AU PDD PART B

*lamella

A roof structure comprising a series of parallel arches, skewed to the axes of the building, which are intersected by another series of skewed arches, so that they interact with each other.

*dome

A roof structure whose shape is that of an arch rotated about its vertical axis to form a curved surface.

*anechoic room

A room whose boundaries absorb all of the sound striking them, it is also known as a free-field room.

*Ideal wait times for office versus residential elevators.

< 20 seconds for office, < 90 seconds for residential

*compressor

A machine for compressing air or gases. As a basic component of an air-conditioning system, a compressor draws vaporized refrigerant from the evaporator, compresses it, and discharges it to a condenser.

*unit lock

A lock housed within a rectangular notch cut into the edge of a door.pre assembled to be installed quickly and efficiently in a rectangular notch cut in the door edge

*cylinder lock

A lock housed withing two holes bored at right angles to each other, one through the face of the door and the other in the door edge

*Mortise Lock

A lock or latch that is recessed into the edge of a door, rather than being mounted to its surface.

*eccentric load

A longitudinal load which acts at a distance from a member's centroid, thereby producing bending moment in addition to axial stress.

*axial load

A longitudinal load which acts at the centroid of a member and perpendicular to its cross-section, thereby producing uniform tensile or compressive stress without any bending.

*mill scale

A loose coating of iron oxide that forms on iron or steel during hot-rolling. Mill scale increases the bond between steel and concrete in reinforced concrete or in structural steelwork encased in concrete for fire protection.

*generator

A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by the motion of electrical conductors in a magnetic field.

*vibratory compactor

A machine used primarily for the compaction of granular soils, such as sands.

*girder

A main beam that supports secondary beams.

*Access flooring system

A system of removable and interchangeable floor planels supported on adjustable pedestals or stringers to allow free access to the space beneath. Also called RAISED FLOORING SYSTEM.

*caisson

A waterproof box-like structure in which construction work can be performed underwater. Also a pile constructed by pouring concrete into a drilled shaft.

*Wood flooring requires what as it's base?

A wood subfloor or a series of wood sleepers.

*What type of steel is the most commonly used type for beams?

A36 (36,000 psi yield point)

*___ is the code section governing elevators and escalators

ASME A17.1

*circular mil

The area of a wire having a diameter of one mil or one one-thousandth (0.001) of an inch, used in specifying wire size.

*blowdown

The drain which removes dirt which builds up in the floor pool of an evaporative cooling tower, or the discharging of sediment from the bottom of a boiler or heat exchanger.

*means of egress

The elements that comprise an exit to the outside, including aisles, corridors, doors, and stairways.

*hub

The end of a pipe which is enlarged to receive the end of another pipe so as to form a joint. It is also called a bell.

*bell

The end of a pipe which is enlarged to receive the end of another pipe so as to form a joint. it is also called a hub.

*Bagasse

The residue left after sugarcane harvesting and processing, that can be pressed into wood panel products (a post-industrial product)

*impedance

The resistance to current flow in an AC circuit. _________ may consist of resistance, reactance, or a combination of the two. The unit of _________ is the ohm.

*glass

a hard, brittle, ceramic material made from sand, soda, and lime. it is generally transparent, and it is shaped in a variety of ways, in a liquid state at high tmeperatures

*plate glass

a high quality glass that is ground and polished to produce a clear, undistorted sheet

*latex

an emulsion of finely dispersed particles of rubber or plastic

*bush-hammered finish

an exposed aggregate concrete finish obtained by roughening the surface with a power-operated bush hammer, which has a serrated face

*lock rail

an intermediate horizontal member of a door or window frame that can accommodate a lock

*pitch pocket

an opening between growth rings containing pitch or resin

*scupper

an opening in a wall or parapet for the drainage of rainwater from a roof

*cesspool

an underground chamber with a porous bottom and porous walls. The sewage soaks into the surrounding ground until everything gets clogged up

*Roof Rake

angled, projecting edge of a roof

*properties of galvanic action

anode always corrodes, cathodes with larger area creates corrosion more quickly, a cathode is more noble than an anode

*Non-ferrous metals

any metal which is not formed from iron, are not magnetic and are usually more resistant to corrosion than ferrous metals. Some examples of Non-Ferrous Metals: Aluminum Brass Copper Lead Stainless Steel Zinc

*glulam gradeing

architectural (appearance is a factor but the best grade is not required), industrial (appearance is not a primary concern), premium (where the finest apperance is important.

*fastest-mile wind

average speed of a column of air one mile long that passes over a given point

*Halogen light

give off white light. Of the major lamp types, the light halogens give off most closely approximates natural light, although some fluorescents lamps are now capable of this as well. More commonly fluorescent lights are known to give off a blueish color light.

*butt-joint glazing

glass sheets with conventional head and sill frames, but no vertical mullions. a clear silicone sealant forms the vertical joint between adjacent glass sheets

*When providing acoustically isolated walls, ___ can act as foils to blocking sound transmission (if not properly detailed)

flanking paths

*class c fire extinguisher

for electrical fires

*class b fire extinguisher

for flammable gases

*unit stress

force divided by area; P/A [is equal to the load (P) divided by the cross-sectional area (A)]

*heat-strengthened glass

glass that has greater resistance to impact, thermal stresses, and wind than annealed glass, but less than that of tempered glass

*reflective glass

glass with a reflective film laminated between two sheets of clear glass, which behaves like a mirror, reflecting heat and glare

*incandescent

yellowish light tungsten filament. This kind of lamp has the best color rendering index and low color temperature

*Three major considerations when accounting for elevator design are ___, ___, and ___.

# of people served (determined in 5min intervals) round trip time passenger wait time

*double strength glass

1/8" Used in storm windows/doors, larger picture frames and Cabinet Glass

*1 ton cooling capacity (old home)

500 sq ft

*wye connection

A method of connecting the windings on a three-phase transformer in which one end of all three windings is connected to a common neutral center point, forming a Y shape. It is also known as a star connection.

*barometric damper

A balanced air valve positioned so as to admit air to the flue or stack of a furnace in order to maintain a constant amount of draft. It is also called a draft regulator.

*eccentric braced frame (EBF)

A braced frame in which at least one end of each brace is eccentric to the beam-column joint or the opposing brace. The intent is to make the braced frame more ductile and therefore able to absorb a significant amount of energy without buckling the braces.

*concentric braced frame

A braced frame in which the center lines of intersecting members meet at a point and whose members are therefore subjected primarily to axial forces.

*platform framing

A method of framing wood stud walls in which the studs are one story in height and the floor joists bear on the top plates of the wall below.

*balloon framing

A method of framing wood stud walls, in which the studs are continuous for the full height of the building, which is usually two stories.

*base isolation

A method of isolating a structure from the ground by specially designed bearings and dampers which absorb earthquake forces. Also called seismic isolation.

*seismic isolation

A method of isolating a structure from the ground by specifically designed bearings and dampers which absorb earthquake forces. Also called base isolation.

*welding

A method of joining two pieces of metal by heating their surfaces until they are molten or plastic, with or without applying pressure, and with or without the use of additional filler material. this type of connections ensures good moment resisting joint at beams and columns

*Kelly Ball test

A method of measuring the workability of fresh concrete.

*jetting

A method of placing piles using high-pressure water jets.

*concrete

A mixture of fine and coarse aggregates, portland cement, and water.

*plaster

A mixture of portland cement (exterior plaster) or gypsum (interior plaster) with sand and water, which is applied in layers, or coats, which harden and dry.

*raked joint

A mortar joint that has been cleaned of mortar for about ¾ inch back from the face.

*smoke developed rating

A numerical rating of interior finish materials derived from a standardized fire test procedure. Larger numbers indicate a greater density of smoke.

*sunspace system

A passive solar system that utilizes a direct gain feature, such as a greenhouse or atrium, usually with a thermal storage wall.

*solar pond system

A passive solar system that utilizes a pond of water on the roof to maintain even year-round temperatures.

*The area of operable windows required in a naturally ventilated building is based on what?

A percentage of the floor area being ventilated

*mastic

A permanently plastic waterproof adhesive material used in sealing joints.

*friction pile

A pile whose load is supported by friction between the pile surface and the surrounding soil.

*PUD

A planned unit development, similar to a cluster development but larger in scale including, in addition to housing, commercial and industrial developments.

*tapered girder

A plate girder having a tapered profile, usually varying from minimum depth at the supports to maximum depth at midspan.

*Hartford loop

A plumbing arrangement on the steam boilers to avoid rapid loss of water in the boiler due to a break in the condensate return line. It is also referred to as an underwriter's loop.

*coefficient of runoff

A fixed ratio of total rainfall that runs off a surface.

*cricket

A flashing saddle used on a sloping roof to divert water around a chimney.

*lift slab

A flat plate cast at grade around columns and then lifted to position with hydraulic jacks.

*waffle slab

A flat slab which is ribbed in two direction, resulting in a waffle-like appearance.

*float glass

A flat, soda-lime-silica glass that is extremely smooth and nearly distortion-free, manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly.

*equilibrant

A force equal in magnitude to the resultant, but opposite in direction and on the same line of action as the resultant

*activated carbon

A form of specially treated, porous carbon, used to absorb various odors and vapors.

*gabled frame

A frame consisting of two columns and two inclined beams that meet at the ridge, in which the joint between each column and beam is rigid.

*sash

A frame in which the panes of a window or door are placed.

*grillage

A framework of horizontal members used to spread a structural load over a larger area.

*stress diagram

A graphical method for determining the forces in the member of a truss. It is also called a Maxwell diagram.

*condenser

A heat exchanger in which refrigerant vapor is condensed (liquefied), releasing heat to an external medium.

*convector

A heating device arranged to deliver heat to the air primarily by convection.

*active solar system

A heating or cooling system that collects and moves solar heat with the assistance of mechanical power.

*timber connector

A high-strength connector used for wood-to-wood or wood-to-steel joints. Types include one split ring (wood-to-wood_, two shear plates (wood-to-wood), and one shear plate (wood-to-steel).

*structural steel

A medium carbon steel, rolled in a variety of shapes and sizes for use as load-bearing structural members.

*drag strut

A member which collects seismic load from the diaphragm to which it is attached and delivers it to a shear resisting element. Also called a collector or strut.

*collector

A member which collects seismic load from the diaphragm to which it is attached and delivers it to a shear-resisting element. Also called a strut or drag strut.

*escutcheon

A metal plate around a knob and/ or keyhole of a door.

*rational method

A method for computing approximate storm water runoff.

*dynamic lateral force procedure

A method for determining earthquake forces in which a mathematical model of the structure is developed and then subjected to appropriate ground motions. This procedure is always acceptable for design.

*sherardizing

A method of coating steel with a thin layer of zinc dust under extreme heat - only used for small objects

*slip form construction

A method of concrete construction using type III cement wherein the form moves 6"-12" per hour. Used for large continuous surfaces such as tunnels or tall building cores.

*___ describes a lamps color temperature measured in Kelvins-"cold" light is blue. "Warm" light is red on the spectrum.

Correlated Color Temperature or CCT

*turning vanes

Curved baffles inserted in a duct elbow to decrease pressure loss through the elbow.

*types of fluorescent

FL fluorescent lensed FP fluorescent parabolic FW fluorescent wrap around PI fluorescent industrial FS fluorescent strip light

*What is the face clearance, bite, and edge clearance of the glass?

Face clearance is distance between glass face and the nearest face of frame or stop. Bite is the amount of overlap between edge of glass pane and window frame (distance keeping it in place). Edge clearance is distance between edge of glass pane and widow frame (or clearance between frame and glass)

*ultimate load factor (u)

Factor used to increase loads, shears, and moments to their ultimate values in reinforced concrete design.

*Class B fire extinguisher

Fire extinguishers with a Class B rating are effective against flammable liquid fires. These can be fires where cooking liquids, oil, gasoline, kerosene, or paint have become ignited. Two commonly used chemicals are effective in fighting these types of fires. Monoammonium phosphate effectively smothers the fire, while sodium bicarbonate induces a chemical reaction which extinguishes the fire.

*Class C fire extinguisher

Fire extinguishers with a Class C rating are suitable for fires in "live" electrical equipment. Both monoammonium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate are commonly used to fight this type of fire because of their nonconductive properties.

*seismic design categories

If A Seismic Design Category is a classification assigned to a structure based on it's occupancy category, and the severity of the design earthquake ground motion. The category assignment can range from A-F (least severe to most), and can be defined as the following: A Good Soils report from a Geotechnical engineer will and should provide to the structural engineer and architect the parameters necessary to determine the Seismic Design Category OR provide the Seismic Design category outright. However it MUST be specified in their sub-contract.

*veiling reflection

If a reflected glare interferes with the viewing task

*surcharge

Increased earth pressure against a retaining wall caused by vertical load behind the wall or q sloping ground surface.

*___ can be absorbed through direct contact with the skin, and is common in old buildings

Lead paint

*in the 1970s ___ was a hazardous materials used on window sills

Lead paint

*What precautions must be taken with aluminum conductors?

Leads should be cleaned prior to making connections to avoid oxidization, licensed electricians should be required to install and larger sizes are required compared to copper conductors.

*There are 4 ways of describing door handing. Name and describe them.

Left Hand - hinges on the left, push to open (opens away from user) Left Hand Reverse - hinges on the left, pull to open (opens toward user) Right Hand - hinges on the right, push to open (opens away from the user) Right Hand Reverse - hinges on the right, pull to open (opens toward the user)

*Glulam beams generally expand/contract more or less than sawn wood of the same species?

Less because the laminations are small and easily seasoned.

*Lime plaster

Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand (or other inert fillers). Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the plaster to set by transforming the calcium hydroxide into calcium carbonate (limestone). Whitewash is based on the same chemistry. Lime plaster was a common building material for wall surfaces in a process known as lath and plaster, whereby a series of wooden strips on a studwork frame was covered with a semi-dry plaster that hardened into a surface.

*smoke partitions

Limit passage of smoke. Smoke partitions do not resist fire, whereas smoke barriers do.

*LbX

Load bearing structural clay tile suitable for masonry walls exposed to weathering or frost action.

*ozone

Made up of three oxygen atoms O3. Halogen source gases bring Chlorine and Bromine to the stratosphere which cause depletion of the ozone layer. The source gasses that contain only chlorine, fluorine and carbon are called Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs.

*Name three common elevator safety design features

Main break governor Pit bumpers Door sensors

*hard water

Once water has seeped into the ground, it dissolves minerals present in the ground, most notably limestone (CaCO3) and/or calcium and/ or magnesium.

*pneumatic

Referring to the use of air, especially under pressure, usually to operate machinery.

*barrier-free provisions

Regulations that provide for accessibility to buildings and sites for persons with disabilities.

*___ is the process of removing hazardous waste from a brownfield site

Remediation

*rigidity

Resistance to deformation, also know as stiffness. Earthquake shear is distributed to the various elements of the lateral force resting system in proportion to their rigidities.

*CONC TESTS

SLUMP-CONSISTENCY CYLINDER- COMP STRENGTH KELLY BALL-CONSISTENCY IMPACT HAMMER-STRENGTH K SLUMP-CONSISTENCY

*HIGHER STC RATING STRATEGIES

STAGGERED STUDS RESILIENT CHANNELS AIR SPACES SEAL PENETRATIONS LAYERS MASS ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY

*SOLDIER BRICK

STANDING UP STRAIGHT BRICK, SIDE FACES WALL

*List the three grades of brick (which dictate resistance to weathering)

SW (sever weathering) MW (moderate weathering) NW (negligible weathering)

*PVC (plastic piping) polyvinyl chloride

Schedule 40 most common. PVC is normally used for cold water pipes only. Many municipalities outlaw the use of PVC for hot water pipes, as the heat can eventually break down the plastic.PVC connections are made by using a primer that softens the PVC and then applying PVC glue that melts the joints and pipe together. Rigid.

*Seismic Design Category B

Seismic Design Category B - Corresponds to buildings of Occupancy Groups I,II and III where expected ground shaking will be moderate. Stratified soils with Good and poor Soils

*Seismic Design Category C

Seismic Design Category C - Corresponds to buildings of Occupancy Groups IV ( Hospitals, Police Stations Emergency control centers etc) I where expected ground shaking will be MODERATE AND buildings of occupancy categories I, II, and III where MORE SEVERE ground shaking will occur

*Seismic Design Category D

Seismic Design Category D -Corresponds to buildings and structures in areas expected to experience severe and destructive ground shaking But NOT located close to a major fault. Sites with poor soils are a good example

*Seismic Design Category E

Seismic Design Category E - Corresponds to buildings of Occupancy Groups I,II and III in areas NEAR MAJOR ACTIVE FAULTS. Soil or rock is of no consequence

*Seismic Design Category F

Seismic Design Category F - Corresponds to buildings of Occupancy Groups IV ( Hospitals, Police Stations Emergency control centers etc)areas NEAR MAJOR ACTIVE FAULTS. Soil or rock is of no consequence

*semi-vitreous tile

Semi-vitreous (Medium density) - Tile with water absorption of more than 3.0 percent, but not more than 7.0 percent. Not suitable for outdoor use or for wetrooms, such as bathrooms.Suitable for outdoor use and for wet rooms, such as bathrooms.

*What should be included on fire detectors when a building is under construction?

Smoke detector covers

*What is the difference between soldering and brazing?

Soldering is joining two metals using lead-based or tin-based filler metals that melt below 500 degrees. Brazing is joining two metals with a filler that melts above 800 degrees.

*handicapped parking

Spaces designated for physically handicapped persons, consisting of a typical space with adjacent access aisle no less than five feet wide. Also known as accessible parking.

*Tactile finish is applied to door hardware on doors that lead to what?

Spaces that could be dangerous for the visually impaired.

*What is the spacing criteria formula for determining how far apart luminaires may be installed for uniform lighting of a surface area?

Spacing criteria = Spacing (between lamps) / Mounting Height (AFF)

*ball-check valve

A spring-operated check valve in a piping system in which pressure against a movable ball allows fluid to flow in one direction. When the direction of flow is reversed, the ball is forced against a set which stops the flow.

*fusible sprinkler head

A sprinkler head normally closed by a plug of low melting point alloy. When subject to a predetermined temperature, the plug melts or fuses and allows water to flow out.

*C (steel section)

A standard designation for a structural steel American Standard channel. Also, a numerical coefficient used in earthquake design, which accounts for the building's subsoil conditions and period.

*L (STEEL)

A standard designation for a structural steel angle.

*composite beam

A steel beam and a concrete slab connected so that they act together as a single structural unit to resist bending stresses.

*galvanic action table

A table showing various metals and their relation to one another as anodes or cathodes. Anodic and cathodic metals should never be placed in contact as they will corrode

*expansion valve

A valve in a refrigeration system which controls the flow and reduces the pressure of the refrigerant, allowing it to evaporate and absorb heat.

*reversible-acting valve

A valve that opens when pressure is applied and closes when pressure is released.

*steam trap

A valve that permits passage of air or water, but not steam, often used with steam radiators.

*branch vent

A vent connecting one or more individual vents to a stack vent.

*loop vent

A vent which connects from a drain to the stack vent of the soil stack to which the drain is connected.

*individual vent

A vent which is a continuation of the trap and drain to which it connects. It is also called a common vent.

*continuous vent

A vent which is a continuation of the trap and drain to which it connects. It is also called an individual vent.

*mullion

A vertical member between windows or doors.

*riser

A vertical water supply pipe that extends through at least one floor of a building and provides water to fixtures or branches. Also, the vertical face of a stair step; its height is the vertical distance between treads.

*party wall

A wall built on the dividing line between two adjoining parcels, in which each owner has an equal share of ownership.

*cofferdam

A watertight, temporary structure placed under water and pumped dry to allow construction work to be performed.

*groove weld

A weld placed between two butting pieces of metal to be joined.

*fillet weld

A weld with a triangular cross section joining two surfaces that meet in an interior right angle formed by lapping or intersecting plates and generally subject to shear stress..

*jalousie

A window or door blind made of fixed or movable horizontal slats.

*ALBEDO

AMOUNT OF LIGHT REFLECTED OFF MATERIAL

*Temporary coatings applied to aluminum windows are used to protect against what?

Alkalis present in rough openings in mortar, etc. Aluminum also should be protected from galvanic action with gaskets.

*Best HVAC system to maximize control of air quality/velocity

Any VAV system, Single Duct CAV Multizone system

*lateral load

Any horizontal load on a building, including the load from wind or earthquake.

*redundant member

Any truss member not necessary for stability.

*asphalt impregnated paper

By now, almost all builders know the importance of installing a water-resistive barrier (WRB) behind siding. Most types of siding leak, so it's a good idea (and a code requirement) to install a WRB to protect your wall sheathing from any wind-driven rain that gets past the siding.

*BTU

British Thermal Unit: the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.

*What is a good rule of thumb calculation for the speed of an elevator?

Building height X 1.6 + 350

*What three processes are used to disinfect drinking water?

Chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet light

*The _____of a structural element are those elements that resist bending through direct axial tension and compression.

Chords

*types of asbestos

Chrysotile : Chrysotile is one of the most common and most dangerous forms of asbestos found within our Earth. This type of asbestos accounts for approximately 90 percent of commercially-used asbestos in the world. Amosite : Amosite asbestos contains iron and magnesium, and was most used within different types of insulation products. The EPA has determined amosite to be the second most used type of asbestos in the United States. Crocidolite :It is a sodium iron magnesium silicate, and is considered to be the most dangerous type of asbestos due to its physical properties. Tremolite, Anthophyllite, Actinolite : not mined or used commercially on its own, but could often be found contaminating other minerals, such as chrysotile, vermiculite and talc.

