B&B 8
11. After removing all sensory input to the brain
an animal would continue to have periods of sleep and wakefulness. a. True b. False, ANSWER: True
46. The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from ____. a. cones only b. ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods c. cones and rods equally d. rods only, ANSWER: B
48. The PER and TIM proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night? a. Metabolic rates increase at night
so proteins are digested faster than they can be synthesized. b. The high levels of melatonin present at night react with the proteins to disable them. c. The proteins are unstable at the lower body temperatures that are typical at night. d. When the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them., ANSWER: D
61. During REM sleep
the EEG shows ____. a. regular, high-voltage slow waves b. irregular, high-voltage slow waves c. regular, low-voltage slow waves d. irregular, low-voltage fast waves, ANSWER: D
25. Social stimuli - that is
the effects of other people - are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity. a. effects b. motivators c. rhythms d. Zeitgebers, ANSWER: D
50. The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone
which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. a. androgen b. melanopsin c. melatonin d. Estrogen, ANSWER: C
18. Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals? a. sleep b. storage of body fat c. migration d. Mating
ANSWER: A
29. What is the principal zeitgeber for land animals? a. light b. the tides c. temperature d. barometric pressure
ANSWER: A
33. Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____. a. expose them to bright lights while they work b. keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day c. have them eat a big meal before going to sleep d. allow them to catnap
ANSWER: A
41. Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____. a. exposure of the eyes to light b. barometric pressure c. the diet d. morning exercise
ANSWER: A
43. The SCN is located just above the ____. a. optic chiasm b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. visual cortex
ANSWER: A
72. The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain. a. reticular formation b. tectum c. tegmentum d. Thalamus
ANSWER: A
77. In response to emotionally arousing events the locus coeruleus releases ____. a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. dopamine d. Serotonin
ANSWER: A
80. Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____. a. block histamine b. stimulate acetylcholine c. decrease adenosine d. block GABA
ANSWER: A
88. A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____. a. interrupted or shortened REM sleep b. prolonged wakefulness c. prolonged NREM sleep d. enhanced dreaming
ANSWER: A
89. What is a typical characteristic of insomnia? a. consistently feeling sleepy during the day b. consistently getting less than 6 hours of sleep per night c. spending at least 50% less REM sleep than normal d. spending more time in NREM sleep than in REM sleep
ANSWER: A
94. Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness? a. narcolepsy b. sleep apnea c. REM behavior disorder d. Omnambulism
ANSWER: A
97. What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality? a. hypnagogic hallucinations b. idiopathic hallucinations c. occipital illusions d. pseudo-psychedelic visions
ANSWER: A
17. Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last ____. a. about an hour b. about a day c. about a week d. more than a day
ANSWER: B
35. What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself? a. Light no longer resets the biological clock but the animal continues generating a 24-hour rhythm. b. Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles. c. Animals lose their biological rhythms of temperature, but keep other circadian rhythms. d. Animals begin to maintain a constant level of activity throughout the 24-hour day.,
ANSWER: B
38. If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain? a. no longer produce any activity b. continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm c. produce a 20-hour rhythm d. produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern,
ANSWER: B
40. The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering ____. a. blood pressure b. production of proteins c. action potential velocity d. axon myelination
ANSWER: B
56. Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4
ANSWER: B
60. What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep? a. It serves restorative functions and yet the body has no apparent need for it. b. it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways c. It depends on serotonin for its onset and acetylcholine for its offset. d. It is associated with dreaming although brain activity is low.,
ANSWER: B
65. For a normal person about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last? a. 10 minutes b. 90 minutes c. 4 hours d. 7 hours,
ANSWER: B
75. One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____. a. tectomesencephalon b. pontomesencephalon c. corticomesencephalon d. Rubromesencephalon
