bark
which ICP would the nurse consider a normal reading? - 0 to 15 mm Hg. - 30 to 45 mm Hg - 15 to 30 mm Hg - 45 to 60 mm Hg
0 to 15 mm Hg
a patient with small cell carcinoma lung cancer may secrete an excess of which hormone, causing an ectopic form of Cushing syndrome due to a nonpituitary hormone? - GH - TSH - DHEA - ACTH
ACTH
The health care provider is reviewing diurnal variation pattern in adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) levels. Select the typical diurnal variation pattern in adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) levels. - ACTH peaks in the morning and declines throughout the day. - ACTH increases in the morning and peaks again in the evening hours. - ACTH maintains a consistent level regardless of the time of day. - ACTH peaks in correspondence with food intake.
ACTH peaks in the morning and declines throughout the day
a patient has been diagnosed with dysfunction of the anterior pituitary gland. The nurse is aware that which hormones will be affected? select all that apply. - ACTH - TSH - GH - LH - ADH - norepinephrine
ACTH, TSH, GH, LH
at which level of the cervical spin would a complete cord injury result in the patient retaining the ability to flex and extend the fingers? - C5 - C6 - C4 - C8
C8
when performing a visual assessment, the nurse notes a patient has an impairment of ocular movement. Which cranial nerves does the nurse suspect may be impaired? Select all that apply. - II - III - V - IV - VI
III, IV, VI
when teaching a class of nursing students about spinal cord injury, the instructor mentions that male SCI patients will be able to have a sexual response if their injury is at which level on the spinal column? - T12 - S1 - L2 - S4
S4
Following an automobile accident that resulted in a traumatic amputation of the right lower leg, the patient complains of feeling tingling, heaviness, and shooting pain in the amputated limb. The health care providers treat phantom limb pain by using which interventions? Select all that apply. - TENS of the large myelinated afferents innervating the area. - hypnosis. - relaxation techniques. - warm, moist compress. - use of mirrors to visualize the limb is no longer there.
TENS, hypnosis, relaxation techniques
which patients are at risk for developing an acute episode of angle-closure glaucoma? Select all that apply. - A 60-year-old female emotionally devastated after divorcing her husband of 35 years - A soldier ordered to stay in a pitch-black cave to observe enemy militants for an extended period of time - A person with low dietary intake of lutein, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc - A person with a high grade of myopia - A surgical client who has received many doses of IV atropine to keep heart rate above 50
a 60 year old female emotionally devastated after divorcing her husband of 35 years; a soldier ordered to stay in a pitch-black cave to observe enemy militants for an extended period of time; a surgical client who has received many IV doses of atropine to keep heart rate above 50
paracrine action involves which characteristic? - act on a distant target cell. - autoregulation. - act locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone. - act on the same cells which secreted the hormone
act locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone
neurons are characterized by the ability to communicate with other neurons and body cells through pulsed electrical impulses, or: - astrocytes - axon hillocks - nodes of ranvier - action potentials
action potentials
a patient tells the healthcare provider that he has developed an acute onset of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting lasting several days, but he has not had an auditory or other neurologic manifestations. Which possible diagnosis is responsible for his manifestations? - acute vestibular neuronitis. - meniere disease - bening paroxysmal positional vertigo. - acute otitis media
acute vestibular neuronitis
the nurse is caring for a patient with impairment of the adrenal gland. The nurse notes abnormal sodium and potassium levels. Which hormone is the most likely to be impaired? - aldosterone. - cortisol. - estrogen - testosterone
aldosterone
category of hormones that includes norepinephrine and epinephrine. - amines and amino acids. - peptides. - glycoproteins. - steroids
amines and amino acids
The nurse is caring for a client being treated for diabetes insipidus after cranial surgery. The client has intravenous (IV) fluids infusing and has an indwelling urinary catheter. The nurse notes no urine output in the past hour. Which action is the nurse's priority? - Stop the IV fluids and notify the health care provider. - Assess the urinary catheter and drainage system. - Withhold the next prescribed dose of desmopressin. - Examine the most recent serum sodium laboratory results.