*single-shear

Describing a bolted joint which has one shearing plane through the bolts.

*double-shear

Describing a bolted joint which has two shearing planes through the bolts.

*three-phase

Describing a form of alternating current produced by a generator having three rotating coils positioned 120 degrees apart.

*brittle

Describing a material or structural system which tends to fail suddenly without warning when subject to high stresses, as opposed to a ductile material or system, which can absorb energy without failure.

*elastic

Describing a material which returns to its original size and shape when load is removed. Also describes structural behavior in which members are stressed below the yield point.

*statically indeterminate

Describing a structure whose reactions cannot be found from the equations of equilibrium only, but requires additional equations. Examples are continuous beams, fixed end beams, and most rigid frames.

*deciduous

Describing trees that shed their leaves annually, as opposed to evergreen.

*Gas-sensing detector

Detects combustion gases, often used in combination with ionization detector so both particles and gases can be sensed.

*CSI Masterformat Division 14

Conveying Equipment This division covers elevators, escalators, dumbwaiters, moving walks, and lifts.

*XCU

The exclusion from insurance coverage for liability arising out of (X) explosion or blasting, (C) collapse of or structural damage to a building, and (U) underground damage caused by mechanical equipment.

*basic wind speed

The fastest mile wind speed which has a 2 percent probability of occurring in any one year measured at a point 22 feet (10 meters) above the ground.

*neutral axis

The line on a beam cross-section which has zero bending stress when the beam is loaded.

*vehicle

The liquid portion of a paint that holds the pigment or solids in suspension.

*acoustic power level

The logarithmic expression for acoustical power of the source of a sound. It is known as power level (PWL).

*sound pressure level (SPL)

The logarithmic expression of the pressure exerted by sound waves on the receiver. The reference pressure is 2 x 10-5 newtons per square meter. It is used to measure amplitude in decibels.

*ADA RAMP

The maximum rise of an ADA ramp is 1:12. A 24″ rise would require a 24′-0″ long ramp with 5′-0″ top and bottom landings. For a total of 34′-0″

*working stress

The maximum unit stress permissible in a structural member. It is also called allowable stress.

*ultimate strength

The maximum unit stress that can be developed in a material (just before a material ruptures).

*photometery

The measurement of light distribution, illumination, and the intensity of light, usually with the aid of a photometer.

*sweating

The method of soldering copper plumbing, or the condensation of water on cold pipes or building materials.

*plastic limit

The moisture at which a soil starts to change from a semisolid to a plastic state.

*liquid limit

The moisture content at which a soil starts to change from a plastic to a semi-liquid state.

*overturning moment

The moment, caused by wind or earthquake, which tends to overturn a structure.

*billet bars

The most commonly used reinforcing steel, rolled from steel billets made by the open-hearth, electric furnace, or acid-bessemmer process.

*arc welding

The most usual welding process used in building construction, in which intense heat is produced by an electric arc between the members to be joined and a metal wire or rod, called the electrode.

*high-strength bolt

The most widely used fastener for structural steel connections made in the field. A very high tensile stress is developed in the bolt, thus tightly clamping together the connected parts. The resulting friction between the clamped parts resists the applied load.

*bleeding

The movement of water to the surface of freshly cast concrete.

*couple

Two equal forces equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, and acting at some distance from each other. The moment produced by a couple is equal to the value of one force multiplied by the distance between the two forces.

*declination

The 23.5-degree tilt of the earth's axis relative to a line perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit. This tilt is responsible for the seasons.

*The ADA guidelines are issued and enforced by which department(s)?

The Department of Justice and the Department of Transportation

*division one

The General Requirements Division of the specifications that establishes the administrative and procedural duties of the contractor, architect, and owner during construction.

*sound absorption

The converting of sound energy into another form, usually heat, in passing through a medium or on striking a surface. Also the property possesses by materials and objects which absorb sound energy.

*aluminum

a silvery-white metal obtained from bauxite clay by the electrolytic process. its properties include light weight, good heat and electrical conductivity, and resistance to corrosion after forming a protective oxide coating

*trowel finish

a smooth, dense concrete surface, produced by steel troweling after the concrete has partially hardened

*gypsum block

a solid or cored unit manufactured from gypsum plaster and used for interior, non-load-bearing partitions and for fire protection

*glass block

a solid or hollow unit of translucent glass used for non-loading-bearing walls

*opening in guardrails must be less than

a sphere measuring 4 inches

*stainless steel

an alloy steel generally containing more than 10 percent chromium, in in addition to smaller amounts of other elements, such as nickel and manganese. it is resistant to heat, oxidation, corrosion, and acid attack

*HYDRAULIC ELEV

an elevator operated by fluid pressure from below, which raises or lowers the elevator car --LOW RISE/LOW SPEED -LOW INITIAL COST -NO PENTHOUSE -MACHINE ROOM/HOISTWAY/GUIDE RAILS/PISTON/ELEV PIT

*electric elevator

an elevator operated by traction, in which steel cables with counterweights raise or lower the elevator car

*selective-collective

an elevator operating system in which all calls are answered in the direction of a car's travel, and calls in the opposite direction are ignored until the travel direction is reversed

*raceway

an enclosed conduit that forms a physical pathway for electrical wiring. Raceways protect wires and cables from heat, humidity, corrosion, water intrusion and general physical threats

*photoluminescent exit signs

are charged with energy absorbed from the ambient lighting during normal building operation. When the ambient lighting is gone, the signs give off the stored energy and glow in the dark, but their glow slowly dims as the darkness continues.

*air admittance valve

are negative-pressure-activated, one-way mechanical valves, used in a plumbing or drainage venting system to eliminate the need for conventional pipe venting and roof penetrations.

*shear plate connector

are round, malleable iron discs that are inserted in precut grooves and are completely imbedded in the timber when in position, being flush with the surface of the timber. Shear plates are intended primarily for wood-to-steel connections or for wood-to-wood connections in demountable structures when used in pairs. Shear plates provide greater load-carrying capacity in shear than can be achieved by a bolt alone. Simply put, shear plate timber connectors are devices for increasing the strength of the joints in timber construction and reduce the number of bolts required.

*How are sabins calculated?

area of the material X NRC (noise reduction coefficient). The values for each material are added

*List places you can expect to find an expansion joint

at regular intervals along large expanses of a continuous surface (masonry or concrete) at openings, corners, or a change in height of building form at a change in materials when movement due to differing thermal properties is expected

*design day

colder than 98% of days. Design days are used to calculate the required size of heating equipment in a building .If the heating in a building is able to keep a building warm on a day colder than 98% of days than it is sufficiently sized for 98% of conditions.

*sprinkler bulb

color indicates temperature at which it will break, red is lowest at 100 degrees and black is highest at 465 degrees. Normal is 5mm fast response is 3mm.

*bents

column and beam lines designed to carry wind loads are called

*cylinder test vs. core cylinder test

cylinder is concrete placed in a cylinder and then cured; core cylinder is cored from concrete that is already cured

*built-up roofing

roofing made up of piles of saturated roofing felts alternated with layers of pitch or hot asphalt cement and surfaced with gravel or a cap sheet

*discontinuous shear wall

shear wall situation that should be avoided. shear walls are created but either have too large openings or do not connect with the foundations (cantilevers)

*wired glass

sheet glass containing a an embedded wire mesh for strength and safety

*throat of weld

shortest distance from the root of a fillet weld to its face. the perpendicular distance from the 90 degree corner to the hypotneuse of the triangle

*___ and ___ are two characteristics of diaphragms which determine whether they are defined as flexible or rigid

size and material

*surface waves

slower surface waves -- what geologists refer to as Love and Rayleigh waves. Both kinds move the ground horizontally, but only Rayleigh waves move the ground vertically, too. Surface waves form long wave trains that travel great distances and cause most of the shaking -- and much of the damage -- associated with an earthquake. most destructive.

*ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)

small circuit breaker, used in areas where water is present. equipped with an actuating device which will trip the circuit breaker in the event leakage current to ground exceeds about 0.0005 of an ampere.

*Nippers

small tool used for cutting mosaic tile

*Douglas fir

softwood used for framing, sheathing, paneling and finish floor

*2 categories of sanitary water lines

soil lines, which carry the water from toilets, urinals, and similar fixtures, and waste lines, which carry all other waste water from inside the building.

*organic soil

soil with a high organic content (decomposed vegetable or animal matter). organic soils are usually very compressible and have very low bearing capacities. bad for foundations.

*Type M

has an even thinner pipe wall section, and is used in residential and commercial low pressure heating applications. In the United States it usually has red colored printing. straight lengths, hard temper, only.

*Type K

has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial, such as under sidewalks and streets, with a suitable corrosion protection coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve as required by the plumbing code. straight lengths (hard temper) and in coils (soft temper); used underground. In the United States it usually has green colored printing.

*water-resistant

having no opening larger than capillary pores that permit leakage of water

*tempered glass

heat-treated glass that is resistant to impact stresses, thermal stresses, and wind pressures. -- Frameless Shower Doors, Windows within 18" from the ground, Windows above a bathtub/Shower, glass within a certain distance of a doorway all must be tempered by State Law. Because of the edges, recommend Annealed glass for most table tops.

*Stiff mud process

high-production, most widely used, clay with water is extruded and sliced by wires to form brick

*water-repellent

incapable of transmitting water by capillary action, but able to transmit water under pressure

*roof hip

inclined projecting angle formed by two sloping sides of a roof

*Name four changes one can make if the columns designed are said to be prone to buckling.

increase the radius of gyration shorten the length of the column improve the end condition connections brace the column

*The Maximum Credible Earthquake or MCE is ___ of the soil characteristics of the site

independent

*___ is the term for lighting that fills a space by reflecting off the ceiling from a lamp facing only the ceiling

indirect

*economizer cycle

introduces outdoor air when the ambient temperature is low enough (60F) to assist in cooling--mechanical substitute for an open window

*iron oxide waterproofing

iron rusts quickly to fill any pores in the plaster

*cast iron

iron with a relatively high carbon content (over 2 percent). it is hard, brittle, easily cast into molds, and has a high compressive but low tensile strength

*Factor of safety

is the ratio of the ultimate strength to the allowable strength. (yield stress) / (working stress). This is the same as the ultimate strength of a material to its working stress

*cement mortar

mix of portland cement, sand, and water

*Cement type II

modified, used where modest amount of sulfate resistance is needed & heat of hydration needs controlling (MH) (LOW HEAT); dams

*Soft mud process

oldest method of processing brick relatively moist clay is pressed into simple rectangular molds

*cement type V

sulfate resisting, for structures exposed to water or soil with high alkaline content

*When considering fire safety ___ is (are) something you can't design for

surrounding buildings

*architectural appearance grade

the appearance grade used for glued laminated members where appearance is an important requirement

*premium appearance grade

the best appearance grade for glued laminated members, used where the finest appearance is required

*sandblasting

the blasting of concrete with sand or another abrasive material to dull the formed surface, make the color uniform, or expose the aggregate

*fiber saturation point

the moisture content (about 30 percent) above which there is no shrinkage or swelling of wood with variation in moisture. all free water is removed but all absorbed water remains usually like 30%

*epicenter

the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake.

*brown coat

the second coat of plaster, in three-coat plastering, which is applied over the scratch coat and beneath the finish coat. the large proportion of sand in this mixture gives the coat its name

*transmission loss vs noise reduction

transmission loss is diff between sound power incident on a wall in the room compared to the sound in the adjacent room; noise reduction is difference between intensity levels of two diff rooms

*high-carbon steel

steel having carbon content over 0.5 percent. in general, increased carbon content increases strength and hardness, but decreases ductility

*weather stripping

stripping applied to exterior doors or windows to make them weathertight

*withdrawal from side grain

stronger nail connection than nails in end grain

*CHANGE IN LENGTH DUE TO TEMP

unrestrained: total deformation = (coef. of expansion) x (original length) x (change in temp) restrained: stress= (modulus of elasticity) x (coef. of expansion) x (change in temp)

*dry mud process

use for clays that shrink excessively during drying, clay mixed with water is pressed into steel molds by a machine working at high pressure

*Type ___ gypsum wall board should be specified in areas requiring a fire rating.

type X (type C sometimes works as well)

*HDPE (plastic piping)

type of plastic pipe; used for exterior water supply, rigid/ flexible -- HDPE pipe and fittings are quickly becoming the material of choice among engineers, contractors and customers for a wide variety of industry applications including municipal, industrial, energy, geothermal, marine, mining, landfill, HVAC, gas, oil, mining and agricultural applications. High-density polyethylene pipe is strong, durable, flexible and lightweight. When fused together, HDPE offers a zero leak rate due to the seamless nature of the pipe system. HDPE pipe offers a more environmentally sustainable footprint because it is non-toxic, corrosion and chemical resistant, has a long lifespan, and is suitable for trenchless installation methods.

*In a simply supported steel beam the shear is resisted in the ___

web

*What is the span rating of a wood panel?

(Ex 32/16) The recommended center-to-center spacing in inches of the supports for the panel. The first number is for roof sheathing, the second for floor sheathing.

*Roman Cobble

(PAVING AND PAVING PATTERNS)

*T-type Cantilevered Retaining Wall

(Retaining structures) limited to a height of 20' (6 M); beyond this height a counterfort wall is employed.

*brick grade SW

(severe weather) the grade of brick used where high resistance to freezing and thawing is required. Foundations, below grade, freezing

*What is the static head for 1 ft of water?

0.433 psi is developed for every 1 ft of water. Another way of viewing this is to say that 1 psi will lift water 2.3 ft

*What is another way to define 1 ton of AC?

1 ton of cooling is the amount of energy required to cool one tine of ice per day from 32 deg. F water (latent heat conversion)

*5 Locations to place expansion joint

1. Where wall heights/thickness vary 2. Intersections of walls, columns, pilasters 3. On both sides of opening if> 6 4. On one side of opening if <6' 5. Near corners

*standard round holes

1/16 in larger than the diameter of the bolt

*thickness of double strength glass

1/8 in

*Max spans of Wood Joists vs Glulam

20-25' vs 60'

*luminous level of visual tasks of low contrast and small size

200 foot candles

*manometer

A U-shaped tube partially filled with a liquid, used for measuring the pressure of a fluid.

*cant strip

A beveled strip used to avoid a sharp bend in roofing material.

*ashlar

A building stone that has been shaped and smoothed into a rectangular form for use in masonry construction.

*register

A device consisting of a grille and damper to control the amount of air passing through it.

*KVA

A rating for transformers equal to the product of colts and amperes divided by 1000. The product of _________ and the power factor gives the power in kilowatts.

*California bearing ratio (CBR)

A ratio used to determine the bearing capacity of a soil, based on a standard test.

*vault

A series of arches placed side-by-side to form a continuous structure.

*reglet

A slot in which roofing material or flashing is inserted, generally in a vertical wall surface.

*shellac

A solution of refined lac resin and denatured alcohol used as a clear coating.

*windbreak

A structure or plant which, because of its form and location, reduces wind velocities.

*bitumen

A substance derived from petroleum or coal used to resist water penetration, such as asphalt or coal-tar pitch.

*alloy

A substance generally composed of two or more metals that have been intimately mixed.

*therm

A unit of heat equal to 100,000 Btus.

*stirrup

A vertical steel bar, usually U-shaped, used to reinforce a reinforced concrete beam where the shear stresses are excessive. helps with shear forces in concrete beam; more are located on top of columns

*dry standpipe

A vertical supply pipe for firefighting which is empty and must be connected to a fire hydrant by means of a Siamese connection and a pumper truck. equipped with 2.5: outlets for use by the fire dept.

*What are the four basic levels of soils?

A. Topsoil B. Minerals C. Weathered and Fractured Rock D. Solid bedrock

*SURFACTANT ADMIX

AID IN EMULSIFYING

*POC

Abbreviation for products of combustion, usually relative to smoke detection.

*post-completion services

Additional services rendered to the owner by the architect following actual completion of the project.

*Spandrel Glass

An opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass.

*sill cock

An outside faucet for connecting to a garden hose.

*SAILOR BRICK

BRICK STANDING UP FOR FRONT SIDE FACING OUT

*Why is more insulation necessary at the roof?

Because temperature differentials are greater at the roof level.

*Which fire detection system is most commonly used in buildings?

Combination smoke and flame detector

*normal weight concrete

Concrete made with standard aggregates, usually weighing about 150 pounds per cubic foot.

*What's the difference between conductance and conductivity?

Conductance is the measure of rate of heat in any thickness of material. Conductivity is rate of heat transfer in 1" thickness.

*Direct Current (DC)

Current that flows only in one direction, with constant voltage. This is typical for low voltage applications

*Concrete strength increases as the water/cement ratio _______?

Decreases (less water)

*Can wood blocking be used as a draftstop, firestop or both?

Draftstop only

*blind nailing

Driving nails in such a way that the nail heads are not visible.

*CSI Masterformat Division 31

Earthwork This division covers modifications to the land, including site clearing, excavation, fill, grading, embankments, slope protection, soil and rock stabilization, soil treatment, erosion control, sedimentation control, shoring, underpinning, excavation support and protection, special foundation systems (such as piles, caissons, and aggregate piers) and tunneling. Most items in this division are below-grade work.

*CSI Masterformat Division 32

Exterior Improvements This division covers above-grade sitework, including paving, athletic and recreational surfacing (such as for playgrounds, baseball field, and tennis courts), fences, gates, retaining walls, site furnishings, screening devices, wetlands, irrigations, and planting.

*CSI Masterformat Division 12

Furnishings This division covers freestanding furniture and case goods, systems furniture, art, window treatments, accessories, fixed seating for theaters or auditoriums, and interior plants.

*GEARLESS TRACTION ELEV

HIGH RISE/HIGH SPEED -COUNTERWEIGHT/HOIST CABLES/PENTHOUSE MACHINE ROOM

*BEDROCK

HIGHEST BEARING CAPACITY

*FBX brick

High degree of perfection, narrow color range, slight size variation

*live load reduction

IBC allows for live load to be reduced in most cases. It cant be reduced for any public assembly where the live load is less than or equal to 100psf. Will depend on the occupancy type and total square footage of the space

*bearing wall system

In seismic design, a structural system without a complete load-carrying frame. Gravity loads are resisted by bearing walls or bracing systems, and lateral loads are resisted by shear walls or braced frames. Bearing wall systems are designed for relatively high seismic forces.

*IGU

Insulating Glass Unit

*CSI Masterformat Division 25

Integrated Automation This division covers integrated automation systems, including energy monitoring and control, environmental control, and lighting control.

*cleavage membrane

Isolates mortar bed from damaged or unstable backings in tile applications and allows some independent movement of the supporting construction to occur.

*minimum slab thickness for a cantilevered span

L/10 where L= Length of Span

*Quoin

Large stone or block laid at the corner of a building (or at an opening) used either for reinforcement of the angle or for ornament.

*Buildings supported on soils subject to liquefaction can be vulnerable to overturning if the ground ___ or ___

Liquefies Subsides unevenly under the building's footprint

*High NRC materials usually have ____ STC?

Low STC

*GEARED TRACTION ELEV

MED RISE/MED SPEED -COUNTERWEIGHT/HOIST CABLES/PENTHOUSE MACHINE ROOM

*lime mortar

Masonry mortar made from a mix of lime, sand, and water; slow to harden; low compressive strength

*Whats the difference between muntins and mullions?

Mullions divide openings while muntins divide glass

*Can glass block be arranged in running bond?

No, only stacked bond

*What are the mortar types?

O - light loads, where there is no freezing N - normal loads (exterior + interior walls) S - heavier loading on interior walls, below grade exterior walls. M- heavy loads and exposed to severe saturated freezing (strongest)

*resultant

One force which will produce the same effect as two or more other forces.

*When a seismic force acts on a building, ___ and ___ are two tendencies negatively impacting stability of the overall structure and must be resisted.

Overturning and sliding

*Aluminum is subject to what atmospheric changes to its finish?

Oxidation, causing the surface to become dull and chalky - this can be avoided by specifying anodized aluminum

*Equation for Power in a DC circuit

P = V × I where: P = power in watts V = voltage I = the current in amps

*conduit

Pipe or other channel, below or above ground, for conveying pipelines, cables, or other utilities.

*Another way of describing reverberation time is ___

RT60

*Collar tie (bracing)

Rafter bracing which runs parallel to the ceiling joist. Keeps the rafters from spreading apart

*brackish

Referring to water containing so much salt that it is a nonpotable.

*Vinyl, Cork and rubber tiles are all examples of what?

Resilient flooring types

*stiffness

Resistance to deformation, also known as rigidity.

*When plaster is applied in three coats, what are the coats called?

Scratch, brown and finish coat.

*Seismic Design Category A

Seismic Design Category A - Corresponds to buildings in areas where expected ground shaking will be minor. Good Soils

*putty coat

The final smooth coat of interior plaster.

*rigid and flexible plastic pipes

The following plastic pipes are flexible: PEX-AL-PEX, PE The following plastic pipes are rigid: ABS, CPVC, PP, PVC HDPE may be rigid or flexible.

*sound transmission coefficient

The fraction of incident sound transmitted through a partition.

