ATP - ADP Cycle

First Law of Thermodynamics

(Law of Conservation of Energy) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only trasferred

Second Law of Thermodynamics

(Law of Entrophy) (Disorder) increases as energy is lost (released) in transformation; usually heat

Formula of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Formula of cellular respiration

6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (Opposite of photosynthesis)

____________________________ use energy in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food

Autotrophs

Describe what takes place in the process of converting ADP to ATP

A phosphate molecule bonds with the two other phosphates

Describe what happens in the process of converting ATP to ADP

A phosphate molecule breaks off

Write an equation showing the conversion reactions of ATP and ADP. Indicate which side of the equation has lower stored energy and which has higher stored energy

ATP + H20 (Higher stored energy) --> ADP + P +E (Lower stored energy

In which structure, ATP or ADP, is more energy stored? Where is it stored?

ATP has more energy and it's stored in the 3rd phosphate

Photosynthesis occurs in ______________ which contain ____________________

Chloroplasts Chlorophyll

Glycolysis

Glucose splitting and energy releasing

Stacks of thylakoids form __________________

Grana

_______________________ are organisms that cannot make their own food

Heterotrophs (Animals, fungi, unicellular organisms)

________________ is not needed for cellular respiration

Oxygen

Why are the reactions shown above considered to be part of a cycle?

Phosphate molecule breaks off --> Becomes ADP --> Extra phosphate bonds with another ADP bond --> Becomes ATP --> Phosphate molecule breaks off --> Repeat

What molecules are contained in both ATP and ADP?

Phosphate, ribose, and adenine

Chlorophylls

Photosynthetic pigments in plants and algae. They absorb violet, blue, and red light; reflect green light to make plants look green

Photosynthesis

Process by which autotrophs convert sunlight to a usable form of energy

Phosphorylation

Process where a phosphate bonds with two others

Plants get carbon dioxide from ________ or ___________ in which they grow

air or soil

Cellular Respiration releases ____________ and ___________________________ molecules are formed

4 ATP 2 Pyruvic acid (or pyruvate)

Pigments

Absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

Compare and contrast the structural differences between ATP and ADP

Both have ribose, adenine, and phosphate but ADP has one less phosphate molecule because one broke off

Two paths can be taken to ____________________________ a. _______________________ is available - ____________________ respiration Occurs with O2 in the ______________________ Converts pyruvate to __________________________________ and energy Makes a total of _________ ATP Occurs in two steps _____________ and ____________________ b. Oxygen ________ available - __________________________ Occurs right after __________________________ (2 Kinds) ______________ Fermentation - Converts _________ to C02 and ethanol. Yeast goes through this to make wine, beer, and bread ________________ Fermentation - Converts pyruvate into _______________ Occurs in animals cells like __________. Builds up in muscles; causes _______________. Net production of _____________ ATP

Break down the pyruvic acid created Oxygen; Mitochondria Carbon dioxide, water, 34 Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain Is not; Anaerobic Glycolysis Alcoholic; Pyruvate Lactic Acid; Lactic acid Muscles; Cramps 36

Cells get and release energy from ________________________________

Breaking bonds of glucose molecules

How does a cell release energy?

By breaking off a phosphate molecule

The mitochondria

Converts food energy stored in glucose into ATP

The chloroplasts

Converts solar energy into glucose so cells can eventually make ATP

Cellular Respiration occurs in the

Cytoplasm

ATP Definition:

Energy storage molecule used by most organisms Ribose - 5 Carbon Sugar Adenine - Nucleotide of RNA or DNA Phosphate - 3 put together

What is the purpose of having ATP in the cell?

It stores energy

In which direction is energy stored?

Left

In which direction is energy released for the cell to use?

Right

Grana is surrounded by gel-like substance called

Stroma

Energy

The ability to do work

2 membranes in chloroplasts: Inner membrane has many layers that fuse to form ______________________ Contain photosynthetic ____________________

Thylakoids Pigments

Cellular Respiration

Transforms chemical energy into usable energy Occurs in mitochondria

Hydrolysis

Water is added to ATP

Dehydration Synthesis

When water is formed

Two reactions in photosynthesis a. Light dependent reaction; occurs in ___________________ Takes in ____________ and _____________ Produces _____________, _____________, and ____________ b. Light independent reaction; occurs in __________ Also known as _________________________ Takes in ___________ and ______________ from previous reaction and converts __________ into carbohydrates (sugars)

a. thylakoids water and light oxygen, NADPH, and ATP b. stroma Calvin Cycle ATP and NADPH C02

In cells, work includes ________________________________________

growth, repair, active transport and reproduction