assess the urinary catheter and drainage system
The nurse is teaching a client how to collect a 24-hour urine sample for cortisol levels. The client asks why a blood sample cannot just be taken since collecting urine for 24-hours is inconvenient. How should the nurse respond? - "Because cortisol levels fluctuate, collecting a sample over time will be more accurate." - "Cortisol cannot be measured using blood samples, because it is produced by your kidneys." - "The results from urine tests are less likely to be affected by any medications you take." - "Urine tests are safer to collect, because they are noninvasive compared to a blood test."
because cortisol levels fluctuate, collecting a sample over time will be more accurate
A teenager has been in a car accident and experienced an acceleration-deceleration head injury. Initially, the client was stable but then started to develop neurological signs/symptoms. The nurse caring for this client should be assessing for which type of possible complication? - Brain contusions and hematomas - TIAs and cerebrovascular infarction - Momentary unconsciousness Status epilepticus
brain contusions and hematomas
the healthcare provider is teaching a patient about the metabolic effect of cortisol. The most appropriate information to provide would be: - breakdown of proteins and fats. - regulation of behavior and emotion. - suppression of the immune response to invasive pathogens. - regulation of anti-inflammatory reactions.
breakdown of proteins and fats
A patient with chronic low back pain presents to the clinic. In addition to a detailed pain assessment, which questions would be appropriate to ask? Select all that apply. - do you have trouble urinating? - can you financially afford your medicine? - what kind of stressors are you experiencing? - do you consider yourself a good driver? - are you having trouble sleeping?
can you afford your meds, kinds of stressors, trouble sleeping
Open-angle glaucoma is caused by an abnormality in the trabecular meshwork, which controls the flow of aqueous humor. Where is aqueous humor in a normal eye? - canal of schlemm. - ocular canal. - ductus lacrimalis. - behind the pupil
canal of schlemm
Drugs like diazepam, a benzodiazepine, exert their action on ion channels. These drugs do not open the GABA-operated ion channel, but they: - modulate the release from axon terminals. - modulate the peripheral sympathetic nerves and can have both a transmitter and modulator function. - change the effect that GABA has when it binds to the channel at the same time as the drug. - play a necessary role in the long-term survival of presynaptic neurons.
change the effect that GABA has when it binds to the channel at the same time as the drug
the nurse is caring for a client with cataracts. Which assessment findings does the nurse anticipate? - involuntary oscillations of the eye. - clouding of the lends. - decreased visual acuity. - inability of the eyes to line up equally. - redness of the lining of the eye.
clouding of the lens and decreased visual acuity
when discussing their migraines, two women found that they have some common triggers, which may include: - nonpharmacologic treatments like yoga. - piercings of their nose and cheeks. - their menstrual cycle. - drinking white wine. - consuming chocolate
consuming chocolate and their menstrual cycle
the cerebellum, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli, lies in the posterior fossa of the cranium. What is one of the functions of the cerebellum? - Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body - Conveys the senses of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the superficial and deep regions of the face - Contains the pontine nuclei - Contains the main motor pathways between the forebrain and the pons TAKE ANOTHER QUIZ
coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body
The nurse is reviewing the test results of a patient who was given thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to evaluate the function of the pituitary gland. The nurse would recognize pituitary dysfunction as: - Decreased TSH levels - Increased TRH levels - Increased TSH levels - Decreased TRH levels
decreased TSH levels
A patient with a suspected diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism would most likely demonstrate which serum laboratory value? - Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreased thyroxine (T4) - Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and T3 - Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) related to poor thyroid function - Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4), and low T3
elevated TSH and decreased thyroxine
sites of referred pain are determined by: - intensity coding receptors. - location of the noxious stimuli. - embryonic development of visceral and somatic structures. - stimulation that activates c fibers.