*skin friction

The friction between the surface of a pile and the surrounding soil.

*vitrification

The fusion of a clay product after firing, which makes it impervious.

*summit

The highest point of a land mass, represented by concentric contours.

*bed joint

The horizontal layer of mortar beneath a masonry unit.

*calcium chloride

The most common accelerating admixture used for concrete. it can be used safely in amounts up to 2 percent of the Portland cement weight.

*relative humidity (RH)

The ratio of the moisture content of the air to the maximum possible moisture content at the same temperature.

*ampere (amp)

The unit of electrical flow.

*dry rot

Timber decay due to fungus, in which pockets of dry powder develop.

*dry pack

To fill a confined space with a damp concrete mixture, by packing in tightly.

*Why are gutters provided at the edges of a roof?

To prevent erosion of the earth below. if there isn't much precipitation in an area, a line of stones can collect runnoff below the roof edge.

*candlepower

Unit of measure for the luminous intensity of a source- approximates the amount horizontal light coming from a single candle. The SI unit is the candela.

*Footlambert

Unit of measure of brightness of a surface and takes into account the transmittance properties of glass.

*frost heave

Uplift of the soil surface or foundations caused by freezing of moisture in the soil.

*When and why are vent strips used?

Vent strips are used to ventilate enclosed roof spaces which require ventilation to prevent condensation.

*sheeting

Vertical construction used to temporarily hold the face of an excavation during construction.

*To prevent oil canning, metal panels should be transported horizontally or vertically?

Vertically

*vitreous tile

Vitreous (High Density) - Tile with water absorption of more than 0.5 percent, but not more than 3.0 percent. Suitable for all interior and exterior uses

*FIRE PARTITION

WALL W/ 1 HOUR RATING -FLOOR TO UNDERSIDE OF ROOF ABOVE/FIRE RATED CEILING

*What is wet glazing? Dry glazing?

Wet glazing in the setting of glass in a window from with glazing tape or a liquid sealant. Dry glazing is the setting of glass in a window from with a compression gasket.

*continuous beam

a beam that rests on more than two supports

*shake

a lengthwise grain separation due to natural causes

*steel grades

a36: not common for w shape a242: high strength corrosion resistant - used when steel is exposed to elements a514: v high strength used for plates and bars a992 grade 50: most wide flanges use this

cba

ab

*two types of masonry loop ties

adjustable (different heights), ladder (same height)

*stringer

an inclined member that supports the treads and risers of a stairway

*good interior wood

bamboo, Douglas fir, Maple, red oak

*wane

bark or lack of wood on the edge or corner of piece of wood

*smoke barrier vs. partition

barrier must have at least 1 hour fire rating

*fluorescent lights give off what color

blue

*face brick

brick made for exterior use with special consideration of color, texture, and size

*fire brick

brick made from fire clay which has great resistance to high temperatures

*outdoor wood

california redwood, southern cypress, red cedar, white cedar are all softwoods and suitable for outdoor structures.

*___ type of pipe is typically used for sanitary/waste lines in nonresidential buildings.

cast iron pipe

*light-gauge framing

construction composed of light gauge steel or aluminum shapes, involving relatively short spans and light loads

*What is one advantage to using precast concrete members over cast in place concrete?

control of conditions. More efficient and less on site labor so less $$

*___ pipe fittings are most susceptible to damage from water hammer effect.

copper

*tarnish

discoloration or dullness on the surface of a metal caused by oxidation

*Class A fire extinguisher

effective against fires involving paper, wood, textiles, and plastics. The primary chemical used to fight these fires is monoammonium phosphate, because of its ability to smother fires in these types of materials.

*jamb

either of the vertical members forming the sides of a door or window opening

*3 system distribution types

electrical, hydronic, and forced air

*What is equivalent thickness (in terms of masonry)

equivalent thickness is a measurement of the amount of concrete in a hallow core block. It's wualt to the thickness that the block would be if it were the same height and length but ast without holes. Used for fire resistance calculations. Example: Nom. 12" block w/ 75% solids is actually 11-5/8". Multiply the actual thickness by % solid to arrive at actual thickness - 8-3/4".

*exit sign illumination

externally illuminated no less than 5fc on face Internally illuminated signs must be lit at all times and must be UL listed and labeled. Must be connected to an emergency power circuit (To be illuminated by two separate power sources)

*smelting

extracting metal from its ore

*most expensive type of labor

field labor

*illuminance is measured in what?

foot candles

*class d fire extinguisher

for combustible metals

*For seismic design, the A in the equation, F=Ma is ___.

ground acceleration

*Type L

has a medium-thinner pipe wall section, and is used in residential and commercial water supply and pressure applications. straight lengths (hard temper) and in coils (soft temper); used most commonly in buildings. In the United States it usually has blue colored printing.

*cement type III

high early strength, quick set needed & high heat of hydration (suitable in cold weather)

*structural clay tile

hollow, burned-clay masonry units with parallel cells

*chairs

is a device that secures the reinforcing steel or "rebar" in reinforced concrete structures as the rebar is assembled in place prior to the final concrete pour. The spacers are left in place for the pour to keep the reinforcing in place, and become a permanent part of the structure. The main categories of rebar spacers are: Linear Spacers (Π-section profiles, H-section profiles, or other 3 dimensional shapes), Point Spacers (wheel spacers, various tower or chair-like shapes) Rebar spacers can be divided in three raw materials categories: Concrete spacers Plastic spacers Metal spacers The concrete spacers have the advantage of the same raw material which will improve the watertightness and strength of the concrete. Plastic spacers have the advantage of the low cost production and fast processing.

*load on a joist can be measured by

joist spacing x joist span x joist load (divide by 2 if measuring load on girder)

*What are four advantages of using tungsten halogen lamps

long life low lumen output loss over life low heat more uniform color

*beams and stringers

members 5" and wider, having a depth more than 2" greater than the width

*ASTM 992

most common type of steel yeild point is 50 kips per square inch.

*plainsawn wood

most economical, least stable

*Riftsawn

most stable lumber, but also the most waste. utilizes radial cuts to create a more uniform grain pattern. This uniform grain pattern is what makes the lumber more stable. Plainsawn lumber is the most economical but the least stable.

*Incidental uses

must be be separated by a min 1h fire separation and are often storage closets over 100sf

*passive solar water heating system

no pump, gravity circulates water; storage tank placed above the collector; low initial cost and operating cost

*sprinkler head temp

normally 135-170 degrees fahrenheit. These are color coded black with an orange or red glass bulb or fusible link.

*slope of permanent fill

not greater than 50%

*liquefaction

occurs when loosely packed, waterlogged soils temporarily behave like liquids, causing the ground to sink or slide and the buildings along with it. Can be as a result of earthquake vibrations.

*Chicago Window

one large, fixed pane window flanked by narrow, double-hung sash windows for ventilation (infills full space between structure)

*structural glass

opaque glass used in block, sheet, or tile form for exterior building panels

*___ and ___ are two examples of proprietary specifications.

open and closed specifications

*class a fire extinguisher

ordinary combustible materials

*annealed glass

ordinary window glass that has been cooled slowly to avoid locked-in thermal stresses

*Name 4 types of fire detection devices

photoelectric ultraviolet radiation flame detectors ionization rise of temperature

*stress skin panel

plywood on either side of styrofoam; can be used as its own structure or in addition to heavy timber

*three basic factors in electricity

potential, current, and resistance.

*FEC (FIRE EXTINGUISHER CABINET)

projection 4" max top at 5' max

*wind pressure on a vertical surface is ___

proportional to the square of the wind velocity

*radon levels over 4 pCi/L

require you to seal cracks, ventilate or depressurize the basement/crawlspace

*size of weld

size of weld leg

*elastomeric flooring

synthetic resins applied in liquid form, producing a durable, seamless floor surface

*good exterior wood

teak, redwood, White oak, ipe

*positive bending moment

tension on bottom and compression on top of beam

*chord force

the force created by wind loading along a floor or roof producing compression and tension

*stop

the trim applied to the inside face of a door or window frame against which the door or window closes

*transformer specs include

type of transformer, phase, voltage, kVA rating, sound level, insulation class

*What can be done to mitigate sound transmission through ductwork?

use flexible ducts (less conductive) avoid straight runs (introduce bends and S curves) line ducts with 1" compressed insulation (often fiberglass) increase length of run (sound will fade)

*tile cut

wall tile cut with tile cutter mosaics are cut with nippers quarry tile should be cut with water cooled masonry saw or a heavy duty cutter

*asphaltic concrete

A mixture of asphaltic cement and aggregates, used as a paving material, which is spread and rolled while hot.

*acrylic

A noncrystalline thermoplastic with good weather resistance, shatter resistance, and optical clarity; sometimes used for glazing.

*chord

A perimeter member of a truss. also top and bottom edges of the side of a diaphragm.

*ballast

An electrical device used with fluorescent and other lamps to provide starting voltage and regulate current flow through the lamp.

*belled caisson

An end-bearing pile constructed by pouring concrete into a drilled shaft, the bottom of which is enlarged (belled) to provide a larger bearing area.

*cantilever footing

An exterior column footing joined by a concrete beam to an interior column footing. It is also called a strap footing.

*amplification

An increase in a building's response to earthquake ground motion, resulting from the building's period coinciding with that of the ground shaking, or other causes.

*barometer

An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.

*batter boards

Horizontal boards offset from the building line and set prior to excavation, used to indicate a specific location, such as the corner of a building. Boards held horizontally by stakes driven into the ground

*trench drain

A linear drainage device used to collect and conduct water.

*epoxy

A synthetic resin having excellent adhesive properties.

*alkyd

A synthetic resin used as a vehicle for paint.

*panic hardware

A door-latching assembly that will open the door if subjected to pressure.

*seismic zone factor (z)

A factor used in seismic design, which depends on the seismic zone in which a site is located.

*nominal size of 5/8 rebar

American: No. 5 (1/8" = 1). Soft Metric : No. 16 since 5/8" = 15.9mm

*wind shadow

The area near the bottom of the leeward side of a hill, where the wind velocity decreases to almost zero.

*To avoid excessive voltage drop, branch circuits should be no more than ____ feet in length?

100 feet

*exit sign locations

100 ft max. directional signs at corridor intersections or where a corridor changes direction. also at the exit itself.

*What is the typical speed specifications for an escalator?

100 ft per min

*How far away should a well be from building sewers, septic tanks, etc.?

100'

*luminous level of very specialized tasks

1000 foot candles

*1 kip equals

1000 lb

*1 ton cooling capacity (new home)

1000 sq ft

*ADA requires space between a door and the nearest perpendicular wall on the pull and push sides of all accessible doors. What are those dimensions?

12" from the edge of the door on the push side 18" from the edge of the door on the pull side

*what decibel level causes pain

125

*MIN ADA REACH

15 AFF

*___ - ___ is the ADA requirement for the height of elevator call buttons

15" - 48" AFF

*Typical Depth to Span Ratio of Trusses

1:10 to 1:20

*MAX SLOPE ON ADA ROUTE

1:20

*1 hour rated fire wall

2 layers type x gyp (one on each side)

*The Energy Policy Act of 1992 requires showerheads and faucets to dispense how many gal of water/min max? Toilets?

2.5 gal/min for showerheads/faucets and 1.6 gal/flush for toilets

*handrail

200 pound concentrated load applied in any direction at the top. separate from the 50 pounds per linear foot load on handrails and guards.

*The three sides of a work triangle should add up to no greater than what length?

26'

*design strength of concrete

28 days

*vertical clearance in front of lav

29 inches

*At what height are standpipes required for buildings?

3 stories or more

*how big should an all air HVAC mechanical room be?

3-10% of the area served

*how large should an air / water HVAC mechanical room be?

3-10% of the total area served

*thickness of single strength glass

3/32 in

*single strength glass

3/32" Used for picture frames and is not temperable.

*3/8″ glass

3/8″ - This is a good thickness for heavy, unsupported table tops where the glass is the only table top. Also used for Frameless Shower Doors.

*___dB is the average volume of a quiet library ___dB is the average volume of normal office conversation ___dB is the level at which sustained exposure may cause hearing loss ___dB is the level at which short term exposure may cause permanent damage

30 dB 70 dB 90-95 dB 140 dB

*What are the required dimensions for ADA clear floor space

30" by 48"

*CLEAR AT DOORWAY - ADA

32

*MIN CLEAR ADA ROUTE

36

*MIN CLEAR WIDTH OF ADA RAMP

36

*Min clear space in front of electric panels for servicing?

36"

*When considering a cantilever, how many reactions and what is its statical classification?

3; determinate, stable

*According to the EPA, level of radon below ___ do not require immediate remedial action.

4 picocuries per liter. Above 4 pCi/L EPA recommends sealing any cracks in the foundation walls or slabs, and venting or depressurizing the basement or crawlspace area

*Typical weight of the gravel on a flat roof?

4 pounds/sf

*how tall of a building can use upfeed water systems?

40 to 60 feet

*How high should guardrails be to be ADA compliant?

42" high, if protecting the opening or glazed side of the stairway, can be same height as handrails

*curvature factor

A factor used to modify the allowable unit stress in bending for the curved portion of glued laminated members.

*luminous level of a normal office

45 foot candles

*max water pressure for plumbing fixtures

45-60 psi

*MIN CLEAR B/W HANDRAILS ON EXIT STAIR ADA

48

*MAX ADA REACH

48 AFF

*diaphragm ratio

4:1 max

*Minimum slope suggested for a shingle roof

4:12

*40DB WOULD SEEM _____X AS LOUD AS 20DB

4X

*how much pressure does a typical fixture need to operate?

5 -15 psi

*luminance level of public areas with dark surroundings

5 foot candles

*The force for pushing open or pulling open a door should be no greater than ___ lbs?

5 lbs

*posts and timbers

5" x 5" and larger, with a depth not more than 2" greater than the width

*MAX SIDE APPROACH HEIGHT ADA

54

*ideal foot candles

5fc for public areas with dark surroundings 45fc for normal office work 200f for visual tasks of low contrast and very small size for prolonged periods of time 1000 fc would be appropriate for very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast and small size

*Electrical lines are called 'cables' when the cross section is ____ AWG or larger.

6 AWG

*sink depth for ada sink

6.5 inches

*anchor bolts must be placed

72 inch on center

*Fire extinguisher locations

75 ft max and near cooking equipment, and where flammable liquids are stored or in special high hazard areas

*withdrawal from end grain

75% weaker than side grain connection in softwoods

*what decibel level is harmful

80

*If the Occupant Load Factor for a 9,000 sq. ft. warehouse is 300 sq. ft. per person how many exits are required?

9,000 sq. ft. / 300 sq. ft. per person = 30 people < 50 people minimum requirement for 2 exits.

*dual system

A dual system is a structural system in which an essentially complete frame provides support for gravity loads, and resistance to lateral loads is provided by a specially detailed moment-resisting frame and shear walls or braced frames.

*strength reduction factor (Ø)

A factor used to reduce the capacity of reinforced concrete members to account for possible variations in quality control.

*bibb

A faucet having a nozzle that is bent downwards.

*importance factor (i)

A factor used in earthquake and wind design, whose value between 1.0 and 1.5. This provides that certain essential facilities, such as hospitals and fire and police stations, be designed for seismic and wind forces greater than normal. In this way, such emergency facilities are expected to be safe and usable following an earthquake or sever windstorm.

*rectifier

A device which converts alternating current to direct current and is used to recharge batteries or supply direct current for other purposes.

*siphon

A U-shaped tube used to transfer liquid from an upper level to a lower one by suction.

*siamese fitting

A Y-shaped hose attachment at the base of a building, which allows the fire department to connect a fire hydrant through a pumper truck to provide or augment water flow to a standpipe.

*draft regulator

A balanced air valve positioned so as to admit air to the flue or stack of a furnace in order to maintain a constant amount of draft. It is also called a barometric damper.

*Euler's equation

A basic equation that applies to all columns and gives the maximum stress a slender column can resist without failing by sudden buckling.

*fixed end beam

A beam that is restrained (fixed) against rotation at both ends. A beam with both ends fixed is statically indeterminate to the 3rd degree, and any structural analysis method applicable on statically indeterminate beams can be used to calculate the fixed end moments. the strongest type of column; fixed against rotation and translation

*simple beam

A beam that rests on a support at each end.

*overhanging beam

A beam that rests on two or more supports and has one or both ends projecting beyond the support.

*knee bracing

A brace between vertical and horizontal members in a building frame or formwork to make the structure more stable. In formwork, it acts as a haunch. struts that can be concealed within a ceiling system

*accelerators

A cement accelerator is an admixture for the use in concrete, mortar, rendering or screeds. The addition of an accelerator speeds the setting time and thus cure time starts earlier.[1] This allows concrete to be placed in winter with reduced risk of frost damage.[2] Concrete is damaged if it does not reach a strength of 500 pounds per square inch (3.4 MPa) before freezing.[3]:19

*expansion tank

A chamber or tank provided in a hot water heating system to allow for expansion of the water in the systems as its temperature rises.

*psychrometric chart

A chart showing the interactions of wet bulb, dry bulb, and dewpoint temperatures, relative and absolute humidities, enthalpy, and sensible heat ratio.

*kerf

A cut or notch in a material.

*wind chill index

A fictitious temperature assigned to a combination of actual temperature and wind velocity which has the same physiological effect as still air at the _________ _________ _________ temperature. It is also known as chill factor.

*expansive soil

A fine-grained cohesive soil which undergoes large volume changes with changes in moisture content.

*silt

A fine-grained soil, whose particles are larger than clay and smaller than sand.

*angle valve

A manually operated valve with its outlet opening oriented at right angles to its inlet opening; used for regulating the flow of a fluid in a pipe. type of valve where one handle controls both the hot and cold supply and mixes the water while releasing water. operates by admitting fluid flow to the gate or plug and redirecting it 90° out the discharge port

*particle board

A manufactured panel of wood particles and binders that is bonded together under heat and pressure.

*sun chart

A map of the sky showing the path of the sun, from sunrise to sunset, on the 21st day of each month.

*header course

A masonry course in which the flat, short ends of the units are exposed.

*gravity wall

A massive concrete wall that resists the forces on it by its own weight and by soil pressure and soil friction

*static lateral force procedure

A method of seismic design in which static horizontal forces which produce internal forces similar to those that would be induced by an actual earthquake motion are applied to a structure. This procedure is allowed only under certain conditions of building regularity, occupancy, and height.

*turn-of-nut method

A method used to provide the bolt tension specified for high-strength bolts, in which the bolts are first brought to a "snug tight" condition and then tightened additionally by a specified amount of nut rotation.

*When a variety of tasks are to be performed, is diffused or directional light more desirable?

A mixture of both are most desirable as diffused light can be monotonous while directional light can provide visual accents and brighten task surfaces

*open web steel joist

A shop-fabricated, lightweight steel truss used to span between main members or bearing walls and support roof or floor loads. built-up steel members: spans medium to long distances, lightweight, and efficient, easy/quick to erect, open webbing allows for other systems to run thru them

*needle beam

A short beam passed through a wall to provide temporary support.

*CSI MasterFormat

A systematic listing of construction trades, materials, systems, and administrative requirements published by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) for the purpose of organizing construction specifications.

*sick building syndrome

A term used to describe poor indoor air quality, which can lead to discomfort and possibly disease.

*Public water systems typically supply water at what pressure?

About 50 psi

*steel

An alloy of iron and carbon, with a carbon content between 0.1 and 1.7 percent (more that that of wrought iron and less than that of cast iron). primarily iron with small amounts of carbon. other elements manganese, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur. Phosphorous and sulfur affect weld ability and make steel brittle.

*three-hinged arch

An arch with a hinge at each support and at the high point, or crown; the only type of arch which is statically determinate. This type of arch can experience movement slightly due to change in temp, soil settlement, and wind without developing bending stresses

*special wind region

An area where local records and terrain features indicate wind speeds greater than those shown in the building code.

*Dam failure can release a sudden and devastating flood during ___

An earthquake

*drilled caisson

An end-bearing pile, the bottom of which may be belled, which is constructed by pouring concrete into a drilled shaft.

*Perimeter scuppers are primarily used for what?

As overflow drains

*What types of piping is typically used for sanitary lines in non residential buildings? Residential buildings?

Cast-iron in nonresidential, ABS (rigid black plastic pipe) for residential. PVC pipe can be used for sanitary lines, however it cant be used for exterior applications or where noise reduction is required.

*oakum

Caulking made from hemp fiber strand or rope soaked in oil or other substance to make it waterproof and rot-resistant.

*A ___ DEALS WITH EXISTING SITE FEATURES AND TOPOGRAPHY

Civil Engineer

*cold rolled steel

Cold rolled steel is essentially hot rolled steel that has had further processing. The steel is processed further in cold reduction mills, where the material is cooled (at room temperature) followed by annealing and/or tempers rolling. This process will produce steel with closer dimensional tolerances and a wider range of surface finishes. The term Cold Rolled is mistakenly used on all products, when actually the product name refers to the rolling of flat rolled sheet and coil products. When referring to bar products, the term used is "cold finishing", which usually consists of cold drawing and/or turning, grinding and polishing. This process results in higher yield points and has four main advantages: Cold drawing increases the yield and tensile strengths, often eliminating further costly thermal treatments. Turning gets rid of surface imperfections. Grinding narrows the original size tolerance range. Polishing improves surface finish. All cold products provide a superior surface finish, and are superior in tolerance, concentricity, and straightness when compared to hot rolled.

