Barnes A&P I Lecture Ch 8-10 Test Study Guide
Arthritis
"arthro" JOINT "itis" INFLAMMATION of one or more joints, resulting in pain & decreased range of motion
Sarcoplasm
"cytoplasm" of muscle cell
Sarcolemma
"plasma membrane" of muscle cell
Lever Systems
*1st Class* - fulcrum b/w applied force & load (dribbling ball) *2nd Class* - fulcrum farther from force & load is in the middle (standing on tippy toes) *3rd Class* - fulcrum closer to applied force & load farther away, like a shovel, (pulling up on fishing rod ... MOST LEVERS IN HUMAN BODY)
Superior/Inferior Rectus eye
*ELEVATE/DEPRESS* front of eye *medially*
Triceps Brachii
*EXTENDS ELBOW*
Elbow
*HUMEROULNAR* joint (b/w humerus' trochlea & ulna's trochlear notch) + *HUMERORADIAL* joint (b/w humerus' capitulum & radius' head)
Angular Movements
*INCREASE OR DECREASE ANGLE* b/w articulating bones Flexion/Extension - decrease/increase angle by bringing bones closer together/moving them further apart Hypertension - extension beyond anatomical position of joint Abduction/Adduction - motion of body part away/toward the midline Circumduction - cone-shaped motion ; freely moveable bone moves around stationary proximal bone
Knee joint
*LARGEST DIARTHROSIS* in human body ; tibiofemoral joint + patellofemoral joint
Twitch Contraction Periods
*LATENT* - 1-2 ms of time for "ap" to spread thru sarcolemma *CONTRACTION* - increase in tension ; repeated cross bridge cycles *RELAXATION* - decrease in tension due to Calcium ion concentration decreasing in cytosol
Special Movements
*Opposition/Reposition* - (THUMB) - travel across palmar surface/returning to anatomical position "OK" Sign *Depression/Elevation* - movement of body part in INFERIOR/SUPERIOR direction *Protraction/Retraction* - movement of body part in ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR direction *Inversion/Eversion* - (FOOT) - ROTATIONal motion MEDIALLY/LATERALLY from midline *Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion* - (FOOT & ANKLE) - angle b/w foot & tibia DECREASES/INCREASES *Supination* - forearm w/ palms anterior, thumb lateral *Pronation* - palms posterior, thumb medial
Medial/Lateral Rectus eye
*PULLS* front of eye medially/laterally
Types of Synovial Joints *least-greatest motion allowed*
*Plane* - 2 bones whose flat surfaces sit next to each other "Intercarpal joint" *Hinge* - convex surface of 1 bone fitting into concave depression of another "Elbow" *Pivot* - uniaxial joint ; rounded surface of 1 bone fits into groove on surface of another "Atlantoaxial" *Condylar* - biaxial joint ; oval, convex of 1 bone fits into shallow concave surface of another "Metacarpophalangeal" *Saddle* - surface has CONVEX & CONCAVE regions complementing each other "carpometacarpal joint of thumb" *Ball & Socket* - MULTIAXIAL; ball-shaped articulating surface of 1 bone fits into cup formed by articulating surface of another ; *SHOULDER & HIP JOINTS*
Gliding Movements
*SLIDING* motion b/w articulating surfaces of bones in a joint, wrist and hand, ankle and foot
Hip Joint
*coxal joint* ; b/w acetabulum & ball-shaped femur head
Synovial Joints
A Diarthrosis "freely moveable" joint where the articulating bones are covered in a layer of Hyaline Cartilage and has a JOINT SPACE or CAVITY.
Suture (FE)
A Synarthrosis "no movement" Fibrous Joint between the edges of bones that make up the cranium.
Syndesmosis (Interosseous Membrane)
A amphiarthrosis fibrous joint of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that form the Interosseous Membrane found between the radius and ulna, and the tibia and fibula.
Amphiarthrosis
A joint classification type that allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones
Diarthrosis (FE)
A joint classification type that is freely moveable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements
Gomphosis (tooth)
A synarthrosis fibrous joint between a tooth and its corresponding osseous pocket in the mandible or maxilla.