embryonic development of visceral and somatic structures
The nurse is caring for a client with adrenal hyperplasia. What is the nurse's understanding of the etiology of the condition? - Lack of hormone production - Decreased hormone sensitivity - Excessive hormonal stimulation - Altered hormone targeting
excessive hormone stimulation
overstimulation of glutamate receptors is the cause of which type of brain injury? - hypoxic - ischemic - excitotoxic - increased ICP and volume
excitotoxic
a nurse on a medical unit is providing care for a 37 year old female who has a diagnosis of Graves disease. Which assessments should the nurse prioritize? - eye health and visual acuity. - cognition and judgement - signs and symptoms of decreased bone density. - skin integrity and distribution of adipose tissue
eye health and visual acuity
which neuron transmits sensory information from the periphery to the CNS? - first order neurons - second order neurons - autonomic neurons - somatic motor neuron
first order neurons
a patient who is diagnosed with seizures describes feeling confused after experiencing a seizure. The family members report that the patient has been smacking his lips prior to having a seizure. The client most likely experienced which type of seizure? - focal - myoclonic - clonic - atonic
focal
the nurse is educating a patient with nuclear cataracts. Which statements will the nurse include? Select all that apply. - this type forms in the middle of the lens. - this is the rarest form of cataracts. - this type is associated with aging. - this type forms with rapid onset. - this is the form which impacts distance vision more than near vision.
forms in the middle ear, associated with aging, impacts distance more than near
the nurse is caring for a male with an alteration of androgen levels. Which alteration in function does the nurse associate with this? - growth - mood - body hair - temperature
growth
the nurse is assessing a patient with hypothyroidism who is prescribed levothyroxine. Which findings will the nurse report as evidence that the patient's dose may need to be reduced? select all that apply. - heat intolerance. - heart rate of 110 bpm. - constipation. - nonpitting edema. - increased sweating
heat intolerance, heart rate of 110 bpm, increased sweating
the nurse is assessing an adolescent female patient who reports a recent decrease in hearing acuity. Which questions will the nurse include in the assessment interview? Select all that apply. - is there a family history of hearing loss in your family? - have you experienced any ear pain or fever recently? - do you have any issues with dizziness or vertigo? - do you recall if you have ever had a hearing test done? - do you have high cholesterol or high BP?
history of hearing loss, ear pain or fever, dizziness or vertigo, hearing test
when hypofunction of an endocrine organ is suspected, which type of diagnostic test can be administered to measure and assess target gland response? - hormone stimulation. - 24 hr urine. - agglutination - antibody binding
hormone stimulation
a patient who suffered cardiac arrest had CPR performed for 20 minutes. The patient is sedated and on mechanical ventilation. A family member asks if there will be brain damage when the patient wakes up. Which factor is most important when determining the risk for neurologic impairment? - patient age and general health prior to cardiac arrest - length of time the patient requires mechanical ventilation - how effectively CPR maintained cerebral perfusion - underlying cause of the original cardiac arrest
how effectively CPR maintained cerebral perfusion
the nurse is caring for a patient with hyperthyroidism. Which GI finding does the nurse expect upon assessment? - decreased frequency of bowel movements. - report of fatty stools. - hyperactive bowel sounds. - tenderness on abdominal palpation.
