AVMA euth guidelines
bittering agent with teal blue color added to tributame to min the risk of the solution being ingested accidentally
What is denatonium benzoate?
MS 222 for temp immobilization of finfish, amphibians, and other aquatic cold-blooded animals NOT FOR EUTH
What is finquel and tricaine-S FDA approved for?
intracoelomic injection
What is not an acceptable method of euthanasia in X laevis and possible other amphibians with MS222?
animals <7kg
What is the condition for inhaled anesthetics?
animals can be aroused to a conscious state with sufficient stimulation under sedation
What is the difference between sedation and anesthesia?
penetrate and destroy the brain tissue without emergency from the contralateral side of the head
What is the goal of choosing the correct firearm and bullet for gunshot euth?
rigor
What is the only sign that can used alone to verify death?
I Hate Studying Every Monday Damn Isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurae, enroflurane, mexoxyflurane, desflurane
What is the order of preference of inhaled anesthetics?
HE Is Mostly Dead Halothane > Enflurane > Isoflurane >Methoxyflurane > Desflurane
What is the order of solubility of inhaled anesthetics?
endangered species act migratory bird treaty act bald and golden eagle protection act
Which Acts may carry civil and criminal penalties regarding the disposal of animal remains?
magnesium sulfate potassium chloride neuromuscular blocking agents
Which agents can be used on anesth or unconscious animals but unacceptable on conscious vertebrates?
reptiles amphibians diving birds and mammals noninhaled methods should be considered a secondary method is required
Which animals have great capacity for breath holding and what does that mean about inhaled euthanasia?
sedatives hypnotics tranquilizers
Which drugs should not be relied upon to produce a truly unresponsive, disconnected unconscious state?
2007
Which edition of the euth guidelines included maceration as an acceptable method of euth for newly hatched chicks?
acceptable administered IV
All barbituric acid derivatives used for anesthesia are ____________ for euth when _____________
small birds poultry mice rats <200 g rabbits
For what species is cervical dislocation acceptable with conditions?
bulls adult swine cattle with long hair
In what species is non penetrating captive bolt not effective?
NEVER flush to the animal's body 1-2 feet from the animal's forehead
Where should the muzzle of the gun be held?
adjunctive
What is a euthanasia method that should not be used as a sole method, but can be used in conjunction with other methods to bring about euth?
an appropriate pressure-reducing regulator and flow meter combo
What is absolutely necessary when compressed gases are used for euth?
teal blue color with bittering agent- denatonium benzoate- to min the risk of the solution being ingested accidentally
What is added to tributame and why?
1 minute
CO2 should be maintained for how long after resp arrest?
not appropriate 21 day withdrawal
Can MS222 be used for food animals?
2 step method intracoelomic inj 250-500 mg/kg Once unconscious - second inj of unbuffered 50% MS222
How can MS 222 be used in reptiles?
adding N2O
How can inhaled anesthetics be refined?
similar to local anesth inhibit voltage gated Na channels
How does isoeugenol and eugenol appear to work?
potency increases with temp
How does potency of MS 222 change with temp?
loss of righting reflex
How is unconsciousness assessed in animals?
in a way and at a rate that prevents backlog of chicks at the entry point without causing injury, suffocation, or avoidable distress to the chicks before maceration
How must chicks be delivered to the macerator?
immediate exsanguination or pithing unless powerful captive bolt gun designed for euth
How should death be ensured after captive bolt?
by experienced persons practice on euth or anesthetized animals until proficient
How should inexperienced persons be trained for physical methods?
be anesth or unconscious prior
If cervical dislocation competency has not been demonstrated, animals must ________
poultry
Immersion in what species in lesser concentration is acceptable with conditions?
rodents including fetuses and neonates captive amphibians and reptiles (adjunctive method recommended)
In what species are dissociative agents and a2 agonists accetable?
chicken and turkeys
Nitrogen and argon are not aversion to what species?
MUST be maintained in good working order and serviced on a regular basis to ensure sharpness of blades
The equipment used to perform decapitation _________
displacement rate container volume concentration
The time to unconsciousness of inhaled anesthetics is dependent on what?
induce a grand mal epileptic seizure
To be effective for euth electrocution must _________
1-personnel must understand hazards and limitations 2-highest-quality chamber- should not be overloded 3-CO source and chamber must be in well-ventilated environment- preferably outdoors 4- chamber must be well-lighted to allow direct observation 5- CO rate of 6% 6-CO monitors if inside 7-CO in compliance with state and fed OHS regs 8- CO supplied in regulated and pure form without contaminants
What 8 conditions must be met to use CO?
IV
What CS schedule is chloral hydrate?
there are none
What FDA approved agents are there for euth in aquatics?
2 ppm
What are NIOSH limits for inhaled anesthetics?
-barbiturates -nonbarbiturate anesth overdose (K/X or propofol) -Tributamine (dogs only) -T-61
What are acceptable methods in companion animals?
- potassium chloride -N2 or Ag -electrocution
What are adjunctive methods in companion animals?
etorphine and carfentanil acceptable with conditions when other methods are impractical or dangerous
What are examples of ultrapotent opiods and how are they classified for euth?
regulator and flow meter
What are musts to use N2, Ar, and mixtures?
direct depression of neurons necessary for life fxn hypoxia physical disruption of brain activity
What are the 3 basic mechanisms of euthanasia?
acceptable with conditions for chicken, poultry Also pig (N2-CO2 mixture)- directly placed into <2% O2 atmosphere and >7 min exposure Unacceptable for other mammals
What are the acceptability of N2 and Ar?
use standardized known concentrations for accurate dosing some derivatives are potential carcinogens
What are the conditions for using clove oil, isoeugenol, and eugenol and why?