*CSI Masterformat Division 27

Communications This division covers computer networks, cabling, and all kinds of communications systems, including data communications (including email and internet), voice communications, audiovisual communications, assisted listening, and healthcare communications.

*CSI Masterformat Division 03

Concrete This division covers forms, reinforcement, cast-in-place concrete, precast concrete, cementitious decks and underlayment, grouts, concrete restoration and cleaning, and all other aspects of concrete

*Are bolted or welded steel connections more expensive?

Depending on the structural system chosen, either can be more or less expensive

*escalator

Escalators are typically 32"-48" wide and set at an incline of about 30 degrees. They travel between 90-120 feet per minute

*What three things compose an egress system?

Exit Access, Exit, Exit Discharge are the three parts of an egress system.

*CSI Masterformat Division 21

Fire Suppression This division covers detection equipment, alarms, standpipes, hoses, and all types of fire suppression systems, including wet-pipe, dry-pipe, deluge, carbon dioxide, foam, pre-action, and dry chemical systems.

*flow velocity of wastewater system

Grades are sloped to provide a velocity between 2.5 feet per second and 10 feet per second.

*gypsum plaster

Gypsum plaster, or plaster of Paris, is produced by heating gypsum to about 300 °F (150 °C):

*Max fixture height equation

PSI x 2.31 FT per PSI

*shear waves

In seismology, S-waves, secondary waves, or shear waves (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) are a type of elastic wave, and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike surface waves.S waves only travel through solids.Body waves. causes sideways or up and down movement - the most damaging

*CSI Masterformat Division 05

Metals This division covers all types of structural steel and other structural metals ornamental metals, metal fabrications (metal stairs, ornamental ironwork, handrails, gratings, metal castings, and stair treads and nosings), as well as expansion joint covers and metal restoration and cleaning. (Light-gage metal framing for partitions is located in Division 09, Finishes)

*List the various grades of plywood

N - natural finish, free of defects A - smooth and paintable B - solid surface veneer C - plugged-splits limited to 1/8" wide and knot/bore holes limited to 1/4" by 1/2" D - knots/knot holes permitted to 3", limited splits permitted plywood is given two letters, one for the high-grade side and one for the low grade site. exterior ply most common is C-D Exterior aka CDX

*suction

Negative pressure.

*Can steel be formed by extrusion?

No

*FBA BRICK

Non uniformity in size, color, and texture per unit

*non vitreous tile

Non-vitreous (Low density) - Tile with water absorption of more than 7.0 percent. Not suitable for outdoor use or for rooms with a lot of moisture, such as bathrooms.

*ultrasonic testing

Nondestructive testing of welded joints using high-frequency sound waves.

*radiographic inspection

Nondestructive testing of welded joints using x-rays and gamma rays.

*Size of room, size of exits, need for sprinklers are limiting factors of a building's ___

Occupancy group

*air change method

Often used in residential construction and in large warehouses and similar buildings. Derives the ventilation rate from the volume of the space (in cubic feet) to be ventilated multiplied by the number of total air changes in one hour.

*___ tends to be most expensive option for historic building preservation.

Reconstruction. The other choices are: Restoration Rehabilitation Preservation

*friable

Referring to soil which is easily crumbled or reduced to powder.

*SHALE + SLATE

SECOND HIGHEST BEARING CAPACITY

*FTX

Smooth structural facing tile suitable for exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and partitions where low absorption and stain resistance are required, and where a high degree of mechanical perfection, minimum variation in face dimensions, and narrow color range are desired.

*Whats the difference between a soil stack and waste stack?

Soil stack carries discharge from water closets or urinals to the building sewer. Waste stack carries discharge from plumbing fixtures other than urinals or water closets.

*metallizing

Spraying molten metal on the surface to be coated, typically used in field applications.

*When determining drainage requirements from the building to the site, _________ should be considered in order to provide proper management of runoff.

Storm sewer invert Although all answers are effective approaches for site drainage, determining the location of the storm sewer invert is the most critical to handle water runoff from the building and site. Properly locating the invert elevation will aid in designing the drainage routes through the site.

*plenum systems

Structure, then HVAC equipment and Ducts, then Plumbing, then luminaires

*What two types of glass are considered safety glass?

Tempered or laminated glass

*What kind of glass is required by building code for sliding glass doors?

Tempered safety glass (stronger and breaks in small pieces which makes it "safe") It is also required in frameless glass doors

*shoring

Temporary support for a portion of a building.

*High strength steel cables in post tensioning

Tendons

*triangular distribution

The assumed distribution of earthquake forces to various levels of a structure.

*watt (W)

The basic unit of electrical power, equal to the product of volts and amperes in direct current systems, equal to 3.41 Btuh. P = IV

*matrix

The binding or cementing material in mortar, concrete, or terrazzo.

*fault

The boundary between adjacent rock plates along which movement may take place during an earthquake.

*Portland cement

The finely-ground material used as the binder for structural concrete. limestone, clay, iron ore, gypsum. supplied in 94lb bags

*What do the first and second numbers of a weld symbol mean?

The first (1/2, 1/4, etc) number is the size of the weld cross section or the inches of one side of the triangle. The second number (6, 12, etc) is the length of the weld

*tributary area

The floor or roof area supported by an individual structural member.

*pith

The heart center of a log.

*heat of fusion

The heat given off by a liquid in changing to a solid, or the heat absorbed by a solid melting to a liquid, without a change in temperature.

*heat of vaporization

The heat given off by a vapor condensing to liquid, or the heat absorbed by a liquid evaporating to a gas, without a change in temperature.

*diaphragm

The horizontal floor or roof system that distributes lateral forces caused by wind or earthquake, by functioning as a horizontal girder.

*thrust

The horizontal reaction at the base of an arch.

*valley

The interior trough formed by the intersection of two sloping roof surfaces.

*Unified Soil Classification System

The most widely used system for classifying soils. In this system, the soils are primarily classed as course-grained (gravels and sands), fine-grained (silts and clays), and highly organic.

*latitude

The number of degrees north or south of the equator of a particular point on the earth's surface.

*evaporator

The part of a refrigeration system in which the refrigerant evaporates, absorbing heat from the medium to be cooled.

*seismic separation

The separation between two adjoining buildings, or parts of the sane building, to permit these adjoining elements to move independently when subject to earthquake motion. The amount of separation should be sufficient to prevent the adjoining elements from battering each other during an earthquake. Also called building separation.

*windward side

The side of a building facing the direction from which the wind is blowing.

*leeward side

The side of a building facing the direction toward which the wind is blowing.

*subsidence

The sinking of land.

*oil canning

The wavy distortions of glass or metal panels, often seen in curtain wall construction.

*CPVC (plastic piping) chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

This type of pipe can stand temperatures up to about 180 F can be used for hot and cold water. same outside diameter as copper and PEX, so the same push-fit fittings that are used. As with PVC, you should use primer and a glue when making a CPVC joint. is resistant to many acids, bases, salts, paraffinic hydrocarbons, halogens and alcohols. It is not resistant to solvents, aromatics and some chlorinated hydrocarbons. Rigid.

*When two plates are sliding past each other horizontally, their boundary is said to be _____?

Transcurrent

*CSI Masterformat Division 06

Wood Plastics, and Composites This division covers typical structural wood framing, rough carpentry, finish carpentry, and architectural woodwork. It also includes structural plastics, plastic fabrications, wood and plastic restoration and cleaning, and specialty composite materials.

*When concrete is combined with steel decking for a floor structure, will further fireproofing be required?

Yes, typically the steel deck will have to be fireproofed from below.

*cricket, or roof saddle

___ is a ridge structure designed to divert water on a roof around the high side of a chimney or the transition from one roof area to another

*test boring

a hole drilled into the ground at the site of a proposed structure in order to obtain samples of the subsurface soil for examination and testing in a laboratory. based on these test, the soil engineer recommends the type of foundation and the allowable soil bearing pressure

*wellpoint

a hollow rod with a perforated intake, which is driven into the ground and connected to a header, from which water is pumped out of an excavation

*Purlin

a horizontal beam along the length of a roof, resting on a main rafter and supporting the common rafters or boards

*transom

a horizontal element which separates a door from a window panel above, or the window above such a crosspiece. also, a crossbar dividing a window horizontally

*Decibel (dB)

a unit of expressing the relative intensity of sound on a scale of 0 to 130. loudness works on a logarithmic scale, so doubling the decibel level doesn't double the perceived loudness. 40 dB would seem four times as loud as a 20dB sound. 80 and above can cause permanent hearing loss, 125 and above causes pain. expresses the ratio between a given sound being measured and a reference level. The reference level generally corresponds to the faintest audible sound.

*hoistway

a vertical shaft that accommodates one or more elevators, conveyors, or dumbwaiters

*notched beams

cannot exceed one sixth of the depth of the member and cannot be located in the middle third of the span. 1/4 of span when the notch is at a support

*Self luminous exit signs

glow in the dark and do not need external power or batteries. THey are illuminated by tritium which is a self luminous isotope of hydrogen.

*split

lengthwise separation of wood extending from one face through to the opposite face

*ladder loop ties

sometimes be installed with a bend in the tie at the cavity wall, called a drip, to prevent the migration of water to the inner wythe

*Cement type I

standard, most general construction

*terne plate

steel coated with lead and tin, used for roofing and flashing

*weathering steel

steel that acquires a brownish protective oxide coating when exposed to the weather and therefore requires no paint finish. it is sold under the proprietary names "Cor-Ten Steel" and "Mayari R Weathering Steel."

*hard temper

straight lengths. the thinnest grade M is available only in hard temper

*tee weld

refers to the process of joining two pieces of metal together whether they be perpendicular or at an angle.

*culls

rejected material whose quality is too low to be used

*___ and ___ are two methods of dealing with hazardous waste.

removal and encapsulation

*.433 psi

required to lift water 1 ft vertically

*water hammer

that thumping or rattling sound that occurs when a faucet is shut off rapidly. This occurs upstream of the fixture where a long straight pipe run ends in a corner. The water that was flowing in the pipe is suddenly halted, and the inertia hammers the corner at the end of the run. air chambers are installed as fixture branches to prevent water hammer (trapped air elastically expands and compresses to equalize pressure and flow of water in system).

*industrial appearance grade

the appearance grade used for glued laminated members where appearance is not of primary concern

*roping

the arrangement of cables used to hoist an electric elevator

*bolster

type of chair used in broad slabs or beams

*A building's weight and ground accelerations it encounters determine what three things?

• Likely earthquake magnitude it will encounter (or "MCE") • The building's seismic base shear • The likelihood of damage The building's fundamental period is a manifestation of its height, form, and design and does not relate to the magnitude of accelerations.

*thermal expansion of pipe equation

∆L = Lk(T1- T2) where: ∆L = the change in length L = length k = coefficient of expansion T1= original temperature T2 = final temperature

*buck

a door frame of wood metal to which the finished frame is attached

*casing bead

a fabricated metal strip applied at the edge of a plastered surface to provide a stop, protection of the edge, or a separation between two dissimilar materials

*bonding plaster

a gypsum plaster mixture containing lime, which is used on interior concrete surfaces

*butt

a hinge applied to the edge of a door in which only the butt end remains visible

*acoustic plaster

a mineral-fiber, low-density plaster mixture which is hand-troweled or machine-sprayed to produce a sound-absorbing surface

*anodizing

a process of coating aluminum with a hard oxide film by electrolytic action to prevent corrosion and improve appearance

*asphalt saturated felt

a roofing material applied in several layers to create a built-up composition roof

*broom finish

a scored concrete surface produced by brooming before the concrete has completely hardened

*casement

a window attached to a frame by hinges on which the entire unit swings open

*brass

an alloy of copper and zinc that is corrosion-resistant and very workable

*architectural bronze

an alloy of copper, zinc, lead, and tin used for moldings and forgings

*shakes

Hand-split wood shingles.

*difference between a sanitary trap and an interceptor

a "trap" is the U-shaped line which keeps methane from the sewer system out of the building, while an "interceptor" is a device which keeps grease and other waste matter from the building out of the sewer system

*cleanout

a Y-shaped segment of pipe which serves an area otherwise difficult to access, where one arm of the Y has a plug screwed in at its end. provided at waste pipes at every turn, needs access panel to get to it

*PEX-AL-PEX (plastic piping)

--type of plastic pipe; used for water supply & compressed air and gas, flexible -- cross-linked polyethylene. PEX is commonly used for hot and cold water in homes, and for hydronic heating systems (such as radiant under-floor systems) due to its resistance to hot and cold temperatures. PEX is widely used now for its competitive pricing, ease of use, and the long rolls of piping that it can come in. PEX can be joined in many different ways including push-fit fittings and specialty PEX tools used with crimp rings to secure the joints.

*PP (plastic piping)

-type of plastic pipe; used for industrial supply/waste for chemical resistance and high heat, rigid-- Polypropylene is suitable for use with foodstuffs, potable and ultra pure waters, as well as within the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. PP is a thermoplastic polymer made from polypropylene. It was first invented in the 1950s and has been used for pipes since the 1970s. Due to the high impact resistance combined with good stiffness and high chemical resistance makes this material suitable for sewer applications. A good performance at operating temperature range from up to 60 °C (continuous) makes this material suitable for in-house discharge systems Soil&Waste. A special PP grade with high temperature behaviour up to 90 °C (short-term) makes that material a good choice for in-house warm water supply[5]

*Steps to calculating the reactions of a simple beam:

1. pick one of the two reactions to begin 2. simplify any uniform loads into point loads (length x weight, acting in the center of the load) 3. the equation starts with the other reaction x distance from reaction you've chosen to start with. Subtract each other point load x the distance from the reaction you're working on. Set the whole thing = 0 ex. (R(a)x20) - (8x15) - (20x10)=0 4. for the balancing forces, start with the product you just calculated, subtract the other point loads, but ADD (+) the other reaction (it will be a variable) and set everything = 0 again ex. 11-8-20+R(b)=0

*What is the minimum slope of a roof and how can it be formed?

1/4" per foot and it can be formed by tapering the insulation or sloping the structure itself.

*1/4″ glass

1/4″ - This is a good thickness for glass tabletops and glass protective table covers.

*a 50 foot floor span versus a 25-foot floor span costs how much more

25% increase

*wheelchair size

30 x 48

*Typical Spans of Trusses

40-200'

*biometric device

A Biometric device is a security identification and authentication device. Such devices use automated methods of verifying or recognising the identity of a living person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. These characteristics include fingerprints, facial images, Iris prints and voice recognition.

*dead-end parking

A circulation layout in which cars are unable to circulate in a continuous one-way flow from the entrance to the exit of a parking area.

*lateral

A common sewer that receives wastewater only from building sewers.

*balustrade

A complete railing system, consisting of a top rail, supporting balusters, and sometimes a bottom rail.

*core cylinder test

A compression test of hardened concrete which has been cut from the structure. used when a portion of the structure is in place and cured but needs testing. Small portions are drilled out and lab tested. 2.5 in in diameter

*precast concrete

A concrete element cast in a location other than its final position. After curing, it is moved to its final location and installed. concrete used in precast members is generally a higher strength than the 3000 psi used for site cast type III high early strength helps prestress plants to get finished beams and tees out of the beds and into the yards more quickly

*flat plate/slab

A concrete slab reinforces in two directions which brings its load directly to supporting columns without any beams, girders, column capitals (widened tops of columns), or drop panels (thickened slab around columns). Not great for shear may need more horizontal reinforcing

*Smoke Barrier

A continuous vertical or horizontal membrane with a minimum fire-resistance rating of 1-hr that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke.

*evaporative cooling

A cooling process in which water vapor, at a constant wet bulb temperature, is added to air, reducing the dry bulb temperature.

*gravel

A course granular material, with particles varying from about 3 inches to 3/16 inch.

*camber

A curve built into a structural member to compensate for deflection.

*response spectrum

A curve which shows the maximum acceleration of a series of idealized structures when subject to an earthquake.

*meridian

A curved line on the surface of a dome, usually circular, which is formed by the intersection of a vertical plane with the dome, when the plane passes through the top of the dome.

*arches

A curved structure in which the internal stresses are essentially compression. usually have hinged supports, fixed only used for short spans where expansion and contraction is minimal

*cable roof

A curved structure in which the internal stresses are pure tension.

*balancing damper

A damper provided in a duct system to regulate the flow of air when the system is being balanced or tuned to design requirements.

*fire damper

A damper provided with a fusible link and operated by gravity or springs, which closes off an air duct in the vent of a fire, so as to prevent fire and smoke from spreading through the duct.

*psychrometer

A device for measuring simultaneously the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures of air and therefore the relative humidity.

*interceptor

A device for trapping grease, sand, hair, string, buttons, and so on, installed in the drains of certain types of fixtures. collects foreign matter at the source instead of allowing it to enter the sewer system

*damper

A device inserted in a n air stream to modulate, restrict, or divert the flow of air.

*surge arrester

A device installed in a water line to minimize the effects of water hammer caused by quick closing valves. insert a cushion or device with a damping effect somewhere in the system. Also called shock arrestors

*concentrating collector

A device to collect solar energy, usually parabolic in shape, used for concentrating isolation to achieve high temperature.

*water stop

A device used at a joint as a sealant, usually to prevent the passage of water.

*flat plate collector

A device used to collect solar energy, usually consisting of a glazed cover, a transfer medium (water or air), absorber plate, and insulation, all contained in a unified housing.

*alternator

A device used to generate alternating current by rotating a coil in a magnetic field.

*anemometer

A device used to measure wind speed.

*transducer

A device which converts power in one kind of system to power in another form, such as a loudspeaker which converts electric power to acoustic power.

*volume factor

A factor used to reduce the allowable bending stress for glued, laminated beams, based on width depth, and span.

*Davis-Bacon Act

A federal law that requires the Department of Labor to set prevailing wages for government-financed construction projects.

*azimuth

A horizontal angle measured clockwise from north or south.

*sleeper

A horizontal member used to support a structure above, such as one of the wood strips between a concrete slab and finish wood floor.

*Proctor test

A laboratory compaction test to determine the optimum moisture content and density for a soil.

*raft foundation

A large footing under an entire building, which distributes the building load over the entire area. It is also known as a mat foundation.

*flitch

A large timber from which veneers are cut.

*sheepsfoot roller

A large-toothed roller used for the compaction of soil.

*culvert

A length of pipe under a road or other barrier used to convey water.

*vermiculite

A lightweight aggregate used in lightweight concrete or plaster.

*perlite

A lightweight volcanic rock used as an aggregate in lightweight concrete or plaster.

*laitance

A low-strength layer of fine particles that floats to the surface of wet concrete.

*asbestos cement

A material consisting of a mixture of portland cement and asbestos fiber. Although resistant to fire, it is considered a health hazard.

*elastomer

A material having the qualities of rubber.

*cement

A material which is able to unite nonadhesive substances into a solid mass. the cement most commonly used in concrete construction is Portland cement.

*capacitance

A measure of the ability of two of more closely-spaced plates to store electricity. The unit of _________ is the farad.

*seismicity

A measure of the frequency, intensity, and distribution of earthquakes in a given area.

*resistance

A measure of the tendency of an electric circuit to restrict the flow of current, or the ratio of voltage to current in a conductor or closed circuit. The unit of resistance is the ohm. material thickness in inches / k. Symbolized as Ω.-----The number of hours needed for 1 BTU to pass through a material of a given thickness when the temp differential is 1 degree F. R = 1/C

*gypsum board

A prefabricated form of plaster used in place of conventional three-coat interior plaster.

*trussed rafter

A prefabricated lightweight wood truss used to support roof loads for dwellings and other small structures.

*ion exchange

A process of water softening in which calcium and magnesium ions are replaced by sodium ions. This process is also known as the zeolite process.

*coping

A protective cap of brick, stone, or concrete used at the top of a wall to prevent water penetration.

*circulator

A pump used in hot water systems for maintaining forced circulation of water or other liquid.

*force

A push or pull exerted on an object. The description of a given force includes its magnitude, direction, and point of application. They are drawn as arrows showing direction, with the length indicating magnitude.

*base shoe

A quarter round trim piece used to cover the joint between the finish flooring and the base.

*Keene's Cement

A quick-setting gypsum plaster used in areas exposed to moisture.

*dado

A rectangular grooved wood joint. Also, the lower part of a wall below a molding or other trim.

*Vierendeel truss

A rectangular truss with very rigid corner bracing. no diagonals.

*tilt-up wall

A reinforced concrete wall that is precast at the job site, usually in a flat position, and later tilted up and set into place.

*smokeproof enclosure

A required exit which consists of a vestibule and continuous stairway enclosed from the highest point to the lowest point by walls of two-hour fire-resistive construction and which exits into a public way or an exit passageway leading to a public way.

*lewis bolt

A round threaded metal device with a bell-shaped end that is used to anchor stone.

*Modified Mercalli scale

A scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake, that is, its effects on people and buildings. The scale varies from I (not felt except under especially favorable circumstances) to XII (damage nearly total).

*space frame

A series of trusses which intersect in a consistent grid pattern and are rigidly connected at their points of intersection. This type of long span system characterized itself on redundancy, having many members so that not to have system fail if one fails

*feeder

A set of electrical conductors which extend from the source of energy to a distribution center.

*septic system

A sewage treatment system consisting of a tank and filtering system.