hyperactive bowel sounds
which gland acts as a signal-relaying bridge between multiple body systems and the pituitary gland? - hypothalamus - posterior pituitary - thyroid - PTH
hypothalamus
An infant whose mother had myxedema during the pregnancy has failed to meet standards for growth and is developmentally delayed. Which hormonal imbalance is this child exhibiting? - Hypothyroidism - Calcium insufficiency - Hypoglycemia - Dopamine insufficiency
hypothyroidism
the healthcare provider is assessing the muscle tone of a patient who has been diagnosed with a lower motor neuron lesion. Which assessment finding is congruent with the patient's diagnosis? - rigidity - hypotonia - spasticity - tetany
hypotonia
When the nurse is performing a health history for a client who is being admitted for hyperthyroidism, what symptom does the client report that the nurse would find associated with this disorder? - Constipation - Increase in appetite - Weight gain - Fatigue
increase in appetite
which physiologic process best exemplifies a positive feedback mechanism? - increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breastfeeding. - regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin. - release of PTH in response to decreased serum calcium levels. - release of ADH when sodium levels are higher than normal
increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breastfeeding
The nurse is discussing positive feedback mechanisms. Which example best explains this mechanism? - Increased estradiol production causes increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production. - Decreased thyroid hormone (TH) increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. - Increased glucose levels in the blood decreases growth hormone (GH) levels. - Decreased cortisone levels increase blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
increased estradiol production causes increased FSH production
the immune suppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol cause: - moderate insulin resistance. - increased capillary permeability. - increased cell-mediated immunity. - inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
A hormone has been synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of an endocrine cell after which it has moved into the Golgi complex, been packaged in a vesicle, and been released into circulation. Which hormone is synthesized and released in this manner? - Insulin - Cortisol - Testosterone - Estrogen
insulin
the nurse is caring for several patients experiencing acute pain, and notes that each patient has a different perception of pain that they are experiencing. What is the nurse's understanding of why this is true? Select all that apply. - depolarization that conducts the sensory impulses may or may not occur in the individual. - the intensity of the pain required to achieve a response varies among individuals. - pain that exists in other areas of the body changes the perception among individuals. - substances released as a result of pain vary among individuals. - the degree to which pain is endured over time varies among individuals.
intensity, perception, degree
neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons are known as which of the following? - afferent neurons - efferent neurons - cranial nerves - interneurons
interneurons
the nurse is caring for a neonate with congenital hypothyroidism. Which alterations does the nurse expect? Select all that apply - lack of thyroid gland development. - absence of thyroid gland - impaired thyroid hormone synthesis - impaired serum iodine levels - alterations in TSH secretion
lack of development, impaired hormone synthesis, alterations in TSH secretion
While teaching a science class, the instructor mentions that both autocrine and paracrine hormonal actions occur without entering the bloodstream. A student asks, "What cells do paracrine actions affect?" Which response is correct? - Self - Local - Stored - Target
local
the healthcare provider is obtaining a pain history from a patient. Which information is most important to obtain? Select all that apply. - localization. - quality - self-report - intensity - pain onset - gender - self image
localization, quality, self-report, intensity, pain onset
the iatrogenic form of Cushing syndrome is caused by: - long term cortisone therapy. - pituitary tumor secreting ACTH. - benign or malignant adrenal tumor. - ectopic ACTH secreting lung tumor
long term cortisone therapy
the nurse is caring for a patient who has a visual acuity reported as 20/15 from a Snellen chart assessment. Which action should the nurse take related to these findings when planning care for the patient? - ensure the room is well lit and place essential objects within 15 inches of the patient. - make no alterations to the patient's care plan based on the visual acuity results. - ensure the patient has magnifying lenses for activities that require near-vision acuity. - clarify the results; the denominator should never be reported as lower than the numerator
make no alterations to the patient's care plan based on the visual acuity results
the nurse is caring for a client with mastoiditis as a complication from otitis media. The caregivers refused antibiotics to treat the toddler's original ear infection. In order to promote adherence to therapy, the nurse teaches the caregivers about which potential complications of not adequately treating the mastoiditis? Select all that apply. - meningitis - brain abscess - facial palsy - otosclerosis - external otitis media
meningitis, brain abscess, facial palsy
what is the most common mechanism of hormone control? - negative feedback - positive feedback - hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell feedback - hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
negative feedback
which peripheral nerve injury will likely result in cellular death with little chance of regeneration? - Nerve fibers destroyed close to the neuronal cell body - Crushing injury where the nerve is traumatized but not severed - Cutting injury where slow-regeneration axonal branches are located - Incomplete amputation where tubular implants are used to fill in the gaps of nerves
nerve fibers destroyed close to the neuronal cell body
the nurse is assessing the function of a patient's cranial nerves. Which technique should the nurse use in assessing cranial nerve XII function? - note any deviation when the patient sticks out the tongue. - ask the patient to smile and observe for asymmetry. - observe for symmetry of the oral cavity when patient says "ah" - evaluate the patient's ability to hear sound equally in both ears.