Adductor Magnus
ADDUCT thigh & ROTATES MEDIALLY
Subscapularis
ADDUCTS & ROTATES humerus
Gracilis
ADDUCTS, FLEX, & medially ROTATES thigh
Teres Major
Adducts arm
Supraspinatus
Assists abduction
Rotation
Atlantoaxial joint of C1 & C2 that allows the head to turn side to side. nonsingular, *PIVOTING MOTION* ; 1 bone twits/rotates on imaginary line (LONGITUDINAL AXIS) going down it's middle
Medial/Lateral Meniscus
C-shaped fibrocartilage pads ON TIBIAL CONDYLES provide shock absorption & cushioning
Crossbridge cycle
Ca2+ binds to troponin, tropomyosin moves and exposes the active site of the Thin filament. ATP hydrolysis "cocks" the myosin head and then attaches to the Thin filament, ATP energy is spent and by-products ADP & P are now attached to the myosin head. The binding of the myosin head and actin produces a powerstroke and contraction of the muscle.
Ligament (FE)
DRCCT that connects *BONE TO BONE* ; strengthens & reinforces articulating bones
Tendon (FE)
DRCCT that connects *MUSCLE TO BONE*
Rectus Femoris
EXTEND knee & FLEX THIGH
Vastus Lateralis/Medialis/Intermedius
EXTEND knee & lateralis/medialis STABILIZE knee
Gluteus Maximus (FE)
EXTEND, LATERALLY rotates, ABDUCTS thigh
Extensor Digitorum
EXTENDS fingers & EXTENDS wrist
Trapezius superior
EXTENDS head
Diarthrosis-Elbow/Knee-Synovial (FE)
Elbow and Knee: A Synovial joint is a structural classification. An example is the Elbow or Knee. The articulating bones are covered in hyaline cartilage and separated by a fluid filled joint cavity with an articular capsule. This uniaxial hinge is a Diarthrosis: it is Freely Moveable.
Trapezius minor
Elevates the scapula
Skeletal Muscle Structure
Epimysium - surrounds the Muscle ^ Perimysium - surrounds a Fascicle ^ Endomysium - surrounds a Muscle Fiber
T-tubule depolarization (FE)
Excitation-contraction coupling: T-tubule depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-gated Terminal cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum which release Ca2+ ions into the cytosol
Palmaris Longus
FLEX WRIST ; tense dense connective tissue in palm of hand
Biceps Brachii
FLEX elbow & supinates forearm
Brachialis
FLEX elbow (prime mover)
Psoas Major
FLEX thigh & LATERALLY FLEX vertebral column
Sartorius
FLEX thigh & leg @ KNEE ; ADDUCTS & LATERALLY rotates thigh; longest muscle in the body
Pectoralis Major
Flexes arm
Sacromere Bands
I band, the light colored area: elastic filament, Z-disc, Thin filaments A band, the dark colored area: zone of overlap; Thick & Thin filaments H zone, M line; middle area Thick filament only
Na/K ATPase Pump
MAINTAINS NA & K concentration gradients * moves 3 NA out to make NA cytosol concentration low * moves 2 K in making K cytosol concentration low
Gluteus Medius
MEDIALLY rotates thigh & ABDUCTS thigh
Fine muscle control
Muscles that require FINE CONTROL, like around larynx, will have MULTIPLE small motor units, often containing as few as 10 muscle fibers per unit
Cartilaginous Joints
NO JOINT SPACE IS PRESENT, Synarthrosis "no motion" Synchondroses Examples: "Epiphyseal Plate, Costochondral & First Sternocostal Amphiarthrosis "small motion" Symphysis Examples: Intervertebral & Pubic Symphysis
Fibrous joints
NO JOINT SPACE IS PRESENT, Synarthrosis or Amphiarthrosis. DRCCT Examples: Sutures, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis
Soleus
PLANTAR, FLEXES foot
Gastrocnemius (FE)
PLANTAR, FLEXES foot & knee flex ASSISTANCE
Pectoralis Minor
PROTRACTS & depresses scapula
Amphiarthrosis-Cartilaginous-Symphysis (FE)
Pubic Symphysis: A Cartilaginous joint is a structural classification. An example is a Fibrocartilage Plug of the Pubic Symphysis, which is found between the hyaline cartilage on the two pubic bones. The functional classification of this fibrocartilage plug is Amphiarthrosis: it provides for Some Movement, such as that of the birthing process.
Infraspinatus
ROTATES humerus LATERALLY
Teres Minor
ROTATES humerus LATERALLY INSERTS to greater tubercle of humerus
Functional Classification of Joints
SYNARTHROSIS - NO Movement AMPHIARTHROSIS - Small Amount of Movement DIARTHROSIS - Freely Moveable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements
Synarthrosis-Fibrous-Suture (FE)
Suture: A Fibrous joint is a structural classification. An example is the Sutures in the skull. The cranial bones of the parietal and frontal are held together by the coronal suture, and is fused by short fibrous connective tissue; the functional classification is a Synarthrosis: once fused, it provides for No Movement.