*joist girder

A shop-fabricated steel truss that supports evenly-spaced steel joists along its top chord.

*nipple

A short piece of pipe with threads at each end used to connect fittings and valves in a pipe line.

*Cripple Stud

A short piece of stud used to transfer a load from a top plate to a header or from a sill to a sole plate.

*jack rafter

A short rafter between hip rafter and eave, or between valley and ridge.

*muntin

A short, secondary member within a window frame, either vertical or horizontal.

*post-and-beam system

A simple structural system consisting of beams simply supported on posts.

*enamel

A smooth and hard pigmented paint that uses varnish as the vehicle.

*mandrel

A solid core is used in driving a shell pile into the ground. When driving is complete, the _______ is removed and the shell is filled with concrete.

*slurry

A soupy mixture of water and clay, or water and portland cement.

*(wood) check

A split of wood fibers across or through the growth rings, but not through the entire board. caused by nonuniform seasoning

*stub girder system

A steel framing system in which beams sit on top of a girder and short lengths of "stub girders" the same depth as the floor beams are welded to the top of the girder to provide for composite action.

*screed

A strip of material placed at intervals along a wall to be plaster to gauge the thickness of the plaster. also, a strip used to strike off excess concrete to bring the surface to the proper grade

*lintel

A structural member placed over an opening and supporting construction above. Steel most common in masonry.

*folded plate

A structural roof system consisting of inclined planes which support each other and function as deep beams. This type of structure is increased by adding depth to resist the compressive load vertically

*tubular system

A structural system used in tall buildings, consisting of closely-spaced columns at the perimeter connected by deep spandrel beams, which acts like a tube that cantilevers from the ground when subject to lateral wind or earthquake loads.

*cooling tower

A structure used to evaporatively cool a liquid (usually water) by contact with air.

*thin shell

A structure with a curved surface that supports load by tension, compression, and shear in the plane of its surface, but which is too thin to resist bending stresses.

*sone

A subjective (perceived) system of measuring loudness, based on the reference point of one _________ level to a sound pressure level of 40 dB.

*phon

A subjective unit of loudness, numerically equal to the sound of pressure, in decibels, of a 1000-Hz tone judged by the listener to have the same loudness as the given sound.

*zeolite

A substance used in water softening which exchanges sodium ions for magnesium or calcium ions in hard water. It is regenerated by passing brine through it, which reverses the exchange.

*contactor

A switch, usually magnetically operated, which is used to open and close an electrical circuit.

*s

A symbol for section modulus, also a standard designation for a structural steel I-beam (American Standard Bream), also a factor used in earthquake design which takes into account the effect of subsoil conditions.

*urethane

A synthetic resin from which paints and insulation foams are manufactured.

*hybrid solar system

A system combining active and passive solar features.

*face glazing

A system having a triangular bead of compound applied with a putty knife, after bedding, setting, and clipping the glazing infill in place on a rabetted sash.

*heat bridge

A thermal bridge, also called a cold bridge or heat bridge, is an area or component of an object which has higher thermal conductivity than the surrounding materials,[1] creating a path of least resistance for heat transfer.[2] Thermal bridges result in an overall reduction in thermal resistance of the object. The term is frequently discussed in the context of a building's thermal envelope where thermal bridges result in heat transfer into or out of conditioned space. EX. when metals or conductive materials are connected in a way that they span from the face of the exterior to the face of the interior of a wall

*differential thermostat

A thermostat that responds to temperature at two different locations. It is used to activate a solar heating system when the collector is warmer than the storage medium.

*pile cap

A thick, reinforced concrete slab placed over a group of piles and used to distribute the structural load to all the piles in the group.

*hyperbolic paraboloid

A thin shell saddle-shaped surface formed by moving a vertical parabola with downward curvature along and perpendicular to another parabola with upward curvature.

*Anchor Bolt

A threaded steel bent inserted of masonry construction for securing wood or metal plates to concrete construction

*tied columns

A tied column is a column in which the longitudinal reinforcement bars are tied together with separate smaller diameter transverse bars (ties) spaced at some interval along the column height. These ties help to hold the longitudinal reinforcement bars in place during construction and ensure stability of these bars against local buckling. The cross sections of such columns are usually square, rectangular, or circular in shape. A minimum of four bars is used in rectangular and circular cross sections.

*trussed tube

A trussed tube system strengthens a building against lateral forces by reinforcing the perimeter walls with vertical trusses. The trussed tube, also termed braced tube, is similar to the simple tube but with comparatively fewer and farther-spaced exterior columns. Steel bracings or concrete shear walls are introduced along the exterior walls to compensate for the fewer columns by tying them together. The most notable examples incorporating steel bracing are the John Hancock Center, the Citigroup Center, and the Bank of China Tower.

*high-early-strength cement

A type of cement (ASTM Type III) which provides earlier strength in concrete than ordinary cements. It is used when forms must be removed quickly or when the structure must be put into service quickly.

*K-bracing

A type of diagonal bracing in which each end of each brace frames into a beam or column, not a beam-column joint. _-_______ is considered undesirable for seismic resistance and is generally prohibited.

*chevron bracing

A type of diagonal bracing in which one end of each brace frames into a bean-column joint and the other end frames into a beam. There are two configurations; V-bracing and inverted-V-bracing. Because of various potential problems with chevron bracing, the bracing members must be designed for increased seismic loads.

*kalamein door

A type of fire-resistive door that has a solid wood core covered with sheet metal.

*Raymond pile

A type of pile consisting of a tapered steel shell which is driven into the ground using a mandrel and then filled with concrete after the mandrel is removed.

*quick response early suppression sprinklers QRES

A type of quick-response sprinkler that has a thermal element with an RTI of 50 (meter-seconds)^1/2 or less and is listed for its capability to provide fire suppression of specific fire hazards.

*welded wire fabric

A type of reinforcement used in reinforced concrete, consisting of a grid of steel wires perpendicular to each other and welded at all points of intersection

*grain

A unit of weight, where 7000 _________s equal one pound; used primarily as a measure of the weight of moisture in air.

*high strength bolts

A490 and A325 can be used in bearing type connections but must be used in slip critical connectins.

*what type of piping is used for drainage only?

ABS plastic piping

*ABS (plastic piping)

Abbreviation for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, a rigid plastic used for drainage, waste, and vent piping, as well as for sewer systems.ABS pipe and fittings are made from a thermoplastic resin called Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS for short). is used for the conveyance of potable water, slurries and chemicals. Most commonly used for DWV (drain-waste-vent) applications. It has a wide temperature range originally developed for use in oil fields and the chemical industry. The variability of the material and its relative cost effectiveness has made it a popular engineering plastic. It can be tailored to a range of applications by modifying the ratio of the individual chemical components. They are therefore used mainly in industrial applications where high impact strength and rigidity are essential. This material is also used in non-pressure piping systems for soil and waste.[3]

*strong motion accelerograph

Accelerographs are useful for when the earthquake ground motion is so strong that it causes the more sensitive seismometers to go off-scale. There is an entire science of strong ground motion, that is dedicated to studying the shaking in the vicinity of earthquakes (roughly within about 100 km of the fault rupture). Accelerographs record the acceleration of the ground with respect to time. This recording is often called an accelerograms, strong-motion record or acceleration time-history. From this record strong-motion intensity measures (IMs, also called parameters) can be computed.[3] The simplest of which is peak ground acceleration (PGA). Other IMs include Arias intensity, peak ground velocity (PGV), for which the accelerogram needs to be integrated once, peak ground displacement (PGD), for which double integration is required. Often a response spectrum is computed to show how the earthquake would affect structures of different natural frequencies or periods. These observations are useful to assess the seismic hazard of an area.

*anodes

According to Olin's Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, the electrolytic solution potentials in volts for metals are as follows: Magnesium: -1.73 Zinc: -1.00 Aluminum: -0.83 Cadmium: -0.82 Mild Steel: -0.58 Lead: -0.55 Tin: -0.49 Titanium: -0.30 Brass: -0.28 Copper: -0.20 Stainless Steel: -0.15 Silver: -0.15 Gold: -0.00 The closer the voltage potential is to 0.00 the more cathodic each metal is. The further from 0, the more anodic each metal is. Corrosion occurs at the anode.

*ada signs

According to the 2010 ADA standards, an identification sign which includes the international symbol of accessibility should be at every accessible stall (ref. 2010 ADA §502.6). Furthermore, for every 6 or fraction of 6 ADA stalls one is required to be van accessible (ref.e 2010 ADA § 208.2.4) Since there is only one ADA stall in this parking lot, it is required to be van accessible. Van accessible stalls must be identified as such (ref. 2010 ADA §502.6). The size of the sign is not restricted as long as the characters can fit at the sizes designated in the ADA code. The sign mounting height of 60″ measured to the bottom is correct (ref. 2010 ADA §502.6).

*sludge

Accumulated solids that settle out of the sewage, forming a semi-liquid mass on the bottom of a septic tank.

*When should each of the following sealants be used: acrylic, butyl, latex, polyurethane?

Acrylics have limited potential for joint movement and can only fill small joints. Butyl is mostly available in dark colors and are used for areas under water. Polyurethane has great resistance to weather and is capable of large movement, is available for large joints and can be painted. Latex have limited joint movement and is used for joints with no expected movement such as around door and window frames.

*There are three primary strategies for sound design, what are they, and what is an example of each?

Add mass: 2 sheets of gwb instead of one, or heavier sheet material such as cement board Add air space: adding resilient channels adds air space Add insulation: filling interior partitions with acoustic batt add to the STC rating of the partition

*What is the purpose of adding tungsten to steel? Adding chromium, copper, molybdenum?

Adding tungsten improves steel's ability to maintain strength when exposed to high temps. The other three are added to increase corrosion resistance.

*What can cause the formation of blisters in built-up roof systems?

Air or moisture trapped between the roofing felts, roof deck, or in the insulation.

*tube in tube

Also known as hull and core, these structures have a core tube inside the structure, holding the elevator and other services, and another tube around the exterior. Most of the gravity and lateral loads are normally taken by the outer tube because of its greater strength. The 780 Third Avenue 50-story concrete frame office building in Manhattan uses concrete shear walls for bracing and an off-center core to allow column-free interiors.[7]

*ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials.

*ksi

An abbreviation for kips per square inch.

*vapor barrier

An airtight layer used to prevent moisture from a warm interior from passing into and condensing within a cold wall or ceiling area.

*monel

An alloy of nickel and copper that is resistant to corrosion and used for roofing, kitchen equipment, etc.

*electromagnetic lock

An electromagnetic lock, magnetic lock, or maglock is a locking device that consists of an electromagnet and an armature plate. There are two main types of electric locking devices. Locking devices can be either "fail safe" or "fail secure". A fail-secure locking device remains locked when power is lost.

*test pit

An excavation made to expose the subsurface soils for in-place examination.

*drip line

An imaginary line on the ground described by the outermost branches of a tree.

*pilot tube

An instrument used with a manometer or pressure gauge to measure the velocity of air or water in a duct or pipe.

*seismograph

An instrument which makes a continuous permanent record of earth motion, called a seismogram.

*hygrometer

An instrument which measures the relative humidity of the air. These have been taking the place of sling psychrometers in recent years

*light shelf

An overhang, either outside or inside or both, that is used with a clerestory to reflect light up onto the ceiling, and reduce direct light adjacent to the window below.

*flexure

Another term for bending.

*Best HVAC system to minimize noise

Any All-Air system other than induction Passive Strategies

*Best HVAC system to maximize individual control over many spaces

Any VAV system Multizone System Air-Water System Fan Coil Units Through Wall terminals

*Beton Brut

Architectural concrete left unfinished or roughly finished after pouring and intentionally left exposed visually.

*Electrical distribution systems

Are the simplest and the lowest in first cost, and generally the most expensive in life cycle costs. There are two categories of electrical systems: radiant systems, which consist of radiant panels or wires embedded in the ceiling, and baseboard heaters, which heat up and cause convective air circulation in a room.

*common wire nails

As the name suggests, these are your everyday nails. Used for rough construction work, the common nail can be purchased in lengths varying from one to six inches (2d to 60d). The largest common nails are colloquially known as spikes

*special moment-resisting frame (SMRF)

As used in earthquake design, a moment-resisting frame made of structural steel or reinforced concrete which has he ability to absorb a large amount of energy in the inelastic range, that is, when the material is stressed above its yield pint, without failure and without deforming unacceptably.

*___ exposure is limited by PEL (permissible exposure limit)

Asbestos

*What is the difference between the application of asphalt and wood shingles?

Asphalt shingles must be applied over solidly sheathed roofs, where as wood shingles should be applied over spaced sheathing strips to permit air circulation behind the units.

*What types of lights use ballasts? What do ballasts do?

Ballasts maintain the current through a fluorescent or HID lamp at the desired constant value.

*What are blower doors, nanometers, flow hoods, and duct blowers?

Blower doors are used to pressurize or depressurize a building to measure air infiltration/leakage. Nanometers measure pressure differences between two spaces. Flow hoods are placed over a register or diffuser to measure output. Duct blowers are attached to ductwork to check for leaks.

*Carriage Bolt

Bolting wood to wood or wood to metal

*SILTS + CLAYS

CAN BE ADEQUATE FOR FOUNDATIONS

*What covers base flashing (flashing at the joint between the roof surface and a vertical surface - e.g. chimney, etc.)?

Cap flashing

*What is the difference between carriages and stringers in wood stairs?

Carriages are rough stringers supporting the stairs while stringers are the finish elements.

*What two materials can drainage lines be made of?

Cast iron or plastic

*cementitious backer unit

Cement board is now commonly called a cementitious backer unit (CBU), CBUs are 100% inorganic, meaning that, unlike wood-based materials such as drywall, greenboard, or plywood, there is no organic matter that will promote mold, rot, shrinkage, or decomposition. Used as a backer for tile with mortar.

*Describe fire doors in Class A and Class B openings.

Class A openings are in walls separating buildings or dividing a single building into fire areas. They must have a fire-protection rating of 3 hours, have no glazed openings, and must be of an automatic closing type. Class B openings are in enclosures of vertical circulation through buildings (stairs and elevators). Doors must have a rating of 1 or 1 1/2 hours, may have not more than 100 square inches of glazed openings and must be self-closing

*Which classifications of standpipes can be used by building occupants?

Class II and III. Class I is a dry standpipe for use by firefighters only.

*clay plaster

Clay plaster is a mixture of clay, sand and water with the addition of plant fibers for tensile strength over wood lath.

*spiral columns

Concrete columns reinforced with spiral reinforcement can withstand more loads than tied column. This phenomenon happens because when load eccentricities are small, spirally reinforced columns shows greater toughness, greater ductility than the columns with ties.They are columns in which the longitudinal bars are arranged in a circle surrounded by a closely spaced continuous spiral These columns are usually circular or square in shape. A minimum of six bars is used for longitudinal reinforcement.. 3/8 bars min.

*prestressed concrete

Concrete which is permanently loaded so as to cause stresses opposite in direction from those caused by dead and live loads.

*vibration

Consolidating freshly-poured concrete by using an oscillating vibrator. Immersion-type (spud_ vibrators are lowered into the concrete, while form vibrators are attached to the exterior of forms.

*Concrete Creep

Continued deformation of a structural member with time, with no increase of load. Basically, long term pressure or stress on concrete can make it change shape. This deformation usually occurs in the direction the force is being applied.

*underpinning

Deepening an existing foundation or building a new foundation for an existing building. Underpinning is usually required when excavation for a new building is adjacent to and deeper than an existing foundation.

*transformer

Devices that change the voltage of an AC circuit to a higher or lower value. Does not have any effect on the total power in the circuit

*load indicator method

Direct Tension Indicator or Load Indicating Washer work as follows; when this washer device is compressed while tightening a bolt or stud, the required clamp load is indicated in the fasteners and induced in the bolted joints.

*What should not be added to rammed earth and adobe bricks?

Dissolved salt as the salt can recrystallize and damage the wall.

*warp

Distortion of timber during seasoning caused by changing moisture content.

*structural drift

Drift is defined as the lateral displacement. Storey drift is the drift of one level of a multistorey building relative to the level below. Interstory drift is the difference between the roof and floor displacements of any given story as the building sways during the earthquake, normalized by the story height

*What is the process for seasoning wood?

Drying the wood to reduce moisture content

*mixing box systems

Dual duct system (combines hot and cold air from two separate ducts to the desired temperature) , variable air volume(receives heated or cooled air from a main supply and distributes it to a location as needed) , terminal reheat system(uses hot water coils to reheat the air as needed)

*What are the disadvantages to EIFS systems?

EIFS systems are susceptible to leaks due to poor detailing or faulty insulation which can then allow water into the system with no way to drain out. The trapped water can allow the insulation layer to separate from the substrate or the sheathing to deteriorate.

*solstice

Either June 21 (summer solstice) or December 21 (winter solstice), the first day of summer (or winter) the longest (or shortest) day of the year.

*equinox

Either March 21 (vernal equinox) or September 21 (autumnal equinox), first day of spring (or fall), when night and day are of equal length.

*CSI Masterformat Division 26

Electrical This division covers electrical controls, wiring, electrical distribution (including substations, transformers, switchgear, meters, and circuit protection), low-voltage systems, generators, lightning protection, and lighting. It also includes specifications for the commissioning of these systems.

*CSI Masterformat Division 28

Electronic Safety and Security This division covers systems that monitor access to and conditions within the building, including intrusion detection, access control, video surveillance, fire detection, radiation detection, gas detection, fuel-oil detection, refrigerant detection, water detection, and mass notification.

*When are energy recovery ventilators used and when are water-loop heat pumps used?

Energy recovery ventilators are used when the difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures is high. Water-loop heat pumps use water to extract heat from spaces that need to be cooled and add heat to spaces that need heating.

*CSI Masterformat Division 11

Equipment This division covers architectural equipment including vaults and security items, teller and security equipment, church-related equipment, library equipment, theater and stage equipment, musical equipment, mercantile equipment, checkroom equipment, vending machines, audiovisual equipment, loading dock equipment, detention equipment, athletic equipment, medical equipment, mortuary equipment, and equipment for laboratories, planetariums, observatories, and offices.

*According to codes, horizontal masonry reinforcement is required ever ____ in?

Every 16" using continuous truss or ladder type laid in the mortar joints.

*Ponding on a roof is usually an indication of ___

Excessive deflection

*CSI Masterformat Division 02

Existing Conditions. This division covers site remediation, site documentation, subsurface investigation, surveying, and selective demolition, and other items related to existing conditions on a job site.

*Where is epoxy coated rebar used

Exterior concrete construction to slow down/prevent steel from rusting

*quirk miter

Exterior corner miters typically in concrete where the edges are flattened to avoid chipping.

*What are the three exposure durability ratings for wood panels?

Exterior- for exposed applications (includes waterproof glueline). Exposure 1 for protected construction with repeated wetting. Exposure 2 for protected construction with min wetting

*Face brick comes in three types which indicate size and color uniformity. What are the types in order of most to least uniform?

FBX (most uniform) FBS (acceptably uniform, common) FBA (non-uniform, used for effect)

*compacted fill

Fill which has been densified by the application of pressure, usually by mechanical equipment, in order to increase its strength and stability an reduce its settlement. properly compacted fill is often suitable for the support of building footings.

*CSI Masterformat Division 09

Finishes This division covers all finish materials, including plaster and gypsum wallboard (including light-gage metal framing), floor and wall tile, terrazzo, all flooring materials, access flooring, acoustical ceilings, decorative ceilings, wall coverings, acoustical treatments, and paints and other coatings.

*terrazzo

Flooring material made from small chips of marble set in cement and polished.

*reactions

Forces at the supports of a structure which hold the structure in equilibrium.

*When GWB is applied to exterior or below-grade masonry or concrete walls, what must be included in the application and why?

Furring must be included in order to eliminate the capillary transfer or water and minimize condensation on the interior wall surfaces.

*HARDPAN

GOOD FOR FOUNDATION UNBROKEN MIXTURE OF CLAY/SAND/GRAVEL

*SOIL - BEST TO WORST

GRAVEL SAND SILTY GRAVEL SILTY SAND CLAYEY GRAVEL CLAYEY SAND INORGANIC CLAY INORGANIC SILT ORGANIC SILT/CLAY PEAT

*When is a gate, globe, check, and angled valve used?

Gate valves are used when you want the control to be entirely on or off, it has a low friction loss. Globe valves are used where water flow is variably and frequently controlled, such as faucets or hose bibs, friction loss is high. Check valves work automatically and allows water flow in only one direction, stopping contamination from backflow. Angle valves control both hot and cold water supply and mix the water to suit the temperature, such as in sinks and lavatories.

*CSI Masterformat Division 01

General Requirements. This division covers requirements that apply to the entire project or all the individual technical sections. These include a summary of the work, how pricing and payment will be be handled, alternates, value analysis, contract modification procedures, unit prices, construction, progress documentation, submittal procedures (for samples, shop drawings, etc.), quality control, execution requirements, and final cleaning and protection of the work. Clients who have been involved with multiple construction projects will often provide their own Division 01 sections to the architect for use on the proposed project.

**ρs, or simplified design wind pressures _____

Gives the force per square foot to use in design of the MWFRS using Method 1 - Simplified Procedure

*What is the difference between glazed and unglazed ceramic tile?

Glazed tile has a face of ceramic material fused into the body of the tile that can be finished in a variety of ways. Unglazed tile are hard and dense and derive color from the body of the clay material.

