ATP - ADP Cycle
First Law of Thermodynamics
(Law of Conservation of Energy) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only trasferred
Second Law of Thermodynamics
(Law of Entrophy) (Disorder) increases as energy is lost (released) in transformation; usually heat
Formula of photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Formula of cellular respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (Opposite of photosynthesis)
____________________________ use energy in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food
Autotrophs
Describe what takes place in the process of converting ADP to ATP
A phosphate molecule bonds with the two other phosphates
Describe what happens in the process of converting ATP to ADP
A phosphate molecule breaks off
Write an equation showing the conversion reactions of ATP and ADP. Indicate which side of the equation has lower stored energy and which has higher stored energy
ATP + H20 (Higher stored energy) --> ADP + P +E (Lower stored energy
In which structure, ATP or ADP, is more energy stored? Where is it stored?
ATP has more energy and it's stored in the 3rd phosphate
Photosynthesis occurs in ______________ which contain ____________________
Chloroplasts Chlorophyll
Glycolysis
Glucose splitting and energy releasing
Stacks of thylakoids form __________________
Grana
_______________________ are organisms that cannot make their own food
Heterotrophs (Animals, fungi, unicellular organisms)
________________ is not needed for cellular respiration
Oxygen
Why are the reactions shown above considered to be part of a cycle?
Phosphate molecule breaks off --> Becomes ADP --> Extra phosphate bonds with another ADP bond --> Becomes ATP --> Phosphate molecule breaks off --> Repeat
What molecules are contained in both ATP and ADP?
Phosphate, ribose, and adenine
Chlorophylls
Photosynthetic pigments in plants and algae. They absorb violet, blue, and red light; reflect green light to make plants look green
Photosynthesis
Process by which autotrophs convert sunlight to a usable form of energy
Phosphorylation
Process where a phosphate bonds with two others
Plants get carbon dioxide from ________ or ___________ in which they grow
air or soil
Cellular Respiration releases ____________ and ___________________________ molecules are formed
4 ATP 2 Pyruvic acid (or pyruvate)
Pigments
Absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Compare and contrast the structural differences between ATP and ADP
Both have ribose, adenine, and phosphate but ADP has one less phosphate molecule because one broke off
Two paths can be taken to ____________________________ a. _______________________ is available - ____________________ respiration Occurs with O2 in the ______________________ Converts pyruvate to __________________________________ and energy Makes a total of _________ ATP Occurs in two steps _____________ and ____________________ b. Oxygen ________ available - __________________________ Occurs right after __________________________ (2 Kinds) ______________ Fermentation - Converts _________ to C02 and ethanol. Yeast goes through this to make wine, beer, and bread ________________ Fermentation - Converts pyruvate into _______________ Occurs in animals cells like __________. Builds up in muscles; causes _______________. Net production of _____________ ATP
Break down the pyruvic acid created Oxygen; Mitochondria Carbon dioxide, water, 34 Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain Is not; Anaerobic Glycolysis Alcoholic; Pyruvate Lactic Acid; Lactic acid Muscles; Cramps 36
Cells get and release energy from ________________________________
Breaking bonds of glucose molecules
How does a cell release energy?
By breaking off a phosphate molecule
The mitochondria
Converts food energy stored in glucose into ATP
The chloroplasts
Converts solar energy into glucose so cells can eventually make ATP
Cellular Respiration occurs in the
Cytoplasm
ATP Definition:
Energy storage molecule used by most organisms Ribose - 5 Carbon Sugar Adenine - Nucleotide of RNA or DNA Phosphate - 3 put together
What is the purpose of having ATP in the cell?
It stores energy
In which direction is energy stored?
Left
In which direction is energy released for the cell to use?
Right
Grana is surrounded by gel-like substance called
Stroma
Energy
The ability to do work
2 membranes in chloroplasts: Inner membrane has many layers that fuse to form ______________________ Contain photosynthetic ____________________
Thylakoids Pigments
Cellular Respiration
Transforms chemical energy into usable energy Occurs in mitochondria
Hydrolysis
Water is added to ATP
Dehydration Synthesis
When water is formed
Two reactions in photosynthesis a. Light dependent reaction; occurs in ___________________ Takes in ____________ and _____________ Produces _____________, _____________, and ____________ b. Light independent reaction; occurs in __________ Also known as _________________________ Takes in ___________ and ______________ from previous reaction and converts __________ into carbohydrates (sugars)
a. thylakoids water and light oxygen, NADPH, and ATP b. stroma Calvin Cycle ATP and NADPH C02
In cells, work includes ________________________________________
growth, repair, active transport and reproduction