AVS211 Quiz 7

analgesic

Analgesics such as acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol), aspirin (Bayer Aspirin) and Ibuprofen (e.g., Motrin IB or Advil), are used in combination with the above medications to help relieve the aches and pain that may occur with cold.

Describe the differences between the antihistamines used in peptic ulcer and antihistamines used in allergy reactions.

Antihistamines block the effect of histamine that cause the sneezing in colds and the excessive secretions of allergic reactions; they help reduce the runny nose and watery eyes that often bother cold and allergy sufferers

Maalox

Combination antacids

What are proton-pump inhibitors?

Drugs that inhibit gastric acid (proton) pump activity also decrease the acid secretion from parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach.

expectorant

Expectorants increase the production of respiratory tract fluids to help loosen the thick mucus.

Benadryl or Claritin

H1-histamine receptor blockers that compete with natural histamine and antagonize its effect

What are H2-receptor antagonists?

H2-receptor-antagonists inhibit the action of histamine at the parietal cell receptor sites (parietal cells are cells located in the wall of the stomach and produce gastric acid), reducing the volume and hydrogen ion concentration of gastric acid secretions

Analgesics such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or Aspirin, are generally not recommended for regular use during the common cold since a. they have too many side effects. b. there is no pain associated with the common cold. c. they may mask fever which may indicate a secondary bacterial infection

However, they are generally not recommended for regular use during the common cold since they may mask fever, which may indicate a secondary bacterial infection.

Benzocaine and Menthol

Local anesthetic. They act on the bronchioles and other smooth muscles of the respiratory tract to reduce irritation, e.g., some Cough and Sore Throat Lozenges and Vicks Cough Silencer Tablets.

Which one of the following drugs is most likely to produce diarrhea? a. Aluminum hydroxide b. Magnesium hydroxide c. Aluminum hydroxide with magnesium hydroxide. d. Calcium carbonate

Magnesium hydroxide

nasal decongestant

Nasal decongestants constrict dilated arterioles in the nasal mucosa and reduce airway resistance (shrinking blood vessels, thereby decreasing the amount of fluid that leaks out and lessening nasal congestion.) They are used to treat nasal congestion and other symptoms associated with colds and allergies.

Describe the three treatments of peptic ulcers used to decrease acid concentration.

1. Neutralize the acid after its secretion. Antacids reduce the concentration and total load of acid in the gastric contents. By increasing gastric pH, they also inhibit pepsin activity (pepsin is inactive in solutions with a pH above 4). 2. Reduce gastric acid secretion. H2-receptor-antagonists inhibit the action of histamine at the parietal cell receptor sites (parietal cells are cells located in the wall of the stomach and produce gastric acid), reducing the volume and hydrogen ion concentration of gastric acid secretions. Drugs that inhibit gastric acid (proton) pump activity also decrease the acid secretion from parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach. 3. Protect mucosal surfaces against peptic digestion. Mucosal protectants form a protective barrier against gastric acid and peptic digestion.

What is peptic ulcer and how does the ulcer occur?

A peptic ulcer is a sore or lesion that forms in the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum, the first section of the small intestine (duodenal ulcer). Peptic ulcers occur only in those areas of the digestive system that come in contact with digestive juices secreted by the stomach. Digestive juices contain acid (hydrochloric acid) and an enzyme (pepsin), which act upon food substances causing them to break down into simpler compounds

Describe the anticancer mechanisms for the following drug: targeted therapy drugs

a drug that targets a specific pathway in the growth and development of a tumor. By attacking or blocking these important targets which are typically various molecules (or small particles) in the body that are known or suspected to play a role in cancer formation, the therapy helps to fight the tumor itself.

targeted therapy drugs

a medication or drug that targets a specific pathway in the growth and development of a tumor

Which of the following statements concerning antacid therapy used in the treatment of duodenal or gastric ulcers is (are) correct? a. Antacids may be used to heal the ulcer but are ineffective in controlling ulcer pain. b. Antacids are used to treat peptic ulcer by neutralizing acid. c. Calcium carbonate could causes systemic alkalosis and should be avoided. d. Sodium bicarbonate is the most commonly used antacid.

a. Antacids may be used to heal the ulcer but are ineffective in controlling ulcer pain.