Articular Capsule
The outer fibrous layer is DICCT that keeps articulating bones from being pulled apart.
Tetanus
Unfused - sustained contraction w/ partial relaxation Fused - tension @ constant maximum level & no relaxation
Tibialis Anterior
a MAIN muscle of DORSIFLEXION ; INVERTS foot
Fibularis Longus
a MAIN muscle of foot EVERSION ; evert & plantarflex foot
Perimysium (FE)
a connective tissue that surrounds a Fascicle
Synarthrosis
a joint classification type that doesn't allow movement between articulating bones
Deltoid
abducts arm
Recruitment
activation of more more units as greater force is needed
Lastissimus dorsi
adduct the arm
Range of Motion
amount of MOVEMENT joint is capable of UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Active site
area in ACTIN that can bind to myosin head
Serratus Anterior
attaches to upper 9 ribs ; prime mover of scapula in PROTRACTION
Common Muscle Head Origins
biceps - 2 heads triceps - 3 heads quadriceps - 4 heads
Synchondroses
bones united by hyaline cartilage that are synarthrosis, examples are epiphyseal plate and the costochondral/ first sternocostal joint
Common Muscle Regions
brachii - arm oculi - eye cervicis - neck oris - mouth gluteal - booty pectoralis - chest pollicis - thumb
Glycolytic Catabolism *anaerobic catabolism*
break down of glucose to produce 2 ATP per glucose ; in cytosol of all cells
Common Muscle Sizes
brevis - short vastus - wide
Thick Filament
bundles of contractile protein MYOSIN
Pacemaker Cells
cells w / unstable membrane potentials causing them to spontaneously depolarize in rhythmic fashion
External Anal Sphincter
closes anal opening
Orbicularis Oris
closes and protrudes lips, kissing
Orbicularis Oculi
closes eyes
Thin Filament
contractile protein ACTIN & 2 regulatory proteins TROPOMYOSIN (spirals around actin to cover active site) & TROPONIN (holds tropomyosin in place)
Origin biceps brachii
coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle are less moveable, *anchoring point* fixed attachment on bone
Atrophy
decrease in muscle fibers due to loss of myofibrils (result = decline in STRENGTH & ENDURANCE)
Transversus Abdominis
deepest ab muscle ; Compresses ab cavity
Common Muscle Shapes
deltoid - triangular maximus - largest minimus - smallest serratus - jagged, serrated
Synapse
each connection of motor neuron to muscle fiber
Membrane Potential
electrical potential across plasma membrane
Resting Membrane Potential
electrical potential across sarcolemma AT REST (-85mV)
External/Internal Intercostal Muscles
elevate/depress rib cage ; b/w ribs
Terminal cisternae
enlarged SR sections flanking t-tubules
Gouty Arthritis
excess Uric Acid, a waste product, may crystallize and form deposits in the connective tissue surrounding a joint.
Bulbospongiosus
expels semen and urine in males; assists erection of penis and clitoris; constricts opening of vagina
Semitendinosus/membranosus & Biceps Femoris
extend THIGH & FLEX knee *HAMSTRING GROUP*
Quadratus Lumborum
extend vertebral column, maintains posture, lateral bends vertebral column when contracted on ONE side
Tibial/Fibular Collateral Ligament
extrinsic ligaments on either *SIDE OF KNEE* that tighten when knee is extend for weight bearing / walking stabilization tibial - connect femur w/tibia & medial meniscus fibular - link femur w/ fibula & prevents hyperadduction
Temporalis
fan-shaped convergent muscle ; elevates & retracts mandible
Type 2 Fibers
fast-twitch fibers w/ larger diameter ; fatigue quickly; low myoglobin, *WHITE MEAT*
Fast-Twitch Fibers
fibers w / HIGH myosin ATPase activity ; rapidly proceed through contraction cycles
Slow-Twitch Fibers
fibers w / LOW myosin ATPase activity ; slowly proceed through contraction cycles
Glenoid Labrum
fibrocartilaginous RING sitting on GLENOID CAVITY rim
Diaphragm
flattens to lower thoracic cavity floor
External/Internal Oblique
flex & laterally bends trunk; compress ab cavity
Lumbricals
flex metacarpophalangeal joints ; "wormlike" appearance run from palm to fingers ; EXTEND FINGERTIPS
Rectus Abdmoninis
flexes the trunk & compress ab cavity
Sacromere
functional unit of contraction that extends from one Z-disc to the next Z-disc.
What are the 4 general types of movement that can take place at synovial joints?
gliding, angular, rotation, & special movements
Oxidative Catabolism *aerobic catabolism*
in mitochondria ; electrons remover from carbon-based molecules & liberated energy then fuels ATP Synthesis
Common Muscle Locations
infra - below supra - above profundus - deep
Myogram
instrument recording twitches & then generating recordings
Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)
inward extension of sarcolemma that dive deeply into the muscle fiber and SURROUND each myofibril
Symphysis
is functionally an Amphiarthrosis, in which the bones are united by a tough fibrocartilage plug or pad. There are two examples: the Pubic Symphysis, located between the two pubic bones of the pelvic girdle. an Intervertebral Joint located between adjacent vertebral bodies of the spinal column.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (FE)
its primary function is the storage and release of Calcium ions, activities vital to muscle contraction and relaxation.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
less common, b/w 30-50; the IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS connective tissues & damages the articular cartilage
Common Muscle Actions
levitator - raise a part depressor - pulls down erector - holds straight, ERECT
Platysma
lowers lip and opens mouth by depressing the mandible
Ischiocavernosus
maintains erection of penis or clitoris
Zygomaticus Major
major - smile & laugh, pulls superiorly and laterally
Synovial Membrane
membrane made of loose connective tissue that secretes "synovial fluid" and lines the entire joint cavity except where hyaline cartilage covers bone.
Osteoarthritis
most common, *"wear & tear"*; in individuals over 65
Common Muscle Fiber Orientations
oblique - @ angle rectus - straight orbicular - circular
Voltage-Gated Channels
open & close in response to membrane potential changes across plasma membrane
Ligand-gated channels
open in response to the presence of certain chemicals
Myoglobin
oxygen-carrying protein in blood ; found in cytosol ; binds to diffused oxygen
Fulcrum
pivot/hinge point of lever system
Calmodulin *CAM*
protein in sarcoplasm calcium ions bind to
Superior/Inferior Oblique eye
pull front of eye *DOWNWARD/UPWARD & LATERALLY*
Occipitalis
pulls scalp posteriorly
Lactic Acid *LACTATE*
pyruvate compound converted due to lack of oxygen abundance
Action Potential
quick, temporary change in membrane potential in a single region of plasma membrane
Insertion biceps brachii
radial tuberosity more mobile. Insertion end of the muscle is attached to the bone or structure that will be moved when the muscle contracts.
Frontalis
raises eyebrow
Rhomboid Major
retracts scapula
Peristalsis
rhythmic waves produced by 2 layers of smooth muscles alternately contracting & relaxing
glenohumeral joint
shoulder, the most freely moving joint n the body; ball & socket ; constitute pectoral girdle & upper extremities
Motor Unit
single motor neuron along w / muscle fiber it innervates (avg = abt 150 muscle fibers)
Type 1 Fibers
slow-twitch fibers small in diameter ; maintain extended periods of contraction; high myoglobin content, "red muscle", *DARK MEAT*
Synaptic Cleft
space b/w axon terminal & muscle fiber where ACh released
Motor End Plate
specialized sarcolemma region w/ folded surface containing ACh receptors
Striation
striped
Rotator Cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, & subscapularis & their corresponding tendons
Axon terminal
swollen end of AXON (cytoplasmic extension to muscle fiber) that contains SYNAPTIC VESICLES (contain neurotransmitters)
Neuromuscular Junction *NMJ* (FE)
synapse of motor neuron w / muscle fiber -function = transmit signals (NERVE IMPULSES). The NMJ contains three parts: Axon Terminal, Synaptic Cleft, Motor End Plate
Bursa
synovial fluid-filled structure resembling a limp water baloon; in regions of high stress w/ interactions in SMALL spaces
Triad
the combination of the T-tubule and the two terminal 2 terminal cisternae on either side
Masseter
thick, bandlike muscle ; *ELEVATES MANDIBLE*
Synovial Fluid
thick, colorless, oily liquid LUBRICATES, METABOLIC FUNCTIONS, SHOCK ABSORPTION
Elastic Filament
thinnest myofilament composed of structural protein TITIN
Sternocleidomastoid
together: flex head
Hypotonia/Hypertonia
tone in skeletal muscle abnormally low/high hypo - flat, soft feeling hyper - rock-hard feeling, shorten & cause painful joint contractions
Anterior/Posterior Cruciate Ligament *ACL* / *PCL*
within *JOINT CAVITY OF KNEE* & limit motion of knee joint in anterior/posterior directions acl - prevents hyperextension pcl - prevents tibia displacement