*copper pipe - grade k

Grade K copper pipe is commonly used for underground supply water pipes. lots of strength

*copper pipe - grade L

Grade L copper pipe is commonly used for plumbing systems within a building

*brick grading

Grade SW (or severe weathering) is the most durable classification of brick. Grade MW units are less durable and can be used for face brick in parts of the country where the weathering index is not as severe. Grade NW brick are the least durable and they generally are used only on interior work. Type FBX has nothing to do with the unit's durability. Type is an indication of a unit's mechanical tolerances. Type FBX allows a very narrow color range and only minimal size variations. These units are used where a very uniform appearance is desired. Type FBS units are Grade SW (or severe weathering) is the most durable classification of brick. Grade MW units are less durable and can be used for face brick in parts of the country where the weathering index is not as severe. Grade NW brick are the least durable and they generally are used only on interior work. Type FBX has nothing to do with the unit's durability. Type is an indication of a unit's mechanical tolerances. Type FBX allows a very narrow color range and only minimal size variations. These units are used where a very uniform appearance is desired. Type FBS units are more common. These units offer a wider range of color and size variations. Type FBA units are used to create special architectural effects. These units have no limits for size and color variations.

*List the different size ranges for each type of soil Gravel: ___ Sand: ___ Silt: ___ Clay: ___

Gravel: 2mm or greater; Sand: .05mm - 2mm; Silt: .002mm - .05mm; Clay: <.002mm; Organic: contains peat, leaves, grass, etc.

*greenboard

Greenboard is a type of drywall that is used for in lightly damp areas. Experts and industry professionals debate this point, but consensus is that greenboard should not used in highly wet applications such as shower stalls.

*H 7 N 60 on a rebar indicates what?

H is the producing mill, 7/8" size, N is type of steel, and 60 is the grade in thousands of psi

*CSI Masterformat Division 23

HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) This division covers heating and cooling equipment, cooling towers, ductwork, duct insulation and accessories, air filtration equipment, humidification equipment, and special ventilation equipment such as kitchen or laboratory fume hoods. It also includes specifications for the commission of these systems.

*What gas that was used for fire suppression is being phased out in the us?

Halon

*heat resistant plaster

Heat resistant plaster is a building material used for coating walls and chimney breasts. Its purpose is to replace conventional gypsum plasters in cases where the temperature can get too high for gypsum plaster to stay on the wall. Heat resistant plaster should be used in cases where the wall is likely to exceed temperatures of 50 °C.

*sensible heat

Heat that changes the temperature of a substance, and does not represent the addition of any moisture to the substance, or any change of state. straight heat measured with dry bulb

*What are the differences between high pressure and low pressure sodium lamps?

High pressure sodium lamps have a better CRI while low pressure lamps are more efficient.

*Type M mortar

High strength mortar recommended for use in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth, as foundation and retaining walls subject to high lateral or compressive loads; compressive strength is 2500 psi. severe saturated freezing

*hot rolled steel

Hot rolling is a mill process which involves rolling the steel at a high temperature (typically at a temperature over 1700° F), which is above the steel's recrystallization temperature. When steel is above the recrystallization temperature, it can be shaped and formed easily, and the steel can be made in much larger sizes. Hot rolled steel is typically cheaper than cold rolled steel due to the fact that it is often manufactured without any delays in the process, and therefore the reheating of the steel is not required (as it is with cold rolled). When the steel cools off it will shrink slightly thus giving less control on the size and shape of the finished product when compared to cold rolled. Uses: Hot rolled products like hot rolled steel bars are used in the welding and construction trades to make railroad tracks and I-beams, for example. Hot rolled steel is used in situations where precise shapes and tolerances are not required.

*gypsum

Hydrated calcium sulfate, from which gypsum plaster and plasterboard are made.

*anchor bolt spacing

IBC permits 6'-0" over two stories it has to be 4'-0" or 48"

*Interlocking foam insulation blocks are sometimes referred to as ___

ICFs

*auxiliary heat source

In solar design, a back-up heating system that is automatically activated when solar energy is insufficient to supply the required needs.

*three second peak gust wind

In the United States, the wind speed used in design is often referred to as a "3-second gust" which is the highest sustained gust over a 3-second period having a probability of being exceeded per year of 1 in 50 (ASCE 7-05). Speed is recorded 33' above the ground. This design wind speed is accepted by most building codes in the United States and often governs the lateral design of buildings and structures.

*exposure

In wind design, the nature of the terrain at a given site, varying from B (the least severe exposure) to D (the most severe exposure).

*In a loose laid ballested roofing, is the roofing membrane fastened at all?

It is mechanically fastened around the edges and at penetrations.

*Sanitary waste is usually in larger or smaller pipes than water supply?

Larger pipes because they rely on gravity to move fluid.

*What does the addition of perlite or vermiculite do for plaster?

It reduces the weight and increases the thermal and fire resistances of the plaster.

*When exterior siding is applied over gypsum sheathing, what should the siding be nailed to?

It should be nailed to the studs as gwb is not a nailable base.

*What determines the weight a steel column can support?

It's length and it's slenderness ratio which is a function of it's length and the smallest radius of gyration.

*What do resilient surfaces typically refer to?

Its acoustic performance.

*When are harmonic currents a concern?

Its an issue with unconventional electrical loads such as computers, electronic lighting ballasts, and other electrical equipment .

*construction joint

Joint used when vertical and horizontal surface is reinforced concrete where concreting was stopped and continued later. where two separate slabs meet. usually located where the shear is minimum, such as the midspan of beams. Can be keyed or Doweled. Also serves as isolation or control joints.

*Which produces a change in state: latent or sensible heat?

Latent heat

*open web steel LH and DLH joists series

K series 8-60ft, LH series 25-96ft , DLH series spans 89-144 feet - - - -- Longspan (LH) and Deep Longspan (DLH) Steel Joists are relatively light weight shop-manufactured steel trusses used in the direct support of floor or roof slabs or decks between walls, beams, and main structural members. The LH- and DLH-Series have been designed for the purpose of extending the use of joists to spans and loads in excess of those covered by Open Web Steel Joists, K-Series. LH-Series Joists have been standardized in depths from 18 inches (457 mm) through 48 inches (1219 mm), for spans through 96 feet (29,260 mm). DLH-Series Joists have been standardized in depths from 52 inches (1321 mm) through 120 inches (3048 mm), for spans up through 240 feet (73,152 mm).

*ROWLOCK BRICK

LAYS HORIZONTALLY (SLEEPING ON YOUR SIDE)

*Are larger rebars or smaller rebars more expensive to use in car in place concrete?

Larger ones are because placing costs are less. ( you need fewer bars)

*cement type IV

Low heat hydration; used in massive structures to prevent cracking, low heat cement(slow to set), not commonly used

*lightweight concrete

Low-density, concrete, usually made with lightweight aggregate.

*Board feet

Lumber is measured, computed, and priced in board feet. This is equivalent to 144 in³ of material or 12″x12″x1″.

*isoseismals

Map contours connecting points of equal intensity for a given earthquake.

*CSI Masterformat Division 04

Masonry. This division covers brick, concrete brick, stone terra cotta, simulated masonry, glass blocks, masonry restoration and cleaning, and all other aspects of masonry.

*Describe the four wall types of wall systems as related to water penetration: mass wall systems, barrier wall systems, drainage walls, and rainscreen walls.

Mass wall systems shed most rain at the exterior face, absorb the remainder and dry by releasing the absorbed moisture as vapor. Barrier systems (ex EIFS walls) realy on a continuous seal at the exterior face which requires prevention of cracking. Drainage walls use a drainage plane or moisture barrier between the exterior cladding and supporting wall for extra resistance. Rain screen walls have an outer layer of cladding, an air cavity and a drainage plane on a rigid, water-resistant, airtight support wall.

*eutectic salts

Materials used to store and release heat by means of their latent heat capacity, that is, they alternatively melt and solidify in the normal solar operating temperature range of 80 to 160 degrees Fahrenheit.

*What type of lamp has a proper burning position?

Metal Halide lamps

*DEFORMATION=

PL/AE FORCE X ORIGINAL LENGTH / AREA X MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

*minimum slab thickness

One way slabs: cantilevered: L/10 Both ends continuous: L/28 One end continuous: L/24 Simply supported: L/20

*What type of candlepower distribution curve shows an indirect lighting fixture?

One where the lighting is facing only the top half of the quadrants.

*open web steel CJ joists series

Open Web Composite Steel Joists, CJ-Series, were developed to provide structural support for floors and roofs which incorporate an overlying concrete slab while also allowing the steel joist and slab to act together as an integral unit after the concrete has adequately cured. The CJ-Series Joists are capable of supporting larger floor or roof loadings due to the attachment of the concrete slab to the top chord of the composite joist. Shear connection between the concrete slab and steel joist is typically made by the welding of shear studs through the steel deck to the underlying CJ-Series Composite Steel Joist.[2]

*open web steel joists k series

Open Web Steel Joists, K-Series, were primarily developed to provide structural support for floors and roofs of buildings. A joist that has an open web consisting of a single bent bar, running in a zigzag pattern between the upper and lower chords. K-Series Joists are standardized regarding depths, spans, and load-carrying capacities. There are 63 separate designations in the Load Tables, representing joist depths from 10 inches (254 mm) through 30 inches (762 mm) in 2 inch (51 mm) increments and spans through 60 feet (18,288 mm)

*CSI Masterformat Division 08

Openings This division covers metal doors and frames, wood doors and frames, specialty doors, storefronts, windows of all types, skylights, hardware, curtain walls, and glazing.

*List 4 methods of historic preservation in order of their historic accuracy.

Order of historical accuracy: Preservation, Rehabilitation, Restoration, Reconstruction

*How should ceramic mosaic tile be installed in a public shower?

Over a full bed of Portland cement mortar

*pressure waves

P waves resemble sound waves, which means they compress and expand material as they pass. P waves travel through both solids and liquids. Body waves.

*flexible pipe types

PEX, PE

*effluent

Partially treated liquid sewage flowing from any part of a disposal system to a place of final disposition.

*The numbers in a concrete mix indicate what?

Parts cement, sand, and course aggregate

*glass v plastic

Plastic that replaces glass may be advantageous to use because it can be easily cut, bent, and formed and is more resistant to breakage. However plastic does have a higher coefficient of thermal expansion so proper detailing is needed to allow for this without compromising the envelope. Oddly enough, it also tends to be more expensive than glass despite it's often inferior appearance. Furthermore plastic is softer than glass so it is more susceptible to scratches (but not breaking).

*CSI Masterformat Division 22

Plumbing This division covers piping, fixtures, equipment, pipe insulation, and gas and vacuum systems. It also includes specifications for the commissioning of these systems.

*gunite

Pneumatically-applied concrete shot into place by means of compressed air. This method may be used for both repair work and new construction, especially in difficult locations or where thin sections occur.

*Whats the difference between polymer-modified and polymer-based EIFS systems?

Polymer-modified systems are more durable but less flexible. Polymer-based systems are more elastic and crack resistant, but more susceptible to denting and punching.

*portal frame

Portal frame structures are designed to span between supports and rely on fixed joints with moment resisting capacity where vertical supports connect to horizontal beams or trusses. Portal frame structures can be constructed using a variety of materials and methods. These include steel, reinforced concrete and laminated timber such as glulam. The connections between the columns and the rafters are designed to be moment-resistant. Portal frame construction is therefore typically seen in warehouses, barns and other places where large, open spaces are required at low cost and a pitched roof is acceptable.

*Whats the difference between the three hardwood veneer grades: premium, good and sound?

Premium is suitable for natural, transparent finishes. Good are for transparent or paint finishes. Sound is for paint finishes only - they require two coats to cover surface defects.

*Primary waves are sometimes called ___

Pressure waves

*crack method

Presumes that an accurate estimate can be obtained by estimating the rate of infiltration per foot of crack for doors and windows

*quick response sprinklers

Primarily used for light hazard applications, quick response fire sprinkler head discharge water higher up on the ceiling. This cools the ceiling, preventing flash-over and increasing people's odds of survival as they attempt to evacuate. QR fire sprinkler heads are standard for highly populated buildings such as health care facilities, assisted living facilities, and residential occupancies.

*CSI Masterformat Division 00

Procurement & Contracting Requirements This division covers requiresments for bidding and contracting, including bid solicitations, instructions to bidders, information available to bidders, bid forms, the agreement (contract), bonds, and certificates, and general conditions of the contract, supplementary conditions, addenda, and modifications.

*area protection

Protection of a room within a building Area protection offers security to a space by alerting of an intruder's presence within the building. If perimeter systems fail to activate, sensors placed in rooms can be triggered by a person moving or making noise within the space.

*motor thermal relays

Protects motors against overload. Shuts off the power when any part of the motor or housing gets too hot.

*Capacitance proximity detectors (object protection)

Proximity sensors allow non-contact detection of objects. Therefore, they are used in many industries, including manufacturing, robotics, semiconductor, and many more. Inductive sensors detect metallic objects while capacitive sensors detect all other materials. Ultrasonic sensors detect all materials by using sound wave reflections to determine presence.

*As a rule of thumb, # of elevators needed can be calculated as ___

Round trip time /(divided by) desired wait time

*FIX REENTRANT CORNERS

SEISMIC JOINTS SPLAYED CORNERS STRONG CONNECTIONS

*STRETCHER BRICK

SLEEPING ON YOUR BACK, SIDE FACES WALL

*combined sewer

Sewer that carries both storm water and sanitary or industrial wastes.

*Are shear plates or split ring connectors used in assemblies that might need to be disassembled in the future.

Shear plate connections can be disassembled.

*List the three types of lateral force resisting systems in order of least to most ductile

Shear walls are least ductile, braced frames, and moment resisting frames are most ductile

*Catch basin

Similar to manholes except that the top has a grate instead of a cover. They are placed at the lowest point in a swale or a depression to collect the runoff and pass it into the storm drainage system, which empties into the local stream or lake. has a deep pit to catch sediment.

*Best HVAC systems to minimize initial cost

Single duct, constant air volume Through-wall systems, packaged thermal units

*CSI Masterformat Division 13

Special Construction This division covers structures created from unconventional materials (such as fabric, glass, and rammed earth), special-purpose rooms (such as clean rooms and planetariums), towers, geodesic domes, pre-engineered structures (such as metal building systems and conservatories), saunas, swimming pools, hot tubs, kennels, radiation protection (such as in X-ray rooms), control of sound and vibration, and seismic control.

*What are 5 examples of building frame systems listed in ASCE 7-05?

Special steel concentrically braced frames Steel eccentrically braced frames, (moment resisting connections at columns away from links) Special reinforced concrete shear walls Intermediate precast shear walls Ordinary precast shear walls

*CSI Masterformat Division 10

Specialties This division covers a long list of accessory items such as visual display boards, toilet compartments, louvers, grilles, wall and corner guards, prebuilt fireplaces, flagpoles, signage, lockers, awnings, demountable partitions, storage shelving, exterior protection 9such as sun screens and storm panels), and toilet and bath accessories.

*What is a building's stabilizing moment?

Stabilizing moment resists overturning moment. Stabilizing moment is created by the building's dead weight and a moment arm resulting from the building's geometry

*standard residential sprinklers

Standard response sprinkler heads work by wetting and cooling areas surrounding a fire to prevent it from spreading. Once the fire consumes all of the fuel around it, it goes out. Standard response fire sprinklers are individually activated, meaning only sprinkler heads directly above the fire will activate.

*Chapter 20 of ASCE 7-05 assigns Site Class based on assumed seismic wave velocity through soils, based on ___

Standarized tests on soil samples, thickness and type , proximity to bedrock if any. Chapter 20 of ASCE 7-05 assigns Site Class based on assumed seismic wave velocity through soils, based on tests on soils. The thickness or depth of soils (if present) over bedrock also plays a role.

*galvanized steel

Steel that has been coated with a protective layer of zinc, which forms a hard, insoluble oxide

*flame spread

The Life Safety Code (NFPA 101)and Section 803.1 of the International Building Code limit finishes for interior walls and ceilings to materials in three classes (A, B, or C, with A being the lowest flame spread and C being the highest) and gives greater restrictions for certain rooms. A numerical classification indicating the rate at which flame will spread over the surface of a given material.

*capillary action

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity; can be fixed w/ a capillary breaker (change in shape)

*strength

The ability of a material or structure to resist stresses.

*ductility

The ability of a material to undergo large deformations without fracture. As used in earthquake design, the ability of a material or structural system to deform and absorb energy in the inelastic range without failure or collapse. steel has a high ductility.

*recovery rate

The ability of a water heater to heat a specified number of gallons per hour of water to a specified temperature. Gallons per hour

*What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a copper roof?

The advantages are its resistance to corrosion and workability. Disadvantages include high cost and susceptibility to denting.

*vertical shear (v)

The algebraic sum of the forces that are on one side of a given cross-section of a beam. not necessary to check with wood members as horizontal shear will occur first

*bending moment (M)

The algebraic sum of the moments of all forces that are on one side of a given cross-section of a beam.

*magnitude

The amount of energy released by an earthquake, as measured by the Richter scale. Magnitude refers to an earthquake's energy, while intensity refers to an earthquake's effects.

*specific heat

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of a given substance one degree Fahrenheit, measured in Btus.

*luminous intensity (I)

The amount of light emitted by a source.

*insolation

The amount of solar radiation on a given plane.

*altitude

The angle that the sun makes with the horizon.

*Parging

The application of plaster to the back of masonry walls, most commonly used to control water leakage in basement or foundation walls and commonly when concrete block is used

*Atterberg limits

The arbitrary limits which define the boundaries between the different states of rigidity or fluidity of fine-grained soils.

*single reinforced beams

The beam that is longitudinally reinforced only in tension zone, it is known as singly reinforced beam. In Such beams, the ultimate bending moment and the tension due to bending are carried by the reinforcement, while the compression is carried by the concrete.Practically, it is not possible to provide reinforcement only in the tension zone, because we need to tie the stirrups. Therefore two rebars are utilized in the compression zone to tie the stirrups and the rebars act as false members just for holding the stirrups.

*doubly reinforced beams

The beam that is reinforced with steel both in tension and compression zone, it is known as doubly reinforced beam. This type of beam is mainly provided when the depth of the beam is restricted. If a beam with limited depth is reinforced on the tension side only it might not have sufficient resistance to oppose the bending moment.The moment of resistance can not be increased by increasing the amount of steel in tension zone. It can be increased by making the beam over reinforced but not more than 25% on the strained side. Thus a doubly reinforced beam is provided to increase the moment of resistance of a beam having limited dimensions.

*diaphragm chord

The boundary element of a diaphragm or shear wall which is assumed to resist axial stresses, analogous to a flange of a beam.

*If bubbles are forming on a new roof, what corrective action should be taken?

The bubbles popped, and the area around resurfaced.

*Doppler effect

The change in the observed pitch of sound which occurs when the observer of the source moves.

*The EPA does not get directly involved in ___

The cleanup of a brownfield site, they onlysupport the effort by providing knowledge and connecting people and resources.

*microclimate

The climatic characteristics unique to a small area, caused by local features.

*pounding

The collision between two adjacent buildings which move differently during an earthquake.

*resonance

The condition that occurs when a building's period is close to that of the predominant period of the earthquake ground shaking. _________ causes the building's response to be amplified, and the resulting increases in the building's earthquake-induced forces and deformations must be considered in the design.

*water table

The level below which the subsoil is completely saturated with water. Also called the groundwater level.

*What do the curvature factor, volume or size factor, and slenderness factor say about glulam beams?

The curvature factor says cambered members are stronger than straight members of the same size. The volume or size factor states that deep members have a lower allowable unit stress than shallow members. The slenderness factor says that when the depth of a beam exceeds its breadth, the allowable unit stress in bending may have to be reduced.

*catenary

The curve assumed by a cable hung between two supports, when the only load acting on its own weight. The stresses in the cable are pure tension.

*What is the difference between design cooling factor and equivalent temperature difference?

The design cooling factor is used to calculate solar heat gain through glass. Equivalent temperature difference is used to calculate heat gain through the building envelope.

*allowable stress design

The design method used for most reinforced concrete design until the middle of the 1960s. Still used for steel design. Largely replaced by strength design. method of structural steel design that IBC is based on. Considers loads and forces acting on a structure, then the ability of the materials to resist without deformation

*stagnation pressure (qs)

The direct wind pressure on a vertical surface, in pounds per square foot.

*interchange

The junction of a freeway with entering or exiting traffic.

*common wire spikes

The largest common nails are colloquially known as spikes

*wavelength

The length of one complete cycle or waveform, for light or sound waves. In light, the dominant wavelength determines the perceived color.

*plywood grading

The letter grades typically come in pairs, where one letter refers to the "better" side, called the face, and the other letter to the back side, opposite the face.A is the best quality, with virtually no blemishes and very well sanded. Grade D typically contains up to the maximum number of blemishes allowed. CDX the most common for exterior use.

*absorber plate

The part of a solar collector that absorbs solar radiation.

*loudness

The perceived intensity of sound, which depends mainly on the sound pressure, but also on the frequency and waveform of the sound source.

*room resonance

The phenomenon which occurs when sounds in a room that are within a narrow band of frequencies tend to sound louder than sounds of other frequencies.

*Hooke's Law

The physical law that states that up to a certain unit stress, called the elastic limit, unit stress is directly proportional to unit strain.