ANSWER: B
79. Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____. a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. dopamine d. Serotonin
ANSWER: B
82. During ____ cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles. a. wakefulness b. REM sleep c. NREM sleep d. transitions from wakefulness to sleep or sleep to wakefulness
ANSWER: B
84. PGO waves are associated with ____. a. NREM sleep b. REM sleep c. relaxation during wakefulness d. being awakened from REM sleep
ANSWER: B
96. What does cataplexy involve? a. dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality b. an attack of muscle weakness while awake c. a lack of inhibition of movement during REM sleep d. repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep
ANSWER: B
98. Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____. a. sleep apnea b. Narcolepsy c. Insomnia d. periodic limb movement disorder
ANSWER: B
52. A polysomnograph displays ____. a. action potentials of individual neurons b. a combination of EEG and eye-movement records c. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain d. the electrical resistance of the scalp
ANSWER: B (EEG)
85. REM sleep is associated with ____. a. tension and activity of the postural muscles b. PGO waves in the brain c. a highly synchronized EEG pattern d. decreased heart rate
ANSWER: B (PGO)
53. An electroencephalograph displays ____. a. action potentials of individual neurons b. a net average of all the neurons' potentials c. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain d. the electrical resistance of the scalp
ANSWER: B (neurons' potentials)
20. A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest ____. a. about the time of awakening b. mid-morning c. mid to late afternoon d. in the middle of the night
ANSWER: C
28. A "zeitgeber" is a(n) ____. a. biological clock b. animal that does not have a biological clock c. environmental cue that resets a biological clock d. body activity that is controlled by a biological clock
ANSWER: C
31. Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag? a. taking a nap during the day b. taking melatonin when you need to wake up c. keeping the room light when you need to stay awake d. darkening the room when you need to stay awake
ANSWER: C
32. A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as ____. a. circashift b. phaselag c. jetlag d. Zeitgeber
ANSWER: C
57. Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____. a. alpha wave sleep b. stages 1 and 2 c. stages 3 and 4 d. REM sleep
ANSWER: C
58. With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4) ____. a. breathing and heart rates increase b. brain activity increases c. slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number d. brain waves become smaller,
ANSWER: C
64. After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening the sleeper typically ____. a. returns immediately to stage 1 b. enters REM c. cycles back through stages 3 and 2 d. wakes up,
ANSWER: C
76. With regard to sleep and arousal the locus coeruleus is ____. a. very active during sleep b. active when the pontomesencephalon is not c. almost completely inactive during sleep d. instrumental in waking us up
ANSWER: C
86. The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____ a. lateral geniculate nucleus pons, and occipital cortex b. occipital cortex, pons, and lateral geniculate nucleus c. pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex d. pons, occipital lobe, and lateral geniculate nucleus
ANSWER: C
87. It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from ____. a. dreaming b. sleeping too soundly c. acting out our dreams d. having difficulty falling asleep
ANSWER: C
90. What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed? a. waking up frequently during the night b. having problems going to sleep after losing your job c. difficulty falling asleep d. not breathing during the night
ANSWER: C
92. Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea? a. puberty b. being female c. being obese d. vigorous exercise,
ANSWER: C
93. The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people? a. college students who are in finals week b. those who are addicted to tranquilizers c. men who are overweight d. people who work on swing shifts
ANSWER: C
99. Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as ____. a. REM behavior disorder b. night terrors c. periodic limb movement disorder d. restless legs syndrome
ANSWER: C
54. Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity? a. NREM sleep b. nightmares c. relaxed wakefulness d. periods of great excitement
ANSWER: C. relaxed wakefulness
19. Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues your circadian rhythm would ____. a. increase dramatically over time b. cease to exist c. decrease over time d. remain relatively stable,
ANSWER: D
26. An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness. What is likely to happen? a. The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development. b. They are fully alert during wakeful periods. c. They are able to sleep during rest periods. d. They sleep poorly during rest periods.