1- pain due to formation of carbonic acid on resp and ocular membranes 2- product of air hunger and feeling of breathlessness 3- direct stimulation of ion channels within amygdala associated with fear response
What are the three mechanisms that CO2 can cause distress?
solid points- preferred (designed of greater penetration) hollow points full metal jacketed
What are the three types of bullets and which is preferred?
exposure of personnel aversive to rodents exposed electrical equipment must be explosion proof
What are three disadvantages to carbon monoxide?
strychnine nicotine caffeine cleaning agents solvents pesticides disinfectants
What are unacceptable agents (7)?
first unconscious then immersed in 100% CO2
What can be used if gradual CO2 displacements methods cannot?
elevate blood glucose
What can isoflurane effect in lab animals?
only if other agents or methods are not available
What conditions must be met to used methoxyflurane?
30-70%
What displacement rate of CO2 is recommended?
retinal toxicity
What has occ exposure to MS222 been associated with in humans?
N2O
What inhaled anesthetic cannot be used alone?
diethyl ether
What inhaled anesthetic is irritating to the eyes, nose, and resp airways, poses serious risks due to flammability and explosiveness, and has been used to create a model for stress?
ether
What inhaled anesthetic is not accepabtle?
sensory-discriminative
What is the term for when the origin and the stimulus causing pain are determined?
motivational-effective
What is the term for when the severity of the stimulus is perceived and a response ot it is determined?
inj bc rapid excretion via the gills renders it ineffective
What method of admin of MS222 is not appropriate for finfish?
-barbiturates- alt route of admin (intrasplenic, intrahepatic) -inhaled anesthetics -CO -CO2 -gunshot -penetrating captive bolt
What methods are acceptable with conditions in companion animals?
IM SC Intrathecal Intrathoracic Intrapulmonary Other nonvascular inj
What parenteral inj are not acceptable?
placing conscious rodents directly in pre-filled containers
What practice using CO2 is unacceptable?
horses ruminants swine rabbits dogs poultry
What species is captive bolt acceptable with conditions?
exsanguination stunning pithing
What three physical methods are not recommended as sole means but maybe considered as adjunctives to other methods
nonbarbiturate embutaride + mebozonium (muscular paralysis ) acceptable IV only by trained personnel no longer manufactured in US
What type of euth drug is T-61?
not acceptable associated with adverse effects may be severe, rxns can be aesthetically objectionable, and other products are better choices
What type of euth drug is chloral hydrate and a-chloralose?
1963
What year was the first ed of euth guidelines?
Animals with highly permeable skin (eg amphibians w/benzocaine gel)
When are topical agents acceptable?
suckling pigs neonatal ruminants turkeys
When can NP captive bolt be used as sole method?
poultry up to 72 hours old and embryonated eggs
When can maceration be used?
unhatched and hatched zf up to 7dpf
When can sodium hypochlorite be used for euth in zebrafish?
luxation of the cervical vertebrae without primary crushing of the vertebrae and spinal cord
When cervical dislocation is performed on poultry, it must result in ________
1972
When did the euth guidelines add lab animals?
80% of incubation period of all avian eggs
When do avian embryos achieve the potential for perception?
(quinaldine) acceptable- 1 step immersion in finfish not acceptable for animals intended for consumption
When is 2-methylquinoline acceptable and when is it not acceptable?
acceptable for finfish- immersion for at least 10 min after cessation of opercular movement not acceptable for animals intended for consumption
When is 2-phenoxyethanol acceptable and when is it not acceptable?
LOW CONCENTRATIONS finfish- secondary means after insensible invertebrates- primary or secondary (immersion in high concentrations (eg 70%) unacceptable
When is alchol acceptable in finfish and invertebrates?
injectable agent in mice >35 days
When is alcohol acceptable with conditions in mice?
in animals intended for consumption
When is benzocaine hydrochloride not acceptable euth agent in finfish and amphibians?
porifera (sponges) adjunctive for Coelentrates (corals, anemones) and gastropod molluscs (snails, slugs) after nonresponsive
When is formaldehyde acceptable?
intrathecal 2% as secondary method in animals -under gen anesth -no other euth method available or -cost prohibitive or -proper disposal cannot be assured
When is lidocaine HCL acceptable?
unacceptable in conscious vertebrate animals acceptable if injected IV or intracardially in an unconscious animal or animal under general anesthesia
When is potassium chloride acceptable vs unacceptable?
as a secondary method for animals that are insentient
When is thoracic compression acceptable?
lab rodents- approved by IACUC and prepared, stored, admin at appropriate dose
When is tribromoethanol acceptable with conditions?
after 7dpf finfish intended for human consumption
When is use of sodium hypochlorite unacceptable?
with skilled personnel with well-maintained equipment
When may physical methods of euth result in less fear and anxiety and be more rapid, painless, humane and practical?
monthly any time a brown color is observed
When should MS 222 solution be replaced?
IASP- international association on the study of pain
Who describes pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
IASP- international association on the study of pain
Who is the IASP?
benefits associated with their use greatly outweigh any distress and or aversion
Why are inhaled anesthetics continued to be admin despite evidence of distress and aversion?
it will produce hypoxia prior to resp or cardiac arrest
Why can't NO be used alone in any species?
onset of unconsciousness is not immediate
Why do all inhaled methods have the potential to adversely affect animal welfare?
wide availability low cost shorter induction times
Why has clove oil become more popular anesth over MS 222?
FDA index for sedation and anesthesia make its use for euth extralabel and ILLEGAL
Why is it unacceptable to use metomidate for euth?
anxiety is associated with extreme hypovolemia
Why should exsanguination not be used as a sole means of euth?