note any deviation when the patient sticks out the tongue
which chemical does blood-brain and CSF- brain barrier control with easy entrance? - oxygen - protein - glutamate - potassium
oxygen
The nurse is preparing a client for evoked potential (EP) testing as part of a diagnostic investigation for multiple sclerosis (MS). Which information will the nurse include in client teaching? Select all that apply. - "You will be presented with various stimuli during the tests, such as sounds and images." - "The EP results are used to determine subtle changes in nerve function and conduction." - "You will require moderate sedation for the test because electrodes must be inserted under the skin." - "You may experience a temporary increase in your symptoms during the test, which is normal." - "This test measures the time it takes for your brain to respond to signals from your nervous system."
presented with various stimuli, determine subtle changes, measures brain response time
as part of maintaining homeostasis, why are hormones, secreted by endocrine cells, continuously inactivated? - free receptor sites - stimulate production - prevent accumulation - absorb metabolic waste
prevent accumulation
the nurse is teaching a patient newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The nurse teaches that thyroid hormone is transported by: - protein carriers. - target cells. - cholesterol molecules. - prohormones
protein carriers
several hormones, including GH and TRH, are bound to and carried by which substances? - proteins - target cells - cholesterol - prohormones
proteins
a patient experiencing deep somatic pain would manifest which clinical symptoms? - radiation of pain - pain reproduced by stimuli - localized pain - pain that occurs superficially. - sharp pain with a burning quality that may be abrupt or slow in onset
radiation and pain reproduced by stimuli
what are the clinical manifestations of Meniere disease? Select all that apply. - severe ringing in the ears. - feeling of fullness in the ears - episodes of disabling vertigo. - acute pain in ears. - dizziness triggered by turning the head.
ringing, fullness, vertigo, dizziness
While walking down the street, a cat jumps out of an alley into the pathway of an adult. They note that the man's heart is "racing." This physiologic response is primarily due to: - postganglionic neurons sending axons to glandular cells, which modulate their function. - parasympathetic effects on the vagus nerve. - secretions of sympathetic neurotransmitters produced in the adrenal medulla. - the cell body of the first motor neuron that lies in the brain stem.
secretions of sympathetic neurotransmitters produced in the adrenal medulla
primary adrenal insufficiency is manifested by: - truncal obesity and 3+ pitting edema in lower legs. - potassium levels of 2.8 mEq/L and weight gain of 3 lbs overnight. - serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L and blood glucose level of 48 mg/dL
serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L and blood glucose level of 48 mg/dL
the vertebral column provides protection of which parts of the body? - spinal cord - spinal nerves - supporting structures - muscles - tendons
spinal cord, spinal nerves and supporting structures
which lobe of the brain performs functions of perception, long-term memory, and recognition of auditory stimuli? - frontal lobe - temporal lobe - parietal lobe - occipital lobe
temporal lobe
A 10-month-old infant has had a temperature of 99.7°F (37.6°C) for the past 24 hours with evidence of unilateral ear pain. The infant's caregiver says to the nurse, "I can't believe the doctor didn't prescribe antibiotics. This is obviously an ear infection." Which information does the nurse include in the response? Select all that apply. - "The current findings don't support an infection, but we can ask the doctor about giving analgesics." - "If the discomfort continues for another 24 hours and a fever develops, antibiotics may be needed." - "There may be fluid in the ear causing pressure and pain, but this does not mean it is an active infection." - "Ear infections are no longer treated with antibiotics. Research has shown it is better to wait them out." - "It is likely just teething pain at this age. It is not typical for children under a year old to get ear infections."
