bace pretest review - biological system
A couple seeks the help of a genetic counselor to help them understand their chances of having a child with cystic fibrosis (CF). The husband's father had CF, so they are worried he is a carrier of the mutant CF gene. The results of their genetic screening shows that both the husband and the wife are carriers of mutant CF gene. Both are "Cc", where "C" represents the normal (dominant) gene, and "c" represents the mutant (recessive) gene. What is the percent likelihood each of their children would have CF?
25% chance of having the disorder
what is translation?
RNA to protein carried out by ribosomes from ATP
what type of cell could use sugar to produce energy in an oxygen-deprived environment?
animals, yeast, bacterial
describe anaerobic respiration
cell respiration without oxygen, only produces small amount of energy
geonomics involves what?
comparing genomes between different organisms, studying gene expression, identifying the function of the genes in the genome, mapping the location of genes in the genome
what is the nucleus?
control center of the cell
what is the purpose for safranin in the gram stain?
determines if its gram positive or negative
what is epitope?
the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system
what is transcription and its steps?
the process of making RNA from DNA and initiation, elongation (RNA polymerase), and termination
what is the purpose of crystal violet in the gram stain?
to dye the cells
DNA is __________ into RNA, which is ___________ into protein.
transcribed, translated
describe protein synthesis
translation occurs at the ribosomes which consists of rRNA and proteins, then transcribed from DNA thats copied to make mRNA
what chromosomes do females have?
two X chromosomes (X from each parent)
what is a disadvantage to using prokaryotes in biopharmaceuticals?
unable to fold and assemble, more complicated than eukaryotes
where does DNA replication occur?
In the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and nucleus of eukaryotes
in DNA replication, what are the base pairs?
adenine bonds with thymine, cytosine bonds with guanine
what is the decolorizer in the gram stain?
alcohol
what does the cell theory state?
all life forms are made from one or more cells, the cell is the smallest form of life, all cells come from preexisting cells
what chromosomes do males have?
an X and Y chromosome (X from mother, Y from father)
what feature of bacterial plasmids can be used as a marker when growing bacterial cultures?
antibiotic resistance gene
when exposed to a foreign antigen, the normal human immune system response is to produce which of the following?
antibodies
what are the phases of meosis?
cell division occurs twice, in each round of division cells go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
what is mitosis?
cell division where one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically the same, nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes
describe aerobic respiration
cell respiration that needs oxygen, produces 36 ATP/glucose
what is the purpose for iodine in the gram stain?
fixes dye so its not washed away by decolorizer
why is E. coli usually incubated at 37°C?
for maximum growth
what is genotype?
genetic makeup of an organism
what is karotype?
individuals collection of chromosomes
what is phenotype?
physical appearance/observable
how would you describe gram negative bacteria?
pink, thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell membrane
what structure regulates the flow of molecules into and out of the cell?
plasma membrane
what is the mitochondria?
powerhouse of the cell
what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
prokaryotes are from a singular prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cells are unicellular and are found in plants and animals
what are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (cytokensis betwween anaphase and telophase)
how would you describe gram positive bacteria?
purple, thick layer of peptidoglygan in cell membrane
A technician performing an ELISA uses a primary antibody with a mouse IgG2a isotype to analyze patient blood samples. what secondary antibody would be the most appropriate to use in the assay?
rabbit anti-mouse
what is meosis?
single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information (sex cells)
what is the endoplasmic reticulum?
site of cellular protein synthesis
