of the following is NOT one of the centaur characteristics which been observed to date? Exhibit comet-like tails Fundamental make-up of asteroids Ring or rings like the asteroids Water ice on their surfaces
exhibit comet-like tails
Constants
factors that remain the same for all groups in an experiment
what is the phase of the moon when the moon and the sun are on opposite sides of the earth?
full
10. Star
glowing balls of gas that undergo nuclear fusion at their cores
define a galaxy group
grouping of a few several 10's of galaxies that are gravitationally bound, we live in a local group with 2 large galaxies (Milky Way and Andromeda)
define galaxy supercluster
grouping of galaxy clusters
Which of the following is NOT a regular example of a characteristic of the Minor Bodies?
has its own orbit
chemical elements
how they react with other elements
Good and proper science tests and retests:
hypotheses and theories.
Which of the following are asteroids NOT composed of:
ice
release of energy
illustrated by a change in temperature or the giving off of light energy
An object that strikes, another object:
impactor
When the Sun covers the Moon is called a/an:
imposible?
We experience seasons because of:
indirect and direct solar rays
Quantitative Data
information about quantities that can be measured and is numeric nature
12. Supercluster
is a region where galaxies and galactic clusters are tightly packed
How does the force of gravity between two objects depend on the distance between the objects?
it increases in proportion to 1/ distance squared
What does the size of a star image in a photograph typically tell you about the star?
its brightness
Comets are the sources for the majority of our:
meteor showers
Material orbiting in space; smaller than asteroids:
meteroids
The dwarf planets, asteroids, centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and other trans-Neptunian objects:
minor planets
define a planet
moderately large object that orbits a star, spherical shape, reflects light from parent star, cleared its path in its orbital neighborhood
7. Planet
moderately large objects orbiting a star
15. Satellite
moon
life cycle of star
nebula, protostar, star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, black dwarf
Gravity is responsible for the motion of the moon and the earth gravity acts on anything with mass
newtons insights about gravity
what time does the first quarter moon rise?
noon
define nuclear fusion
nuclear fusion is the energy generation of when 2 light atoms join together to form a larger atom
an atom consists of a __________ at the center made of __________ and _______ surrounded by a cloud of ________
nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons
define a satellite/moon
object that orbits a planet,
To determine time during the day, ancient peoples:
observed the Sun's path.
sunspot cycle
periodic variation in the number of sunspots that occurs approximately every 11 years
Light comes in particle bundles, called:
protons
Octahedrites
ron meteorites with an average nickel content of 6-13 percent. _________ consist of three structural components: kamacite (α-iron), taenite (γ-iron), and plessite, a fine-grained intergrowth of kamacite and taenite. Widmanstätten structure appears on the polished surface of __________ upon etching with a solution of nitric acid or any other acid.
Diurnal motion
rotation
Nighttime side of the Earth gradually turns toward different parts of the night sky
rotation
Which lists the various motions of Earth in increasing order of the period (a.k.a. how often said motion repeats) of the motion?
rotation, revolution, precession
In the sciences, we make use of intuition and experience: Observation - Logic - Skepticism, which leads us to:
scientific method.
light with a ...... wavelength has a higher frequency, is bluer light, and has more energy
short
visible light waves have a ____ wavelength than radio waves
shorter
Comets are often called:
snowy dirtballs
star composition
spectral lines will show what gases make up the atmosphere of that star
define a star system
star, its planets, satellites, asteroids, comets which are gravitationally bound (our solar system)
True
stellar parallax is the apparent shift of an object relative to some distant background as the observer's point of view changes. True False
Which of the following can NOT be seen during a total solar eclipse?
sunset-sunrise effect
Full Moon rises at approximately
sunset.
Experiment
testing for the purpose of discovering something unknown
why isnt there an eclipse at every new moon and at every full moon?
the orbit of the moon is tilted relative to the ecliptic
Anteumbra
the part of a shadow that extends beyond the umbra
Revolution
the path a celestial object takes while orbiting a center of gravity
Perihelion
the point at which the Earth is closest to the Sun on its orbit
Aphelion
the point at which the Earth is on its orbit farthest from the Sun
Summer Solstice
the point on the celestial sphere when the Sun is at its most northern point; summer begins in the Northern Hemisphere on or around June 22nd
Winter Solstice
the point on the celestial sphere when the Sun is the farthest south; the winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere around December 25th
Vernal Equinox
the point on the celestial sphere where the moving sun passes over the celestial equator moving northward, on or around March 21st, equal day and night occur during this time
Autumnal Equinox
the point on the celestial sphere where the sun passes over the celestial equator moving southward: equal day and night occurs on or around September 23rd
Problem
the question that a scientific investigation is attempting to address
auroras
the result of high-energy collisions between ionized particles in the ionosphere
Which of the following is not a problem for refracting telescopes?
the secondary mirror blocks some of the light passing through the primary lens
Synchronous Rotation
the simultaneous rotation and revolution of the Moon; both take four weeks which allows people on Earth to see only one side of the Moon
define the universe
the sum total of all matter & energy, including all superclusters voids and everything in between
Scientific Notation
the system of converting numbers using powers of ten; useful for expressing extremely large and/or extremely small numbers
Universe
the totality of all space, time, matter, and energy
radio communication
the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light
Rotation
the turning of a celestial body on its axis
Field of View
the visible area of space that can be seen by a viewer at any given time
why do radio telescopes have relatively poor resolving power compared to optical telescopes ?
the wavelength of radio light is much longer than optical light
what would the seasons be like if the earth's axis was not tilted
there would be no seasons
Why didn't scientific thinkers immediately accept the Copernican model of the solar system?
they were reluctant to throw out the earth centered model because it had been around for so many years and copernicus' model did not make noticeably better predictions than the earth centered model
If earth did not rotate, the celestial poles and equators would not have been defined as we know them
true
who observed the nova in 1572, showing that there could be changes in the realm of the heavens
tycho brahe
white dwarfs
very small, very hot stars
Observation
viewing an occurance for some scientific purpose
w is the object's weight m is the mass g is acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/s2 (metric system) or 32 ft/s2 (English system)
w=mg
The distance between adjacent peaks on the wave:
wavelength
hotter objects are brightest at a shorter (bluer) wavelength than cooler objects.
weins law
Dependent Variable
what is impacted and measured in an experiment; the dependent variable changes based on the independent variable
Waxing
when the Moon appears to become larger based on its increasing surface illumination
Waning
when the Moon appears to become smaller based on its decreasing surface illumination
star equilibrium
where stars quire late.
when it is summer here, what season is it in australia?
winter
Mercury
• Looks like the Moon • heavily cratered • No real atmosphere • No seasons
