BC Quiz 2
Discuss unconditioned/conditioned punishers
Unconditioned punishers occur naturally- heat on a stove Conditioned punishers become punishing when they're paired with something punishing
Differentiate between unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
Unconditioned reinforcers are naturally positively or negatively reinforcing- food, water, sexual stimulation, heat, cold, etc Conditioned reinforcers involve a once neutral stimulus- nearly any stimulus may become a conditioned reinforcer if it is paired with an existing reinforcer ex. tokens- get token after good behavior, can trade in tokens for something, tokens become reinforcing -money is a generalized conditioned reinforcer- can trade it in for unlimited things
Identify the most effective and least effective of the four types of conditioning listed above.
Trace and delay are the most effective.
What happens to a behavior when it is accidentally reinforced during the extinction process?
If reinforcement occurs in the course of extinction, it takes longer for the behavior to decrease
Describe how to use shaping
-Define the target behavior -Determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure (if the person already engages in the target behavior at least occasionally, you do not need to use shaping; you can simply use differential reinforcement -Identify the starting behavior -Choose the shaping steps -Choose the reinforcer -Differentially reinforce successive approximations -Move through the shaping steps at a proper pace
Identify the five factors that influence respondent conditioning
-The nature of the US and the CS -The temporal relationship between the CS and the US -The contingency between the CS and US -The number of pairings -Previous exposure to the CS
What is the behavioral definition of extinction?
A behavior that had been reinforced for a period of time is no longer reinforced, and therefore, the behavior stops occurring. -A behavior that has been previously reinforced -no longer results in reinforcing consequences -and, therefore the behavior stops occurring in the future
What is operant behavior?
A behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement. An operant behavior acts on the environment to produce a consequence and, in turn, is controlled by, or occurs in the future as a result of, its immediate environment. The consequence that strengthens the behavior called a reinforcer
What is a stimulus-response chain? Provide two examples of stimulus-response chains that are not in this chapter.
A behavioral chain is often called a stimulus-response chain. Each behavior or response in the chain produces a stimulus change that acts as an Sd for the next response in the chain.
Define punishment
A particular behavior occurs; a consequence immediately follows the behavior. As a result, the behavior is less likely to occur again in the future (the behavior is weakened)
What is meant by concurrent schedules of reinforcement?
All of the schedules of reinforcement that are in effect for a person's behaviors at one time are called concurrent schedules of reinforcement Ex. raising hand and making animal noises -concurrent operants- both get reinforced by teacher
How is discrimination and generalization of respondent behavior developed? Provide an example.
Discrimination in respondent conditioning is the situation in which the CR is elicited by a single CS or a narrow range of CSs. Generalization has occurred when a number of similar CSs or a broader range of CSs elicit the same CR.
Discuss escape/avoidance behavior
Escape- the occurrence of the behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimulus that was already present when the behavior occurred- behavior is strengthened. Avoidance- the occurrence of the behavior prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring- prevents it from occurring- strengthen behavior
What is a generalized conditioned punisher?
Example- no
Extinction is not the same thing as ignoring. Explain this statement.
Extinction means withholding the reinforcer for a behavior- ignoring the problem behavior functions as extinction only if attention is the reinforcer.
Describe respondent extinction and provide and example.
Extinction of a CR, called respondent extinction, involves the repeated presentation of the CS without presenting the US, the CR eventually decreases in intensity and stops.
Define generalization
Generalization takes place when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some ways to the Sd that was present during stimulus discrimination training
Describe higher-order conditioning. Provide an example.
Higher-order conditioning occurs when a NS is paired with an already established CS and the NS becomes a CS. Depends on how well established the CS is when it is paired with the NS.
Factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment
Immediacy, contingency, motivating operations, individual differences, and magnitude
Discuss the factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement
Immediacy- reinforcer should come immediately to be most effective Contingency- When the behavior produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs first Motivating Operations- Alter the value of a reinforcer. There is an establishing operation (EO) that makes a reinforcer more potent and an abolishing operation (AO) that makes it less potent Individual Differences- The likelihood of a consequence being a reinforcer varies from person to person Magnitude- Generally, a more intense stimulus is a more effective reinforcer
Describe the total task presentation procedure.