*inertia

The physical property which causes the superstructure of a building to remain in its original position while the base is moved by an earthquake's ground motion.

*point of inflection

The point in a beam or other flexural member where the bending moment changes sign and has a value of zero.

*service

The portion of a building's electrical system extending from the utility company's wires to and including the main switch and meter.

*Wane

The presence of bark or absence of wood on the corner of a piece of lumber.

*hydrostatic pressure

The pressure exerted by a liquid against every surface it contacts. ex. the water force excerted on a structure

*soil stack

The soil stack is a large pipe into which all of the soil and waste lines from one or more levels empty. It is open to the outside air at the top.

*ground shaking

The principal cause of structural damage, injury, and loss of life during an earthquake. The provisions of the Uniform Building Code provide resistance to earthquake ground shaking, without settlement, slides, subsidence, or faulting in the immediate vicinity of the structure.

*galvanizing

The process of applying a coating of zinc to iron for protection against corrosion.

*Electroplating

The process of depositing a thin layer of metal on an object during electrolysis. Metallic coatings are used either to be the sacrificial metal (such as zinc coatings) or to be corrosion-resistant (such as chromium)

*regeneration

The process of removing calcium and magnesium ions from the zeolite resin in a water softener and replacing them with sodium ions by passing brine through the resin.

*redundancy

The property of a structure which has multiple paths of load resistance, so that if one element fails, the load will be redistributed to other elements. Lateral force resisting systems should be as redundant as possible.

*inductance

The property of an electrical circuit by which a change in current induces an electromotive force. the unit of inductance is the henry.

*gradient

The rate of slope between two points on a surface, determined by dividing their difference in elevation by their distance apart.

*demand factor

The ratio of maximum demand or expected power usage to the total connected load.

*reflectance

The ratio of reflected to incident light falling on a surface.

*sensible heat ratio

The ratio of sensible heat to enthalpy (total heat).

*Modulus of Elasticity

The ratio of stress to strain when deformation is totally elastic; also a measure of the stiffness of a material. A material's resistance to non permanent deformation. bigger E means stronger material------- E = (P/A) / (Δ/L) Where E = Modulus of Elasticity| P = Load = # A = Sectional area = πr² (area of circle) Δ = Change (in length) L = Length

*floor area ratio (FAR)

The ratio of the floor area of a building to the area of the lot.

*Poisson's ratio

The ratio of the lateral unit strain to the longitudinal unit strain, when a member is subject to a uniform longitudinal stress. For steel, the value of Poisson's ratio is about 1/4.

*coefficient of friction

The ratio of the maximum frictional force between two bodies to the normal (perpendicular) force pressing the surfaces together.

*shading coefficient (SC)

The ratio of the solar heat gained through a window with shading devices to the solar heat gained by a singlepane, double-strength, clear glass window. Shading devices, such as Venetian blinds, lower the SC.

*coefficient of thermal expansion

The ratio of unit strain to temperature change, which is constant for a given material. plastic higher than glass

*grubbing

The removal from a site of unwanted roots, stumps, and so forth, during excavation.

*passive pressure

The resistance to the movement of a retaining wall provided by the earth in front of the wall and its footing.

*torsion

The rotation (Twisting) caused in a diaphragm by lateral load from wind or earthquake, when the center of mass does not coincide with the center of rigidity. Torsional effects are most significant in unsymmetrical buildings.

*bullnose

The rounding of an exposed edge, such as a tile or wood trim piece.

*P-Delta effect

The secondary effect on frame members produced by vertical loads acting on a building frame that is laterally displaced by earthquake loads.

*building separation

The separation between two adjoining buildings, or parts of the same building, to permit these adjoining elements to move independently when subject to earthquake motion. The amount of separation should be sufficient to prevent the adjoining elements from battering each other during an earthquake. Also called seismic separation.

*variance

The special permission granted to the owner of a parcel of land waiving certain specific restrictions when the enforcement of these would impose an unusual or unreasonable hardship on the owner.

*angle of repose

The steepest angle with the horizontal at which a ile of loose earth will stand without sliding.

*subrogation

The substitution of one entity for another with regard to legal rights.

*Required water service pressure can be determined by calculating what?

The sum of the maximum pressure required at each fixture + pressure loss through water meter + pressure loss due to static head/vertical lift + pressure loss by hydraulic friction in pipe runs

*wet bulb temperature (WB)

The temperature attained by a glass thermometer whose bulb is covered with a wet sock and placed in an air stream moving at 1,000 feet per minute.

*stack effect

The tendency of a gas or air to rise in a vertical shaft because its density is lower than that of the surrounding gas or air. It is also called chimney effect.

*plate tectonics

The theory which explains earthquake phenomena.

*Which part of a precast concrete panel connection should allow for both vertical and lateral movement?

The tie-backs (not the bearing connection)

*reverberation time

The time it takes a 60 dB sound to completely die away in a closed room after the source has stopped. measures The persistence of sound in an enclosed space after the source has stopped.

*fundamental period of vibration (t)

The time it takes for a structure to go through one complete back-and-forth motion under the action of dynamic loads. Also called period or natural period.

*pitch

The tone of a sound, varying from low to high. _____ depends primarily on the frequency of sound and to lesser extent on the sound pressure and waveform.

*top plate

The top part of the wall framing that connects the stud to the ceiling framing.

*base shear (v)

The total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.

*life-cycle cost

The total lifetime cost of an item or system, which includes its initial cost, operating cost, maintenance costs, and repair costs, less any salvage value.

*gable

The triangular part of a wall that is enclosed between the sloping portions of a roof.

*modulus of rupture

The unit bending stress calculated from the flexure formula, for the maximum bending moment resisted by a beam before rupture

*bearing capacity

The unit load, in pounds or kips per square foot, that can be safely supported by the soil.

*sabin

The unit of sound absorption, equivalent to the absorption of one square foot of open window.

*topsoil

The upper six to eight inches of soil, which contains humus.

*stile

The upright or vertical edge of a door or window.

*latex portland cement

The use of these polymers allows specific properties to be imparted to the cement; commonly, freeze/thaw resistance, improved flexibility, and improved adhesion. There are also polymers used to make the cement waterproof or sufficiently elastic so that it acts like an anti-fracture membrane.

*contour interval

The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines.

*In what order is concrete formwork removed from the underside of slab and beam floors?

The vertical formwork at the beams comes off first, then the underside of slabs because less of the strength depends on the slabs than the beams. the underside of the beams are removed last.

*dead load

The vertical load due to the weight of all permanent structural and non-structural components of a building, such as walls, floors, roofs, and fixed service equipment.

*collar joint

The vertical mortar joint between wythes of masonry.

*specific volume

The volume occupied by a unit weight of a given substance at any specified temperature and pressure. The reciprocal of density.

*hydration

The water causes the hardening of concrete through a process called hydration. Hydration is a chemical reaction in which the major compounds in cement form chemical bonds with water molecules and become hydrates or hydration products.

*water in concrete

The water-cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. A lower ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix difficult to work with and form. Workability can be resolved with the use of plasticizers or super-plasticizers.Water-cement ratios of 0.45 to 0.60 are more typically used. For higher-strength concrete, lower ratios are used, along with a plasticizer to increase flowability.

*absolute humidity

The weight of water vapor per unit volume of air.

*glazing

The work of installing glass in a frame.

*Describe the lumen or zonal cavity method of determining required lighting levels.

The zonal cavity method multiplies the number of lamps by number of lumens per lamp and multiplies this by the coefficient of utilization (ratio of luminous flux reaching a specified work plane to total lumen output) and light loss factors (including depreciation of the lamp, luminaire dirt depreciation, surface dirt) as well as wall reflectance. This number is then dividied by the work area which is typically a horizontal work plane 30" AFF.

*zone of saturation

The zone below the ground in which all of the spaces between soil grains are filled completely with water.

*zone of aeration

The zone below the ground in which the spaces between soil grains contain both water and air.

*impact load

Then sudden application of load from a moving object (or rapid change), such as a crane or elevator, which causes stresses much greater than those caused by a static load.

*CSI Masterformat Division 07

Thermal and Moisture Protection This division covers dampproofing and waterproofing, insulation, vapor retarders, air barriers, shingles, roof tiles, siding, membrane roofing, flashing, joint sealers, fire and smoke protection, and roofing specialties such as roof hatches, smoke vents, roof pavers, scuppers, and gravel stops.

*What should be included in aluminum window frames?

Thermal breaks because aluminum is such an efficient conductor of heat

*round head screw

These are used for fixing pieces of material together where countersunk holes are not being used. Round head screws can look quite decorative

*box nails

These look like common nails, but are thinner. This means they are less likely to cause splits in the wood; as they displace less wood, they also have less holding power, so are not generally used where structural strength is critical. Box nails are generally available in lengths from one inch to three and a half inches.

*The outer laminations of a glulam beam are what compared to the inner laminations?

They are a better grade of wood because the flexural stresses are greater.

*microwave detectors ( area or room protection)

They are used to monitor lines along fences, on rooftops, and over large areas and report anyone who walks into or drives through the surveillance area. Detection principle and specification - The sensor consists of separate transmitting and receiving units and creates a volumetric electromagnetic field between them - Changes to the field due to absorption or reflection of objects or people in the detection area are consistently recognized Pros and cons Due to its high sensitivity, this solution enables good detection under almost any weather conditions at a height of up to 15m. However, it is less suitable when narrow detection zones of less than 2 m are required. Surveillance area/detection - Height/width of field depending on type and distance up to a maximum of 500 m - Large overlaps of detection fields are necessary if larger distances with multiple sensors in a row are monitored

*Pipe and furnace insulation, shingles, millboard, textured paints and floor tiles all have what in common?

They may contain asbestos

*What hardware must fire rated doors have?

They must be self-latching and they must have closers.

*What are the advantages of using electronic ballasts with fluorescent lamps?

They reduce humming and flickering, allow fluorescents to work at lower temps, be dimmed more easily, more energy efficient, existing fixtures with conventional ballasts can be retrofitted with electric ballasts.

*infrared detectors ( area or room protection)

They report anyone entering large areas on foot or by vehicle or, in the case of curtain monitoring on fences, anyone attempting to climb through. Detection principle and specification - IR detectors can measure changes in temperature, which enables them to recognize heatradiating objects - Temperature changes in the surveillance area caused by a moving intruder are reliably recognized Pros and cons The solution is cost-effective and is easy to install and maintain. Sensitivity can also be adjusted for each sensor. However, its dependence on weather conditions is a disadvantage. Detection is severely restricted when visibility is poor. Surveillance area/detection - Range: up to approx. 100 m, depending on the type - Partially divided into zones - Available as a curtain, line, or volumetric sensor

*Photoelectric beams ( area or room protection)

They serve as curtain sensors for properties or penetration detectors for walls and larger flat, open spaces (for example, zones between two fences) and monitor possible access as well as anyone walking or driving into the area. Detection principle and specification - They scan the surrounding area in two dimensions with laser beams - Objects and people are detected using time-of-flight measurement of the reflected light, and their size, distance, and speed with regard to the sensor are determined Pros and cons This first-rate solution proves itself through its significantly low false-alarm rate and can be installed easily in all areas. Additionally, it offers the option of concealed mounting. Surveillance area/detection - Range of approx. 100 m, scanning angle of max. 270° - Exact localization of an object, universally adjustable detection areas and object properties, multiple alarm zones tha

*dryset portland cement

Thinset mortar is a blend of cement, very finely graded sand, and a water retention compound that allows the cement to properly hydrate. Tile set by the thinset method is adhered to the substrate with a thin layer of "thinset" cement. The terms thinset cement, thinset mortar, dryset mortar, and drybond mortar are synonymous. This type of cement is designed to adhere well in a thin layer - typically not greater than 3/16th thick. For example, a 3/8" notch trowel will produce a 3/16th inch thick coating after the tiles are pressed in to the cement. While very minor adjustments in height can be made, this method is not appropriate for adjusting the level or flatness of a surface - rather the tile will follow the plane of the substrate.

*There are 3 basic flanking paths. What are they?

Through doors, floor framing, or ceiling/plenum/attic (ductwork is a culprit as well)

*Best HVAC system to minimize space needed for equipment and minimize floor to floor height

Through wall Terminals Induction System (Smaller ducts) Hydronic Converter (Basically a radiator) Passive Strategies

*broom

To crush and spread the head of a wood pile by driving with a hammer.

*What is the purpose of air filters?

To prevent particles, dust, etc. from entering the HVAC system

*What is the difference between tooled and troweled joints in masonry?

Tooled joints are shaped with a tool other than a trowel (these include concave and v joints). Troweled joints are formed by a trowel, the most effective being the weathered joint because it sheds water.

*Howe Truss

Truss where diagonal web members are in compression and the vertical web members are in tension.

*punching shear

Two-way shear which occurs in a flat slab, spread footing, or pile cap. The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes a hole through it.

*List the different classes (types) of fire extinguishers and their uses

Type A - ordinary uses such as paper fire Type B - flammable liquids such as grease, oil, paint, or solvents Type C - live electrical equipment such as electric panels or motors Type D - combustible metals such as aluminum or magnesium Type K - commercial cooking equipment fires stemming from animal fat or vegetable oils

*Name 5 types of (portland) cement and their uses

Type I: normal Type II: low heat, moderately sulfate resistant Type III: high early strength, Type IV: low heat, slow setting (for massive structures) also highly sulfate resistant Type V: low heat, highly sulfate resistant

*What type of cement is most often used in precast concrete?

Type III (high early strength) so that precast elements can be taken out of molds quickly.

*L Type Cantilevered Wall

Type of wall used when wall ABUTS PROPERTY line or obstruction.

*In-Rack Sprinkler System

Typically when storage of non-combustible or normal combustibles exceeds 40 feet in height or the building exceeds 45 feet in height ESFR sprinklers cannot be employed as a protection scheme. In-Rack sprinklers can then be employed to provide an adequate means of protection as a solution. This arrangement incorporates the installation of sprinklers on a network of piping installed within the rack storage structure.

*HEAT LOSS THROUGH AREA OF BUILDING MATERIAL/ASSEMBLY=

U VALUE X AREA X TEMP CHANGE

*FIRE WALL

USED TO SEPARATE SINGLE STRUCTURE INTO SEPARATE CONSTRUCTION TYPES -FOUNDATION TO UNDERSIDE OF STRUCTURE

*___ are the least effective means of area protection because they are limited in size to a space not much larger than a standard two car garage, about 20 ft by 30ft.

Ultrasonic detectors

*What type of paint should be used in graffiti locations?

Urethane

*CSI Masterformat Division 33

Utilities This division covers water utilities (such as distribution, disinfection, and storage), wells, sanitary sewerage utilities (including piping, pumping stations, septic tanks, and on-site treatment facilities), storm drainage utilities (including piping, culverts, drains, pumps, subdrainage, ponds, and reservoirs), and communications utilities (including towers, cabling, and wireless communication). It also includes specifications for distribution systems for fuel, hydronic energy, steam, and electricity.

*Pressure equalized rainscreen (PER) walls

Utilize vented cladding and an air cavity to facilitate pressure equalization with the outside atmosphere and limit water penetration through joints in the cladding assembly.

*damping

Utilizing suspended mass in a building to absorb seismic forces --The decrease of vibration caused by the absorption of energy. Buildings contain a number of elements, both structural and nonstructural, which absorb energy during an earthquake and thereby diminish the earthquake-induced vibrations.

*Best HVAC systems to minimize operating cost and energy consumption

VAV or Single Duct CAV Closed-loop heat pump system (uses ambient heat from environment) Passive systems (Natural heating/cooling methods, thermal mass, evaporative cooling)

*Best HVAC system for flexibility and adaptability over time

VAV systems Multizone Systems Fan Coil Units Through Wall Terminals

*FIRE BARRIER

VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLY DESIGNED TO RESTRIC SPREAD OF FIRE -FLOOR TO UNDERSIDE OF ROOM -SEPARATE OCCUPANCIES

*SAND + GRAVEL

VERY GOOD FOR FOUNDATIONS GREAT DRAINAGE

*In the formula for Seismic Base Shear, V=CsW, what is W?

W = weight, similar to mass in Newton's 2nd law, F=mA

*surface water

Water that runs along the surface of the ground, as opposed to below ground.

*For steel joists that continue over their supports, what should be included?

Web stiffeners at the point of support.

*What is the most typical way to attach steel floor decking to supporting framework?

Welding

*What does the term "mothballing" refer to?

When certain areas of a building or city block are closed up so they can be repaired or restored at a later date (later phase of project)

*4-way switch

When more than two switches are necessary, two of the switches must be three-way switches and the remaining additional switches must be four-way switches.

*FBS brick

Wide range of color and greater SIZE variation per unit

*Where will glulam beams most likely fail?

Within the laminations themselves as the glue is at least as strong as the glue holding them together.

*Noise Reduction Coefficient or NRC.

___ is the acoustic coefficient which measures the reflection of sound within a space (bonus for knowing the scale on which it's measured) It's measured on a scale of 0.1-1, with 0.1 being reflective, and 1.0 being the least reflective. Spaces with low NRC make it hard to understand what someone is saying due to reverberation

*Lateral spreading

___ refers to landslides that commonly form on gentle slopes and that have rapid fluid-like flow movement. Soil breaks into large blocks which can damage a foundation.

*sheet piling

a barrier formed by a series of piles placed next to each other, to retain soil or keep an excavation dry

*gypsum lath

a base for plaster consisting of a gypsum core sandwiched between two sheets of heavy, porous paper

*cantilever beam

a beam which is supported on only one end. That means one end is fixed (restrained against rotation) and the other end is exposed beyond the support. The beam transfers the load to the support where it can manage the moment of force and shear stress. 1. Large deflections. 2. Generally results in larger moments.

*rust

a brownish powdery substance (iron oxide) which forms on the surface of iron as a result of oxidation

*A deed restriction on a client's property could prevent ___

a change of use

*varnish

a clear coating consisting of resins dissolved in a volatile liquid. varnish produces a hard, smooth, and glossy protective film

*luminaire

a complete lighting unit including lamp, shade, reflector, fixture, and other accessories.

*Chords in diaphragms are best conceived as a horizontal beam receiving ___.

a compressive, uniformly distributed load from the top, when considering the shear and moment beam diagram for a beam with a uniformly distributed load Because of how a diaphragm deflects in an earthquake, a diaphragm's chords will behave like beams. Visualize a diaphragm as a very deep beam turned sideways. The "top" and "bottom" flanges, or side nearest the force and side farthest from the force, will experience compression and tension in response to deflection.

*one-way concrete slab

a concrete slab designed to span in one direction and whose main reinforcement runs in that direction.

*coniferous

a cone-bearing evergreen tree or shrub, such as cedar, pine, or fir. See evergreen.

*course

a continuous horizontal layer of masonry work

*When a pair of exit doors features astragals, ___ is also required.

a coordinator

*dead-end corridor

a corridor that is closed at one end, usually limited to 20 feet in length

*buffer

a device located at the bottom of an elevator hoistway, used to stop a cab's overtravel at low speed, not to stop a free-falling cab. also referred to as car bumpers

*car bumpers

a device located at the bottom of an elevator hoistway, used to stop a cab's overtravel at low speed, not to stop free-falling cab. also referred to as a buffer.

*governor

a device that measures and limits the speed of an elevator using a control panel

*double-acting door

a door having hardware that permits it to swing in either direction from the plane of its frame

*repetitive use

a factor of 1.15 used when several beam members such as joists or rafters are used together. cannot be over 4" thick or spaced more than 24" o.c. must be joined by transverse elements. must be at least three members.

*benchmark

a fixed elevation point from which all others are taken

*terra-cotta

a form of clay tile that is used decoratively

*sidewalk elevator

a freight elevator that rises to or directly on the sidewalk level by opening hatch doors in the ground floor

*brick grade MW (moderate weather)

a grade of brick used where moderate resistance to freezing is required. Exterior walls, above grade

*brick grade NW (no weather)

a grade of brick used where no weather resistance is required. All interior masonry.

*rabbet

a groove cut into a member to receive another member

*knot

a hard, cross-grained mass of wood caused by a branch or limb joining the trunk of a tree and cut through in the process of lumber manufacture

*rail

a horizontal frame member of a door or window

*mortise-and-tenon joint

a joint between two wood members, in which a tenon, the projecting end of one piece, is fitted into a mortise, an opening cut into another piece

*rim lock

a lock mounted on the face of a door

*zinc

a low-strength metal that is highly resistant to corrosion and therefore used for protective coatings on steel, such as galvanizing

*square

a measure of roofing surface area, equal to 100 square feet

*saddle

a member beneath a door, to cover the floor joint or provide weather protection. also called a threshold

*ferrous metal

a metal in which iron is the principal ingredient

*standing seam

a metal roofing seam in which adjacent sheets of material are turned up and folded over

*corner bead

a metal strip placed on corners before plastering to reinforce and protect the corner. also referred to as an angle bead.

*hardness

a metal's resistance to abrasion and penetration

*low-lift grouting

a method of building reinforced grouted masonry walls in which the grout between the tiers is poured as the units are laid

*high-lift grouting

a method of building reinforced grouting masonry walls in which a large area of the wall is set and then the grout is placed, usually by pumping

*Wood-fibered plaster

a mill-mixed gypsum basecoat plaster containing coarse cellulose fibers for greater bulk, strength, and fire resistance, used neat or mixed w/ sand to obtain a basecoat of superior hardness

*stucco

a mixture of sand, Portland cement, lime, and water, which may be tinted and applied as an exterior plaster finish

*cut nail

a nail having a tapered, rectangular form with a blunt point, cut from sheet steel

*richter scale

a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations. The more destructive earthquakes typically have magnitudes between about 5.5 and 8.9; the scale is logarithmic and a difference of one represents an approximate thirtyfold difference in magnitude.

