Atherosclerosis and other Arterial Diseases

fusiform and saccular

An aneurysm Forms what kind of shapes

increase to the point of rupture or lead to internal hemorrhage.

An aneurysm increases the blood flows against the wall, it grows weaker. This weakness can lead to "what"?

tearing

Aortic dissection involves, "what" of the aorta.

During Dilation or contraction

Depending on low or high pressure. when does the tunica Intima stretch the cells?

hematoma

Eventually Aortic dissection leads to a "what" that protrudes into the lumen. This reduces blood flow to the major arteries arising from the aorta.

lipid deposits

Foam cells form "what" along the vessel wall, eventually resulting in plaque formation.

blood flow

Foam cells may also break free and obstruct "what" in other areas.

rest

How can you relieve intermittent claudication pain?

silent killer

Hypertension is called the "what" because it is asymptomatic?

right and left arm

In Aortic dissection Pressure differential between?

widen

In Aortic dissection with split lining blood flows between the layers, which traumatizes the region, causing the gap to?

the inner lining and middle

In aortic dissection, aortic weakness leads to a splitting of what layers between muscular wall?

artery is obstructed

In intermittent claudication- what happens causing the oxygenated blood not reach the muscle?

the increase of resistance

Key concept of arteries: what happens to resistance against the heart when greater pressure of blood with in the arteries?

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Name for mini stroke?

peripheral pulse

PAD can cause a Decrease in?

gradually

PAD typically develops

femoral artery.

Peripheral artery disease is most commonly occurring in?

Arteries

Peripheral vascular resistance is associated with arteries or veins?

Tunica media

Smooth muscle that constricts and dilate to change artery's diameter.

chest pain and tearing sound

Sudden onset of Aortic dissection symptoms include?

venous return

The amount of blood coming back to the right side of the heart is called?

pulse pressure

The difference between systole and diastole

endothelial cells of vessel walls are damaged

The process of atherosclerosis begins when "what happens" this stimulating inflammation. When this occurs, white blood cells travel to the area of injury

connective tissue

Tunica externa is composed of what material?

Brain- stroke eyes-vision loss heart- failure and attack kidney- disease and failure

What are the Target organ Damage areas for hypertension?

Baroreceptors, RAAS, and ADH

What body mechanisms help with maintaining BP?

LDL: low density lipoprotein

What is counter cardio protective and ends up in arterial walls?

myocardial infarction (MI)

What is the name for a heart attack?

(CVA) cerebral vascular accident

What is the name for a stroke?

False

When plaque accumulates in the arteries it will go away if you change your diet and exercise? True or False

B:

Which of the following is an immediate, life-threatening condition? A: Peripheral artery disease B: Aortic dissection C: Atherosclerosis D: Arterial plaque formation E: Arterial dilation

xanthoma

Yellow raised skin lesions that develop because of intracellular accumulation of excess cholesterol within epithelial cells

plaques of fatty material

atherosclerosis is a change in endothelium caused by "what" in the inner walls?

Left ventricular hypertrophy

excessive work load on left ventricle works harder to pump blood because hypertension is called?

Xanthelasma

fatty deposit under the skin around the eyes

foam cells collect, gather, multiply, and take up space

foam cells act like the support structures that are meant to guide around injury, so area can be repaired. By doing this what happens to the area?

systole

left ventricle forcing blood out and hitting artery walls.

foam cells

macrophages engulf low-density lipoprotein molecules in the blood stream and transform into what?

Arcus senilis

old age syndrome where there is a white, grey, or blue opaque ring in the corneal margin (peripheral corneal opacity)

Tunica externa

outer supportive structure of the artery?

Diastole

relaxation of vessel heart relaxes and refills

veins

stroke volume is associated with the arteries or veins?

arterial wall bulges and an uneven interior surface

what are the aneurysms features? These malformations increase the risk for rupture.

Cholinergic

what are the autonomic nerve fibers in the tunica media controlled by the para-sympathetic response?

Adrenergic

what are the autonomic nerve fibers in the tunica media controlled by the sympathetic response?

Alcohol, stress, fatty diet, smoking, large amounts of salt, caffeine, and sugar.

what are the modifiable Risk factors for atherosclerosis?

-Genetics- 30% higher chance -gender -Race- African Americans have a higher risk

what are the non- modifiable Risk factors for atherosclerosis?

HDL: High density lipoprotein

what binds to fat and brings fat to liver?

aneurysm

what can the result from a weakened arterial lining from atherosclerosis?

Hyperlipidemia

what disease does plaque formation in the Tunica intima eventually will restrict blood flow creating a clot.

occlude

what do Foam cell plaques do in the vessel?

intermittent claudication

what is a classic symptom of PAD. As a person exercises, muscle requires increased oxygenated blood. This means the artery needs to be free and clear of congestion.

Metabolic syndrome

what is a cluster of metabolic disorders. When a patient presents with these conditions together, the chances for future cardiovascular disease is greater than any one factor presenting alone.

Aortic dissection

what is a potentially lethal disorder of the aorta?

Stroke volume

what is amount of fluid ejected per contraction of left ventricle

Peripheral artery disease, P.A.D.

what is an occlusive disorder of the peripheral arteries.

hypertension

what is elevation of BP to values that are correlated with cardiovascular damage?

Abdominal aorta

what is most commonly affected by an aneurysm?

Collateral circulation

what is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels.

Atherosclerosis

what is the basic physiological change that causes cardiovascular disease. causes changes in the endothelium.

Tunica intima: endothelium

what is the inner layer of arteries?

Atherosclerosis pregression

what is this picture showing a progression of?

Ankle brachial index

what is used for assessment of PAD?

Metabolically active

what kind of tissues are endothelium? Helps to release substances that respond to blood contents. i.e. blood clots or stop blood clots

Arteries

what muscular walled blood vessels with large amounts of elastic fibers.

C-reactive

what proteins and homocysteine levels are used for assessment?

surgical repair

what treatment is required In Aortic dissection?

middle layer: Tunica Media

which arterial layer is responsible for hypertension?