ANSWER: D
36. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ____. a. substantia nigra b. caudate nucleus c. thalamus d. Hypothalamus
ANSWER: D
49. When do the secretions of melatonin begin? a. just before a person awakens b. when body temperature is at its lowest c. when body temperature is at its highest d. a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
ANSWER: D
78. Orexin produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____. a. getting to sleep b. waking up c. raising body temperature d. staying awake
ANSWER: D
81. During sleep what happens in the brain? a. cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons b. increased firing by dopamine neurons c. decreased firing by dopamine neurons d. increased firing by GABA neurons,
ANSWER: D
83. Research found that during REM sleep activity ____. a. decreased in the pons, while it increased in the limbic system b. increased in the pons, while it decreased in the limbic system c. decreased in both the pons and the limbic system d. increased in both the pons and the limbic system
ANSWER: D
95. What is narcolepsy? a. sleepwalking b. the inability to breathe while sleeping c. involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping d. sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
ANSWER: D
1. Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment. a. True b. False
ANSWER: False
10. Dreams only occur during REM sleep. a. True b. False
ANSWER: False
13. Sleep apnea is characterized by sleep attacks during wakefulness. a. True b. False
ANSWER: False
3. Bright light late in the afternoon shortens the circadian rhythm. a. True b. False
ANSWER: False
6. Blind and deaf animals do not have circadian rhythms. a. True b. False
ANSWER: False
9. Melatonin is released by the SCN. a. True b. False
ANSWER: False
12. Orexin is not necessary for waking up but it is for staying awake. a. True b. False,
ANSWER: True
14. Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does to being ill. a. True b. False
ANSWER: True
15. The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity. a. True b. False
ANSWER: True
2. Young children are more likely to be "morning people" than older adults. a. True b. False
ANSWER: True
4. The mean preferred time of going to sleep gets later and later until about age 20 and then starts a gradual reversal. a. True b. False
ANSWER: True
5. The dominant zeitgeber for land animals is light. a. True b. False
ANSWER: True
7. Biological clocks are very resistant to environmental influences. a. True b. False
ANSWER: True
91. Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea? a. involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep b. periods without breathing during sleeping c. tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day d. sleep walking and sleep terrors
ANSWER: b
100. People with REM behavior disorder ____. a. show intrusions of REM sleep into wakefulness b. show bizarre behaviors while awake due to REM deprivation at night c. enter REM sleep at unusual and unpredictable times d. move vigorously during REM apparently acting out their dreams,
ANSWER: d
71. After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal ____. a. stops sleeping b. sleeps a normal amount per day, but lacks REM sleep c. enters a prolonged state of sleep d. alternates rapidly between sleep and wakefulness,
C. enters a prolonged state of sleep
74. Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____. a. awakens a sleeping individual b. decreases alertness in someone already awake c. shifts the EEG from short waves to long slow waves d. delays the onset of the next REM period
a. awakens a sleeping individual
66. Compared to the earlier part the later part of a night's sleep ____. a. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep b. includes a lower percentage of REM sleep c. is characterized by declining body temperature d. has more slow wave sleep,
a. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep
51. Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal
although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior. a. unconscious b. minimally conscious c. coma d. Vegetative, ANSWER: D
21. Which statement is TRUE with regard to the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle? a. It is unreliable in most species
and dependably close to 24 hours only in primates. b. It is longer if the organism is normally active in the dark. c. It rarely varies from one individual to another, if at all. d. It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment., ANSWER: D
27. A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person ____. a. spends a period of time in the wilderness
away from clocks b. habitually eats a big meal just before bedtime c. spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight d. lives near the equator, where the seasons do not vary, ANSWER: C
68. What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does in fact, have dreams? a. Ask them about their dreams immediately after they wake up in the morning. b. Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming. c. Wake them up during NREM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming. d. Ask them under hypnosis if they have had any dreams recently.,
b. Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.