*sill plate

a piece of lumber bolted to the foundation wall with anchor bolts

*tremie

a pipe used for placing concrete under water. a hopper for filling is provided at the top, while the lower end is kept submerged in the fresh concrete

*magnesite flooring

a plastic composition of magnesium chloride, sand, and magnesite, used as jointless flooring over concrete, wood, or steel decking

*glazing gasket

a prefabricated strip of molded or extruded material used in a dry glazing process. also referred to as a compression zipper gasket

*lacquer

a protective glossy coating consisting of resins dissolved in a volatile solvent. it dries quickly to a tough, durable finish

*sheave

a pulley wheel for hoisting that has a grooved rim to accommodate a wire cable

*concealed head

a recessed sprinkler with a cover. A recessed sprinkler si one where all or part of the thermally sensitive element is above the plane of the ceiling.

*linoleum

a resilient floor covering formed of burlap or canvas coated with linseed oil, ground cork,, and rosin. it is durable, easily maintained, and relatively inexpensive

*elevator interlock

a safety device provided on each door at an elevator landing that prevents movement of the elevator unless the door is locked. it also prevents a lobby door from opening when the elevator is elsewhere

*flat head screw

a screw with a flat top, designed to be installed in a countersunk hole.

*winder

a step in a spiral stairway that is wedge-shaped, with its tread wider at one end that the other

*air curtain

a stream of air that is directed downward across an opening, to exclude drafts, insects, and so on

*counterflashing

a strip of impervious material (usually sheet metal) that is fastened at one edge and turned down at the other edge over flashing, to prevent water penetration at flashed joints

*resilient flooring

a thin, durable floor covering, manufactured in tile or sheet form, such as vinyl, cork, linoleum, and so on

*What shape is the load acting on a lintel?

a triangle with the base along the lintel

*type X

a type of gypsum lathing board or gypsum wallboard that is fire retardant

*astragal

a vertical element attached to one of a pair of doors or windows to cover the joint between the meeting stiles in order to exclude weather, light, and noise

*surface tension

a way that water can get into building; water rides the surface and can underneath a soffit without a drip edge

*counterweight

a weight on the opposite end of the cables from the elevator cab, which is used to increase traction and reduce power requirements of an electric elevator

*lap weld

a weld made with the edges overlapping. Either single or double.

*solenoid

a wire wound spirally around an iron core to produce a magnetic field and that is used as an electromagnetic switch

*plaster ground

a wood strip, metal bead, or screed used to gauge the thickness of plaster

*carbon in steel

affects the strenght and ductility. As carbon is added the strength increases but the ductility decreases. Percentages of carbon range from about .15% for very mild steel to .70% for high carbon steel. Standard structural steel has .20% to .50% carbon.

*The fusion of a clay product

after firing, which makes it impervious.

*combustion air

air let into a boiler so flame can burn

*psychrometric chart measures

air, heat, moisture

*wrought iron

almost pure iron with a very low carbon content. it is soft but strong, ductile, easily worked, and relatively resistant to corrosion

*cribbing

also know as bin walls is a cellular framework filled with earth and stones to retain dirt on hill

*girt

also known as a sheeting rail, is a horizontal structural member in a framed wall. provide lateral support to the wall panel, primarily, to resist wind loads.

*vacuum breaker

automatic valve which admits air into a supply pipe to prevent siphoning polluted water back into the supply. attachment commonly placed on a bibcock valve or toilet or urinal flush valve. This prevents contamination should the public drinking water system's pressure drop.

*List the 4 types of masonry mortar cement and their key property

average 28 day compressive strength of: Type M: 2500 psi Type N: 1800 psi Type S: 750 psi Type O: 350 psi

*lumber is measured in

board foot

*k value column

buckling value, The effective length factor used in the design of structural steel columns.

*Bundled tube

building consists of several tubes tied together to resist lateral forces. Such buildings have interior columns along the perimeters of the tubes when they fall within the building envelope. Notable examples include Willis Tower, One Magnificent Mile, and the Newport Tower. Beside being efficient structurally and economically, the bundled tube was "innovative in its potential for versatile formulation of architectural space. Efficient towers no longer had to be box-like; the tube-units could take on various shapes and could be bundled together in different sorts of groupings.

*short slotted holes

can be used in bearing or slip critical, if used in bearing the slts have to be perpendicular to the direction of the load. used where some amount of adjustment is needed. cannot have a diameter that exceeds the oversized hole by 1/16"

*cathodic vs anodic metal

cathodic has less voltage potential; ex: gold, stainless steel and copper are cathodes, zinc and aluminum are anodic

*faience tile

ceramic tile having a nonmechanical, highly colored decorative design

*impervious tile

ceramic tile which has been made completely resistant to penetration by water as a result of vitrification. Tile that has a water absorption rate of 0.5% or less. This is where porcelain tile is generally categorized

*ozone depletion is caused by

chlorine and bromine

*load center

circuit breaker for building, needs to be close to meter

*For outdoor sound abatement, placing a barrier ___ to the source caused the angle of diffraction to ___, doing the same to the shadow zone (sound shadow)

close as possible, increase

*soft temper

coils, Available in grades K and L

*objective measurement of sound

decibel

*recommended connections for a 3 phase transformer

delta-delta, delta-wye, wye-delta (wye wye connection is not recommended.)

*weld penetration

depth from the surface of the base metal to the point where fusion stops

*Neat plaster

describing cement or plaster that has been mixed with water only, without sand or lime. basecoat plaster having no admixture except hair or other fiber, used for on-the-job mixing with aggregates

*Infrared motion detectors (object protection)

detects broken field for a "normal" temperature. The field does not have to be broken by an object with a different temperature in order to register change, as highly sensitive sensors will activate from the movement alone. Designed for use at ambient temperatures of 15°C to 20°C, at higher temperatures the field of view narrows, and if below 15°C, the field of view widens and small or distant objects can activate the sensor. range of approximately 6 meters, depending on conditions. The sensor adjusts to slowly changing conditions that occur normally within the environment, but shows a high-output response when a sudden change takes place. small, inexpensive, low power, rugged, have a wide lens range, are easy to interface with, and are easy to use.

*split ring connector

device for transmitting loads between two pieces of wood. placed in precut grooves.. The tongue and groove "split" in the ring permits simultaneous bearing of the inner surface of the ring against the core left in grooving and the outer face of the ring against the outer wall of the groove. The beveled split ring affords ease of assembly. The 2-1/2″ split ring wood connector is desirable for trussed rafters or for lumber construction involving only lumber of 2″ nominal dimension. The 4″ split ring, the most widely used connector, may be used efficiently for truss spans from 30′ to 150′.

*two pipe reverse return

distributes fluid to each radiator w/ individual returns

*termites

drain water away from house, not toward house with gravel. Pressure treated wood does little for termites. Poison the applied to the area of the building footprint. Wood above the ground.

*mixing boxes are included in what type of systems?

dual duct, terminal reheat, VAV

*Name the two major aspects of a building's design which affect its seismic performance

ductility fundamental period

*bulletproof glass

glass which has four or more layers of glass laminated to three or more layers of plastic, used where strong impacts may occur

*laminated glass

glass with plastic sheet laminated between the two layers of clear glass (safety glass) or four of more layers of glass laminated to three or more layers of plastic (bulletproof glass). can for example be used in stairs, floors, roofs, facades and balcony railings. most common interlayer polyvinyl butyral (PVB).

*Grades of steel reinforcing bars

grade 40, 60, 75

*copper pipe - grade m

grade M copper pipe is commonly used in drainage piping, branch supply lines, chilled water systems, and exposed lines in heating systems

*sand

granular material, ranging from about 3/8 inch to 1/200 inch

*firestops

horizontal blocks placed between studs to resist the spread of fire

*flood coat

in a built-up composition roof, the top layer of bituminous material, which is poured on the surface and covered with an aggregate coating

*Red oak

is a hardwood used in moldings, paneling, furniture, and finish flooring

*STC - Sound Transmission Class

is a rating (integer) given to an *assembly* which dictates its ability to mitigate sound transmission through it. More is more. It's measured in integers, often ranging between 30-70. STCs of 30 allow a lot of sound to be transmitted between spaces, whereas an STC of 70 would allow very little sound transmission. STC is determined by the entire wall or ceiling assembly, and roughly is a measure of the number of decibels by which the sound will be reduced

*island fixture venting

is an alternate way of venting the trap installed on an under counter island sink or other similar applications where a conventional vertical vent stack or air admittance valve is not feasible. when the drain is opened, water displaces the sewer gas up to the sanitary tee, the water flows downward while sewer gas is displaced upward and toward the vent. The vent can also provide air to fill any vacuum created. The key to a functional island fixture vent is that the top elbow must be at least as high as the "flood level" (the peak possible drain water level in the sink). This ensures that the vent never becomes waterlogged.

*Class D fire extinguisher

is characterised by the presence of burning metals. Only certain metals are flammable and examples of combustible metals include sodium, potassium, uranium, lithium, plutonium and calcium, with the most common Class D fires involve magnesium and titanium.sodium chloride extinguisher. The heat of the fire causes the dry powder to cake and form an exterior crust. This crust excludes air and results in extinguishment. It also dissipates the heat from the burning metal.

*Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

is the act which regulates existing chemicals that pose an unreasonable health risk

*building automation systems

is the automatic centralized control of a building's heating, ventilation and air conditioning, lighting and other systems through a building management system or building automation system (BAS). The objectives of building automation are improved occupant comfort, efficient operation of building systems, reduction in energy consumption and operating costs, and improved life cycle of utilities.

*lag bolts/screws

is threaded with a pointed end like a wood screw but has a head like a bolt. a washer is used between the head and the wood. Screw used where great pressure to turn is required, commonly used for heavy lumber connections. installed by drilling a lead hole and then screwing the fastener in with a washer.

*energy cost budget method

is used to determine the enegry cost budget for a specific building design. the budget is calculated by means of a computer simulation of hourly energy use over the course of a year by use of appropriate climatic data, envelope design, comparisons to a baseline building. In this method LPAs are only one aspect of the buildings total energy use. The designer can make tradeoffs.

*hypocenter

it is also known as focus. It is the actual location or starting point of an earthquake underground. location in the earth's crust where rock slippage begins during an earthquake. Also called the focus.

*shatterproof glass

laminated glass, consisting of a thin sheet of transparent plastic laminated between two layers of clear glass. also referred to as safety glass

*safety glass

laminated glass, consisting of a thin sheet of transparent plastic laminated between two layers of clear glass. also referred to as shatterproof glass

*Larger spaces typically have ___ RT60 and require ___ sound attenuation to obtain the same RT60 as a comparable room of smaller size

larger and more

*coarse aggregates

larger than 6mm (1/4) in diameter (gravel)

*indoor air quality

least toxic, low voc, water based adhesives and coatings, emit little or no odor, easy to clean and maintain, are not susceptible to moisture damage that can foster mold growth.

*what should the velocity of a plumbing supply pipe be?

less than 10 ft/sec

*slip critical connections

loads are transferred from one element to another through friction generated by the extreme tightness of the structural high-strength bolts holding the connection together. If slip-critical connections fail (by slipping), they revert to bearing-type connections, with structural forces now transferred through bolt shear and connection plate bearing. Thus a slippage failure of a slip-critical connection is not necessarily a catastrophic failure

*Section 6.2 of ASCE 7-05, lists 3 wind-blown debris regions

located in areas where the Basic Wind Speed, V, is 120 mph or more located in areas where the Basic Wind Speed, V, is equal to or greater than 110 mph in Hawai special areas within hurricane-prone regions

*Riprap

loose stone used to form a foundation for a breakwater or other structure

*yard lumber

lumber of all sizes and patterns intended for general building purposes

*surfaced lumber

lumber that has been surfaced by a planing machine. if all four sides are surfaced (S4S), the net dimensions of the piece are about 1/2 inch less than the nominal dimensions. also called dressed lumber

*dressed lumber

lumber that has been surfaced by a planing machine. if all four sides are surfaced (S4S), the net dimensions of the piece are about 1/2 inch less that the normal dimensions. also called surfaced lumber

*green

lumber that has not been seasoned and whose moisture content is close to that of the living tree

*flat-grained lumber

lumber with rings 0 degrees to 45 degrees with the wide face. also called slash-grained lumber

*slash-grained lumber

lumber with rings 0 to 45 degrees with the wide face. also called flat-grained lumber

*vertical-grained lumber

lumber with rings at 45 degrees to 90 degrees with the wide face. also called edge-grained lumber

*edge-grained lumber

lumber with rings at 45 degrees to 90 degrees with the wide face. also called vertical-grained lumber

*Luminance

luminous flux per unit of projected area taking into account the reflectance and transmittance properties of materials and the directions in which they are viewed.

*health effects from asbestos?

lung cancer mesothelioma asbestosis

*asbestosis

lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles

*___ is a form of perimeter building protection which would help alert of an intruder coming in through a door or window.

magnetic contacts

*rubble masonry

masonry composed of rough broken stones

*flexible diaphragm

max lateral deformation more than two times the average story drift of that story; lateral load is distributed according to tributary area; steel deck is usually flexible and wood deck

*moment of inertia

measure of the bending stiffness of a structural members cross sectional shape. I = The point in a beam between tension and compression=bh^3/12. resistance to rotation, depends on shape of member

*ultrasonic detectors ( area or room protection)

measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.It is important to understand that some objects might not be detected by ultrasonic sensors. some objects are shaped or positioned in such a way that the sound wave bounces off the object, but are deflected away from the Ultrasonic sensor. Other objects can absorb the sound wave all together (cloth, carpeting, etc), which means that there is no way for the sensor to detect them accurately. For example, having fast response time and very sensitive, no physical contact required by the object, being environmentally friendly and reliable, and above all utilizing ultrasonic waves that are not visible and audible to human.

*quartersawn wood

more dimensionally stable than plainsawn wood, even grain, shrinks / swells less in width, more waste

*electric strike

movable mechanism mortised into frame controlled by electricity

*oversized holes

only used in slip critical connections

*The four types of forces a retaining wall must be designed to resist are ____

overturning sliding hydro-static pressure soil pressure

*riveting

permanent mechanical fastener. Before being consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite to the head is called the tail. On installation, placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place. In other words, pounding creates a new "head" on the other end by smashing the "tail" material flatter, resulting in a rivet that is roughly a dumbbell shape. To distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail.

*___ type of fire alarm will detect the presence of smoke.

photoelectric detector

*polyvinyl butyral (PVB)

polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or resin - Laminated glass is made by sandwiching two pieces of glass together with a transparent interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or resin. Once the PVB is sandwiched between the glass, heat and pressure are applied to fuse the three into a single unit.

*plasterboard

prefabricated, paper-covered sheets having a gypsum core, used for covering interior walls and ceilings or as a abase for interior plaster

*coordinator

prevents door leaf w/ astragal from closing before the other leaf

*___ and ___ are two strategies to mitigate sound transmission through floors

provide acoustical sealant foam under the sills of walls, or use a solid slab (increase mass)

*The single best way to reduce reliance on the HVAC systems, and thus reduce energy consumption and operating costs is ___

provide appropriate building assemblies

*slip joint

provided at the top of a storefront to prevent the weight of the structure above from bearing on the framing or glazing. reduces deflection.

*seasoned wood

removing moisture from green wood to improve its serviceability. There are two main ways of seasoning timber, Natural (Air) and Artificial (Kiln) drying. Both methods require the timber be stacked and separated to allow the full circulation flow of air, etc. around the stack. --wood with a moisture content of less that 16% at the time of installation and used under dry kiln conditions.

*two pipe direct return

return loop relies on gravity

*Rise-of-temperature detectors

sense the presence of heat and can be set to trip an alarm when a particular temperature is rated in a room --disadvantage: flames must usually be present before the alarm is reached (not an early warning device)

*Magnetic contacts ( perimeter protection)

sensors can be added to existing wired Alarm Systems. They are ideal for protecting doors, windows and patio doors and any opening device such as a drawer or cupboard for example. In the event of contact being broken then the alarm will be activated immediately.

*bulletin

sent before a change order, but just to let the contractor know

*Equation for Power in a AC circuit

single phase P = V × I × PF where: P = power in watts V = voltage in volts I = current in amps PF = power factor in decimal form (3 phase P = V × I × PF x √3)

*sidewall head

sprinkler head mounted to the wall; for use when single line of sprinkler heads is adequate

*geogrid

synthetic membrane made of a polymer such as polyester, used to reinforce soils behind retaining walls as well as in subbases of roads; geogrid is strong in tension and takes the pulling load of the wall and transfers these forces to a larger area of soil which hold the grid due to gravity

*oxidation

the chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, which may cause corrosion or tarnishing in metals

*vibration detectors (object protection)

the detector must have a mechanical displacement to generate alarm signal; vibration detection equipment is suitable for file cabinets, vaults, strongrooms, safes and Automated Teller Machines (ATM), confidential protection, special objects. also suitable for other systems in combination, to prevent intruder break ins through walls.

*galvanic action

the deteriorating reaction between dissimilar metals that are in contact in the presence of moisture. also called electrolysis

*electrolysis

the deteriorating reaction between dissimilar metals that are in contact in the presence of moisture. also called galvanic action

*backset

the distance from the edge of a door to the center of the knob or lock cylinder

*plunger

the driving device of a hydraulic elevator, which is powered by liquid under pressure within a cylinder. also referred to as a ram

*malleability

the ease with which a metal can be shaped by hammering or by machine

*casing

the exposed molding used to trim around doors or windows

*soffit

the exposed underside of an architectural element, such as a beam or arch

*scratch coat

the first coat of plaster, in three-coat plastering, which is scratched to provide a bond for the second (brown) coat

*traction machine

the hoisting mechanism of an electric motor, which transmits lifting power by means of friction developed by wire cables running over grooves in the machine-drive sheave

*What regulates the temperature of the human body?

the hypothalamus

*recharge rate

the length of time that the water heater tank will take to reheat itself after it has emptied out its volume of hot water.

*eaves

the lower edges of a roof which usually project beyond the side of a building

*sill

the lower horizontal member, extending between jambs, which forms the bottom of a window or other frame

*yield strength

the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. after the point at which a material begins to deform permanently

*dew point temperature

the temperature to which air has to be cooled in order to reach saturation. The temperature of air at which the water contained in the air begins to condense and form dew. The dew point for a given air sample is always lower than or equal to its current temperature. It is therefore the temperature at which the air is at 100 percent humidity.

*head joint

the vertical mortar joint between ends or masonry

*hardwood

the wood of various broad-leafed deciduous trees, such as maple and oak

*softwood

the wood of various coniferous (cone-bearing) evergreen trees, such as cedars, pines, and firs.

*k value

thermal conductivity; k value=thickness/r value; or r value=thickness/k value . It is the number of BTU that go through 1 s.f. of a material that is 1 inch thick in 1 hour.

*shingles

thin standardized unites of wood, slate, tile, asphaltic material, and so on. which are laid in overlapping rows to cover roofs or walls

*heat-absorbing glass

tinted glass that absorbs a high percentage of solar radiation. also referred to actinic glass

*double glazing

two sheets of glass with an air space between, to insulate against the passage of heat or sound. also called insulating glass

*insulating glass

two sheets of glass with an air space between, to insulated against the passage of heat or sound. also called double glazing

*PE (plastic piping)

type of plastic pipe; used for water supply, irrigation sprinklers, exterior drainage, flexible-- --polyethylene. Generally speaking, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is much more crystalline, has a much higher density, and is often used in completely different circumstances than Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). For example, LDPE is widely used in plastic packaging such as for grocery bags or plastic wrap. HDPE by contrast has common applications in construction (for example in its use as a drain pipe). Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW) has high performance applications in things such as medical devices and bulletproof vests.

*dry well

undeground tank to dissipate excess water into ground; filled with rocks

*early suppression fast response sprinklers ESFR

used in warehouses in place of in-rack fire sprinkler systems. ESFR provides protection that exceeds that of in-rack systems. ESFR high output, high volume systems are located in ceiling spaces as with conventional fire sprinkler systems. It incorporates very large high volume, high-pressure heads to provide the necessary protection without the need for in-rack sprinklers.

*isolation joint

used where adjacent areas of concrete may move in three directions and where the formation of cracks is to be avoided; used where existing and new meet. used to separate a slab from an adjacent slab, wall, or column, or some other part of the structure. separates on 3 axis

*Galvanized steel pipe

used where the water is not corrosive, screw fittings. More difficult to assemble. Schedule 40 is the most common type.

*counterfort wall

utilizes triangular-shaped cross walls to stiffen the vertical slab and add weight to the base. The counterforts are spaced at regular intervals equal to one half the wall height

*3 types of sanitary venting

vent stacks, stack vents, and soil stacks

*phosphorus alloy

very small amounts increase strength and hardness.

*weatherhead

where cable comes from telephone pole to building

*Bernoulli's Principle explains ___

why roofs often experience uplift as wind passes over them. Roofs, especially low-sloped roofs, can act like airplane wings and produce uplift.