Which of the following statements is (are) correct? a. Cell cycle specific drugs destroy cells at specific phases of cell cycle. b. Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells only when they are dividing are called cell-cycle non-specific. c. Chemotherapy regimens often consist of several agents that have different mechanisms of action and few overlapping toxic effects. d. Chemotherapy available currently is able to kill the cancer cells without damage to the normal human cells.

a. Cell cycle specific drugs destroy cells at specific phases of cell cycle. c. Chemotherapy regimens often consist of several agents that have different mechanisms of action and few overlapping toxic effects.

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Dextromethorphan acts centrally to suppress the cough center (in the brain). b. Dextromethorphan acts peripherally to suppress the cough. c. Dextromethorphan is a narcotic antitussive. c. Dextromethorphan is effective against cough caused by peripheral irritation in the airways.

a. Dextromethorphan acts centrally to suppress the cough center (in the brain). c. Dextromethorphan is a narcotic antitussive.

Which of the following statements is (are) correct? a. Robitussin CF can be used for cough and nasal decongest. b. Robitussin DM can be used as an antitussive and expectorant. c. Robitussin DM and Robitussin PE have same effect.

a. Robitussin CF can be used for cough and nasal decongest. b. Robitussin DM can be used as an antitussive and expectorant.

The function(s) of the respiratory system include(s) a. exchanging CO2 and O2 with cells of the body to sustain metabolism b. to help the body maintain acid base balance c. by secretion of immunoglobulins and other substances to help resist infections

a. exchanging CO2 and O2 with cells of the body to sustain metabolism

Which of the following is (are) common side effects of anticancer drugs? a. nausea and vomiting b. hair loss (alopecia) c. bruising and bleeding d. anemia e. bone marrow depression

a. nausea and vomiting b. hair loss (alopecia) c. bruising and bleeding d. anemia e. bone marrow depression

Dextromethorphan

acts directly on the cough center in the brain. It doesn't reduce pain and it does not lead to dependency.

Codeine

acts directly on the cough center in the brain. The antitussive effect is at doses lower than those required for relief of pain. At antitussive doses, it rarely leads to dependency.

Why are antibiotics not useful for colds unless there is an indication of a secondary bacterial infection?

because they are used to treat infections caused by bacteria, not viruses.

Describe the anticancer mechanisms for the following drug: antiangiogenesis drugs

blocks the action of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is a protein that stimulates the formation and growth of new blood vessel.

Cimetidine (Tagamet) acts as an antagonist to which receptor at the parietal cell: a. Prostaglandin receptors b. Histamine H1 receptors c. Histamine H2 receptors

c. Histamine H2 receptors

combination chemotherapy

chemotherapy treatment consisting of more than one drug

Pepcid AC

competitively block the H2 histamine receptor, thus preventing histamine from stimulating acid production

Tagamet

competitively block the H2 histamine receptor, thus preventing histamine from stimulating acid production

Zantac

competitively block the H2 histamine receptor, thus preventing histamine from stimulating acid production

What are Antacids?

compounds that neutralize the acid

antitussive

cough inhibitors that decrease the frequency of cough

chemotherapy

drug therapy

tumor suppressor gene

inhibit cell growth, preventing tumor formation

Describe the common toxic side effects of anticancer drugs and their mechanisms.

nausea, vomiting, hair loss (alopecia), fatigue and weight loss. Chemotherapy drugs are made to kill fast-growing cells since cancer cells grow and divide rapidly, but because these drugs travel throughout the entire body, they can affect certain normal, healthy cells that also multiply quickly. Damage to healthy tissue is the cause of side effects. The normal cells most likely to be affected are blood cells forming in the bone marrow and cells in the mouth, digestive tract, reproductive system, and hair follicles, which are all replaced at a much greater rate than most other cells in the normal human. Because of the accelerated growth rate of these cells, they are susceptible to damage by anticancer drugs. Bone marrow depression, alopecia (hair loss) and severe nausea and vomiting are predictable side effects of most anticancer drugs.

DNA repair genes

repair damage to DNA, thereby minimizing mutations in the cell

bronchodilation

smooth muscle relaxation

oncogenes

specific genes that activate Carcinogenesis produce protein products that promote cell growth and multiplication

Prilosec OTC

suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid pump within the parietal cell, these medicines have been characterized as proton-pump inhibitors. They work by preventing gastric acid pumps in the stomach from producing too much acid.

bronchoconstriction

the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Explain the reason that many antacid preparations combine both aluminum and magnesium hydroxides.

to prevent diarrhea caused by the magnesium salt or constipation caused by the aluminum salt.