the current findings don't support an infection, but we can ask the doctor about giving analgesics; if the discomfort continues for another 24 hours and a fever develops, antibiotics may be needed; there may be fluid in the ear causing pressure and pain, but this does mean it is an active infection
During physiology class, the instructor asks students to explain the pathology behind development of multiple sclerosis. Which student gave the most accurate description? - The demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction - Muscle necrosis with resultant increase in fat/connective tissue replacing the muscle fibers - Atherosclerotic destruction of circulation to the brain, resulting in lactic acid buildup that affects nerve transmission - Autoimmune disease where antibody loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction causes decreased motor response
the demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction
A neuron has been hyperpolarized. How will this affect the excitability of the neuron? - The neuron will have a membrane potential farther from the threshold. - The neuron will be more difficult to repolarize after firing. - The membrane potential of the neuron will be closer to the threshold. - The neuron's excitability will be significantly increased.
the neuron will have a membrane potential farther from the threshold
the nurse is caring for a patient with conductive hearing loss. Which statement does the nurse recognize as true regarding this type of hearing loss? - this type of hearing loss is genetic in nature. - this type of hearing loss may be temporary in nature. - this type of hearing loss impacts the auditory nerve. - this type of hearing loss alters auditory processing in the brain
this type of hearing loss may be temporary in nature
A client who has just undergone a thyroidectomy is experiencing high fever, tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. The nurse would interpret these findings as manifestations of which complication? - Thyroid storm - Myxedema coma - Hypothyroidism - Addisonian crisis
thyroid storm
place the mechanisms of acute pain in the correct order. - tissue injury. - inflammation. - mediator release. - neuronal ascent to spinothalamic pathway. - pain
tissue injury, inflammation, mediator release, neuronal ascent, pain
The nurse is caring for a premature neonate who requires supplemental oxygen therapy. Which action does the nurse prioritize to best prevent complications? - Titrate oxygen therapy based on oxygen saturation levels. - Auscultate the neonate's lung sounds bilaterally every 4 hours. - Limit oxygen delivery to no more than 6 liters per minute. - Use indirect methods of oxygen delivery such as oxygen tent.
titrate oxygen therapy based on oxygen saturation levels
The nurse explains to a patient in labor who has demonstrated ineffective contractions impeding progression of labor that the health care provider has added oxytocin infusion to the orders. What does the nurse teach the patient is the purpose of oxytocin? - To stimulate contraction of the uterus - To reduce pain of uterine contractions - To protect the fetus from effects of forceful contractions - To contribute to maturation of fetal lungs
to stimulate contraction of the uterus
which do chemical synapses relay on to provide communication between neurons? - diffusion. - gap junctions - satellite cells - transmitter molecules
transmitter molecules
While playing outside in the snow a young child did not keep gloves on. In the emergency department, the child reported painful fingertips. The nurse knows this painful sensation is a result of which transmission of proprioceptive somatosensory information? - Reflexive networks - Type C dorsal root ganglion neurons - Anterolateral pathway - Myelinated type B trigeminal sensory neurons
type C dorsal root ganglion
a patient is devastated to receive a diagnosis of ALS. The symptomatology of this disease is a result of its effects on which region of the brain? - basal ganglia - the vestibulocerebellar system - upper and lower motor neurons - neuromuscular junctions
upper and lower motor neurons
a patient asks the nurse when during embryonic growth the nervous system develops. The best response would be: - week 3 - week 12 - week 6 - week 15
week 3
The nurse is caring for a patient who has been living with Parkinson disease for the past 10 years and is being treated with levodopa-carbidopa. The patient often leaves the unit with family for extended periods. What should the nurse prioritize when teaching the patient? - It is essential that you eat a healthy diet with adequate amounts of protein if dining out. - Your medication needs to be taken at equal intervals to reduce symptom fluctuation. - Frequent assessments are needed to prevent complications related to your condition. - Due to your risk for falls it is recommended you do not leave the unit with family.
your medication needs to be taken at equal intervals to reduce symptom fluctuation