70. In comparison to NREM dreams REM dreams ____. a. are less likely to include striking visual imagery b. are more likely to include complicated plots c. do not contain violence d. are almost always less than five minutes,
b. are more likely to include complicated plots
73. The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____. a. the single critical system in arousing the cortex b. only one of several systems involved in arousal c. activated only by external stimuli d. activated only by internal stimuli,
b. only one of several systems involved in arousal
39. What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms? a. Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves. b. Its neurons can reset the biological clock
but they do not generate it. c. It relays visual information to the biological clock. d. It relays information from the biological clock to areas that control temperature and activity., ANSWER: A
62. REM sleep is characterized by which of the following? a. tension and activity of the postural muscles b. low and steady heart and breathing rates c. a high level of brain activity d. a highly synchronized EEG pattern
c. a high level of brain activity
67. The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.* a. occur only in REM sleep b. occur only in NREM sleep c. are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep d. are more frequent and more vivid in NREM sleep
c. are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep
8. The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus
called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. a. True b. False, ANSWER: True
63. Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why? a. Blood pressure is too low. b. The motor nerves are inactive until body temperature reaches its normal level. c. An increase in light striking the eyes reflexively inhibits the motor neurons. d. Part of the brain is still asleep.
d. Part of the brain is still asleep.
16. What does "endogenous" mean? a. occurring at regular intervals b. more likely to be learned c. sensitive to light/dark patterns d. generated from within
d. generated from within
69. Typically a person who falls asleep enters ____. a. stage 4 and slowly progresses through the stages 3, 2, 1 and then REM b. REM and then slowly progresses from stage 4, to 3, then 2, and lastly 1 c. stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4, but not necessarily in order d. stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order,
d. stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order
30. When traveling across time zones
how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone? a. Travel to the east is easier. b. Travel to the west is easier. c. The direction of travel makes no difference. d. The effect varies greatly from person to person., ANSWER: B
23. Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm
if any, will your alertness and body temperature show? a. They will follow a rhythm of 18 hours. b. They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours. c. They will follow a rhythm of 21 hours. d. They will cease to show any consistent rhythm., ANSWER: B
22. Mammals have circadian rhythms ____. a. only for their sleep/activity cycle b. only for frequency of eating and drinking c. for sleep and body temperature only d. for a variety of activities
including sleep, ANSWER: D
24. Based on research
it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be ____. a. shorter than 24 hours b. exactly 24 hours c. just over 24 hours d. closer to 28 hours, ANSWER: C
44. A small branch of the optic nerve
known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN. a. opticthalamic b. retinohypothalamic c. opticretinal d. Retinothalamic, ANSWER: B
45. The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____. a. receive input from only cones
not rods b. are located only in a doughnut-shaped band surrounding the fovea c. respond directly to light, but respond very slowly d. become active only at night or in very dim light, ANSWER: C
47. The proteins PER and TIM
originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also, influence circadian rhythms by ____. a. building up during the day and declining during sleep b. being transformed into melatonin c. stimulating and inhibiting (respectively) the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex d. providing negative feedback from the muscles to the neurons that innervate them, ANSWER: A
55. What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"? a. long
slow waves of large amplitude b. short, rapid waves of large amplitude c. regular alternation between waves of large amplitude and waves of small amplitude d. irregular waves with low amplitude, ANSWER: D
37. After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
the body ____. a. cannot generate biological rhythms b. still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark c. still has rhythms, but they are less consistent d. still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light, ANSWER: C
34. When studying disruptions to the biological clock in animals
what did Curt Richter find? a. Blinding animals strongly disrupted their clock. b. Rendering animals deaf strongly disrupted their clock. c. Long periods of forced activity strongly disrupted the clock. d. The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference., ANSWER: D
59. EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____. a. the EEG measures muscle tension
which also decreases b. neurons are becoming more synchronized c. neurons are becoming more desynchronized d. blood flow is increasing, ANSWER: B
42. After isolating a neuron from the rest of the brain
you find that it has a moderately stable circadian rhythm. The most likely home of this neuron is in the ____. a. optic nerve b. MPOA c. SCN d. pineal gland, ANSWER: C