In total task presentation, the entire chain of behaviors is prompted in every learning trial. Often, graduated guidance is used with total task presentation
Describe how you would use a written task analysis to get a person to engage in a complex task.
Instructions that list specifically
What four procedures are components of the BST procedure? Describe each component procedure.
Instructions, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback are used together in training sessions to help a person acquire full skills. Instructions- describe the appropriate behavior for the learner Modeling- the correct behavior is demonstrated for the learner Rehearsal- the opportunity for the learner to practice the behavior after receiving instructions or watching a model demonstrate the behavior Feedback- specifically defined as the delivery of praise for correct performance and further instruction after incorrect performance
What is a stimulus prompt? Describe two types of stimulus prompts.
Involves some change in a stimulus or the addition/removal of a stimulus to make a correct response more likely. There are within-stimulus prompts, that change some characteristics of the Sd, and extra-stimulus prompts, in which a stimulus is added to help an individual make a discrimination
Give an example of stimulus control
Jen picks a red strawberry and its sweet, picks a green one and its not- only picks red berries- the presence of the red berry is the reinforcing antecedent. A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the reinforced stimulus
Discuss least to most and most to least prompting.
Least-to-most: Start with minimal prompts and add as needed Most-to-least: Most "intrusive" prompt first, and decrease
Describe fading of response prompts? Provide an example.
Method of transferring stimulus control. Response prompt removed gradually across learning trials until the prompt is no longer provided.
How is negative reinforcement different from punishment?
Negative reinforcement (like positive reinforcement) INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior. Punishment decreases or weakens the behavior.
What is in situ assessment?
Occurs in the natural environment where it will occur
What is an extinction burst (what three things happen during an extinction burst?)
Once the behavior is no longer reinforced, it often increases briefly in frequency, duration, or intensity before it decreases and ultimately stops 1. The behavior may briefly increase in frequency, duration or intensity 2. Novel behaviors may occur 3. Emotional responses or aggressive behavior may occur
Discriminate between positive and negative punishment
Positive punishment- the occurrence of a behavior is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus. As a result, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future. Negative punishment- the occurrence of a behavior is followed by the removal of a reinforcing stimulus. As a result, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future
What are some potential problems with punishment?
Potential problems associated with the use of punishment include emotional reactions to punishment, the development of escape/avoidance behaviors, negative reinforcement for the use of punishment, modeling of the use of punishment, and ethical issues.
What is an antecedent
Precedes the operant behavior/response- stimuli, events, circumstances that were present when it occurs or were present immediately before the behavior
Describe the prompt delay procedure. Provide an example of the constant prompt delay procedure and an example of the progressive prompt delay procedure.
Present the Sd, wait, and if the correct response is not made, provide the prompt
What is a prompt? When is a prompt used in behavior modification?
Prompting is used to increase the likelihood that an individual will engage in the desired behavior at the correct time, so that it can be reinforced.
Describe graduated guidance.
Provide more or less guidance as necessary
Provide an example of extinction
Put money in machine, get a soda every time, one day machine stops working, stop doing it.
What is negative reinforcement? Explain the extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior.
Removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior. Extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior therefore involves eliminating the escape or avoidance that was reinforcing the behavior.
Respondent and Operant Conditioning
Respondent conditioning occurs when a NS is paired with a US and the NA becomes a CS that can elicit a CR. Operant conditioning occurs when a behavior is reinforced in the presence of an Sd and the behavior is then more likely to occur in the future when the Sd is present.
Describe how a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus. What is this process called?
Respondent conditioning occurs when a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. As a result of this pairing, the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response
Define shaping
Shaping is used to develop a target behavior that a person does not currently exhibit. Shaping is defined as the differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior until the person exhibits the target behavior.
What is CER? Provide examples of positive and negative CERs.
Some types of CRs produced through respondent conditioning are called conditioned emotional responses- albert and fear
What is a response prompt? Identify and describe four types of response prompts.
The behavior of an other person that evokes the desired response in the presence of the Sd. There are four types: -Verbal prompts -Gestural prompts -Modeling prompts -Physical prompts
Describe forward chaining.
The first stimulus-response component is taught first, the second component is taught second, until the whole task is learned.
Describe backward chaining.
The last stimulus component is taught first, the next to last component is taught next, until the whole sequence is learned.
What is spontaneous recovery during extinction
The natural tendency for the behavior to occur again in situations that are similar to those in which it occurred and was reinforced before instruction
Define the Premack Principle
The opportunity to engage in a preferred activity as a consequence for a less-preferred one- for example, completing homework before going to play- reinforces doing homework (more likely in future)
What is reinforcement?
The process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliably follows in the future. When a behavior is strengthened, it is MORE LIKELY to occur again in the future
What is a task analysis? Why is it important to conduct a task analysis?
The process of analyzing a behavioral chain by breaking it down into its individual stimulus-response components. Any time your goal is to teach a complex task involving two or more component responses (a behavioral chain) to a person, the first step is to identify all the behaviors that are necessary to perform the task and write them down in order.
Describe stimulus discrimination training
The process of reinforcing a behavior only when a specific antecedent stimulus (Sd) is present. There are two steps 1. When the Sd is present, the behavior is reinforced and 2. When any other antecedent stimuli except the Sd are present, the behavior is not reinforced is called s-delta Example- say I love you to wife, gets reinforced, say it to co-workers- no
The timing of the NS and the US in respondent conditioning is important. There are four possible temporal relationships between the NS and the US: delay conditioning, trace conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, and backward conditioning. Describe each type of conditioning
Trace conditioning: The NS precedes the US, but the NS ends before the US is presented. In the eye blink example, you present the clicking sound and after the clicking sound has stopped, you present the puff of air Delay conditioning: The NS is presented and then the US is presented before the NS ends. Delay conditioning occurs If a clicking sound is presented and a puff of air is presented before the clicking sound has terminated Simultaneous conditioning: The NS and US are presented at the same time- clicking and puff of air are simultaneous Backward conditioning: The US is presented before the NS. The puff is directed at the ye and then the click is presented- unlikely to produce conditioned response
What is transfer of stimulus control? Why is it important?
Transfer stimulus control to the Sd. Allows people to do things on their own without prompting.
Identify the terms signified by the following abbreviations: US, UR, CS, and CR
US- unconditioned stimulus- nipple for a baby UR- unconditioned response- blinking when air puffs in your face CS- conditioned stimulus CR- conditioned response
Provide an example of an extinction burst.
Vending machine stops working, pound on button, then stop
Explain how the reinforcement schedule for a behavior (continuous or intermittent) influences extinction of the behavior.
When a behavior is continuously reinforced, it decreases rapidly once the reinforcement is terminated. In contract, when a behavior is intermittently reinforced, it often decreases more gradually once the reinforcement is terminated.
Discuss social versus automatic reinforcement
When a behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person, the process is social reinforcement. When the behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment, the process is automatic reinforcement
How do we know that a behavior has been strengthened?
When there is an increase in frequency, duration, intensity, or speed (decreased latency)
Describe the use of the BST procedure.
You conduct BST in small groups by providing instructions and modeling for the whole group and then having each member of the group individually rehearse the skills in role-plays and receive feedback.
Discuss positive and negative reinforcement
a. Both strengthen a behavior- more likely to occur in the future b. Positive reinforcement i. The occurrence of a behavior ii. Followed by the addition of a stimulus or an increase in the intensity of the stimulus iii. Which results in the strengthening of the behavior c. Negative reinforcement i. The occurrence of a behavior ii. Followed by the removal of a stimulus (an aversive stimulus) or the decrease in the intensity of a stimulus iii. Which results in the strengthening of a behavior
Discuss schedules of reinforcement
a. The schedule of reinforcement for a particular behavior specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some behaviors are followed by a reinforcer b. Continuous reinforcement schedule- each occurrence is reinforced c. Intermittent reinforcement schedule- occasionally reinforced i. Acquisition and maintenance d. Fixed ratio- specific or fixed number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered e. Variable ratio-delivery of a reinforcer is based on the number of responses that occur, but in this case, the number of the responses needed for reinforcement varies each time, around an average number f. Fixed interval- reinforcement occurs only if it occurs after an interval of time has passed- doesn't matter how many responses, just the amount of time g. Variable interval- reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed
