BCOR 310 Quizzes (THINK: World Religions: Chapters 1 &2 Islam Ch: 4, 5, 7), BCOR, BCOR, RS- Islam, Origins: No God but God Chapter 6 & 7, No God but God: the Origins (Preface & Chapter 1), Origins: No God but God Chapter 4 & 5, No God but God, Reza...

Parental affirmation of the child regardless of her or his physical, mental or emotional characteristics

"Accepting love" as discussed by Sandel refers to. . .

Hijab

"Becoming Muhammad's wife" and only applied to Muhammad's wives in the Quran, possibly as their house was the communal mosque

Axis mundi

"Navel spot", a sacred space around which the universe revolves. Pyramids, temple of Jerusalem, Ka'ba (ancient site in Mecca that worshippers walked around 7x)

Al-Qaeda

"The base" "the fundamentals". Headed by bin Laden's, turned against SA bc they invited US to help repel Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. US is seen to be on a colonial Christianizing mission of the middle East, instead of democratization.

Muhammad's message is summed up best in a twofold proclamation of faith called the shahadah, which asserts ...

"There is no god but god, and Muhammad is god's messenger."

what was the law of retribution?

"eye for an eye"

6 fundamental beliefs

"oneness of God" God is one Gods will and predestination Angels Gods prophets Gods books resurrection and afterlife

First Fitna

(656-661)

snugly

(Carefully, Easily) Fitting Closly

numinous

(adj) 1. of, relating to, or like a numen; spiritual or supernatural. 2. surpassing comprehension or understanding; mysterious: "that element in artistic expression that remains numinous

pythian

(adj) also, pythic. of or relating to Delphi, in ancient Greece

nascent

(adj) beginning to exist or develop. "the nascent republic is holding its first election this month."

confounded

(adj) bewildered, confused, perplexed

fanatical

(adj) excessively devoted, enthusiastic, or zealous in an uncritical way

lurid

(adj) gruesome, horrible, revolting

esoteric

(adj) intended for, or likely to be understood by only a small number or people with a specialized knowledge or interest

clandestine

(adj) kept secret or done secretively, especially because illicit

reticent

(adj) not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily; disposed to be silent or not to speak freely

pecuniary

(adj) of, relating to , or consisting of money

sartorial

(adj) or or relating to clothing or style of manner of dress

auricular

(adj) or or relating to the ear or the sense of hearing; aural

axiomatic

(adj) self-evident or unquestionable

audacious

(adj.) bold, adventurous, recklessly daring

sedentary

(adj.) characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place

tantamount

(adj.) equivalent, having the same meaning, value, or effect

ecstatic

(adj.) intensely and overpoweringly happy (The couple was ecstatic when they learned that they had won the lottery.)

ostentatious

(adj.) marked by conspicuous or pretentious display, showy

incumbent

(adj.) obligatory, required; (n.) one who holds a specific office at the time spoken of

clandestine

(adj.) secret, concealed; underhanded

amenable

(adj.) willing to follow advice or authority, tractable, submissive; responsive; liable to be held responsible

impend

(adj., part.) about to happen, hanging over in a menacing way

vehemently

(adv.) marked by intense force or emotion (The candidate vehemently opposed cutting back on Social Security funding.)

anathema

(n) 1. a person or thing detested or loathed. "That subject is anathema to him. 2. a person or thing accursed or consigned to damnation or destruction

talisman

(n) 1. a stone, ring, or other object, engraved with figures or characters supposed to possess occult powers and worn as an amulet or charm. 2. any amulet or charm

concubine

(n) 1. a woman who cohabits with a man to whom she is not legally married, especially one regarded as socially or sexually subservient (serving or acting in a subordinate capacity); mistress. 2. a secondary wife, usually of inferior rank. 3. (especially formerly in Muslim societies) a woman residing in a harem and kept, as by a sultan, for sexual purposes

hegemony

(n) 1. leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over another, as in a confederation. 2. leadership; predominance

proselytism

(n) 1. the act or fact of becoming a proselyte; conversion. 2. the state or condition of a proselyte

diaspora

(n) 1. the scattering of the Jews to countries outside of Palestine after the Bablyonian captivity. 2. the body of Jews living in countries outside Israel. 5. any group that has been dispersed outside its traditional homeland, especially involuntarily, as Africans during the trans-Atlantic slave trade

knell

(n) 1. the sound made by a bell rung slowly, especially for a death or funeral. 2. a sound or sign announcing the death of a person or the end, extinction, failure... end of something

cadre

(n) 1.a group of trained people who can, or are required to, train untrained members of an organization. 2. a group of trained or otherwise qualified personnel capable of training, or leading, an expanding organization, as a religious or political faction, or a workforce

egalitarianism

(n) a belief in the equality of all people, especially in political, social, or economic life

polemic

(n) a controversial argument, as one against some opinion, doctrine, etc. polemical (adj) - of or relating to a polemic; controversial

topos

(n) a convention or motif, especially in a literary work

exegesis

(n) a critical explanation or interpretation of a text or part of a text (like the bible)

impetus

(n) a moving force, impulse, stimulus

fracas

(n) a noisy, disorderly disturbance or fight; riotous brawl, uproar

charlatan

(n) a person falsely claiming to have a special talent or skill; a fraud

proselyte

(n) a person who has changed from one opinion, religious belief, sect, or the like, to another, convert

monophysite

(n) a person who maintains that Christ has one nature, partly divine and partly human

ossuary

(n) a place or receptacle (a container or device that holds something) for the bones of the dead

brocade

(n) a rich fabric woven with a raised pattern, usually silk and usually silver or gold

portent

(n) a sign or warning that something momentous is about to happen

fount

(n) a source of a valuable quality or commodity

apostasy

(n) a total desertion of or departure from one's religion, principles, party, cause, etc.

buttress

(n) any prop or support

rancor

(n) bitter, ranking resentment or ill will, hatred, malice

numen

(n) divine power or spirit; a deity, especially one presiding locally or believed to inhabit a particular object

acumen

(n) keen insight; shrewdness "remarkable acumen in business matters."

anachronism

(n) something or someone that is not in ints correct historical or chronological time

capitulation

(n) the act of capitulating (to surrender unconditionally or on stipulated terms)

divination

(n) the practice of attempting to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge by occult or supernatural means

complicity

(n) the state of being involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing

intransigence

(n) the state or quality of being intransigent, or refusing to compromise or agree; inflexibility. "no agreement was reached because of the intransigence on both sides"

imam

(n)the officiating priest of a mosque

diatribe

(n.) a bitter and prolonged verbal attack

coalition

(n.) a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose

aspiration

(n.) a desire or will to succeed; a cherished desire; (n.) an expulsion of breath during the active process of speech; the act of inhaling or drawing in air

paradigm

(n.) an example that is a perfect pattern or model (Because the new SUV was so popular, it became the paradigm upon which all others were modeled.)

what is the meaning of the word Quran?

(the Recitation)

inter

(v) 1.to place a (dead body) in a grave or tomb; bury. 2. to put into the earth

abstain

(v) hold back, refrain (especially from something bad or unhealthy); decline to vote

eschew

(v) to abstain or keep away from; shun; avoid. "to eschew evil"

betroth

(v) to arrange for the marriage of. "the couple was betrothed with the approval of both families."

reproach

(v) to find fault with, blame; censure: to be a cause of blame or discredit to. (noun) a blame or censure conveyed in disapproval. "a term of reproach"

ululation

(v) to howl. To make howling sounds

circumambulate

(v) to walk or go about or around, especially ceremoniously

refrain

(v.) - to hold oneself back, forbear

render

(v.) to cause to become; to perform; to deliver officially; to process, extract

expunge

(v.) to erase, obliterate, destroy

contend

(v.) to fight, struggle; to compete; to argue

embark

(v.) to go aboard; to make a start; to invest

exasperate

(v.) to irritate, annoy, or anger

extol

(v.) to praise extravagantly

Hijab in Franch

- 10% of French population identified as Muslim - "the veil affair" (1989): three muslim girls are expelled from public middle school in Creil, France for refusing to remove their headcoverings in the school - French doctrine "laicite" (secularity): strict separation of religion and government - the expulsion of girls prompts public protests among French Muslis and substantial international attention - the "veil law" (2004): French parliament bans of wearing "ostentatious" religious attire and symbols in public schools - discrete are permitted

First Revelation

- 610 CE - during his meditation on Mt. Hira - the urging to recite the name of the Lord - when Muhammad became a prophet

The Death of the Prophet

- 620 CE Muhammad returns to Mecca, victorious over the Quraysh - 632 CE Muhammad dies - when muhammad died, he left no instructions regarding his successor which created a great deal of tension - Muhammad has many roles to be filled: spiritual leader, political visionary, and military commander - high regard was given to Muhammad's family and to those who directly knew him, thus proximity affected importance - people closest to Muhammad, it is believed, felt the power of God more completely (however they didn't always agree and often fought bitterly)

Sunni and Shi'a Muslims

- Sunni- Shi'a schism occurred when Muhammad died in 632 - the dispute was about who would succeed Muhammad as caliph of the Islamic community SHIA - Shiatu Ali: "the part of Ali" -10-13% of muslim population, predominately in Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, and Iraq - regard Ali, Muhammad's cousin, as the legitimate heir of Muhammad's legacy - recognize specific religious leaders (imams) as those vested with spiritual authority (lots of debate about who is a legitimate Imam) - similar to Sunni Islam in many ways, but unique focus on the martyrdom of Husayn and Karbala - pilgrimage video SUNNI - Ahl al-Sunna "the people of the tradition" - makes up 87-90% of the global muslim population - recognize Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father-in-law) as a legitimate caliph who carried on Muhammad's legacy - "orthodox Islam" - Sunni Islam divided into 4 schools of Islamic jurisprudence 1. Shafii (Sunna as primary source of law) 2. Maliki (traditions of Medina primary) 3. Hanafi (large, diverse legal traditionalist) 4. Hanbali (most traditionalist)

Hadith

- a branch of Islamic scholarship that searches for a chain of attribution (isnad) that leads back to Muhammad - scholars typically divide hadith into three categories 1. shahih - authentic 2. hasan - good 3. da'if - weak - two methods for validation 1. Qiya refers to the search of God's will through rational analogy 2. Ijma seeks a consensus among scholars and interprets

Sociology of Religion

- apologist "defender of the faith - religious studies: the academic (secular) study of religious beliefs, it describes, compares, and explains religion, emphasizing systemic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives

Max Weber

- are capitalism and religion linked? - the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Weber noted a shift in economic power away form Catholic countries (France, Spain, Italy) toward protestant (and capitalist) countries (Netherlands, England, Germany) - Weber capitalism: + Ben Franklin - "time is money, and money that is well-managed can turn into more money." Franklin is not merely being greedy, but he is supporting an "ethic" whereby the individual feels a duty to proseper - "cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat food from it" (Gen 3:17) "by the sweat of your brow you will eat your food" (Gen 3:19) work was at best a "worldly activity" and at the worst a curse - all humans have divine vocation; mundane human life is the place where humans find this calling - according to weber, Calvanists sought proof of salvation in their worldly activity - results prove grace thus according to the Protestant Ethic, wealth is no longer seen as a dangerous temptation but idleness is a greater sin - todays workers live in an "iron cage" where material possessions have gained too much control over the individual and the idea of calling is but a "ghost of dead religious beliefs"

Muhammad

- born around 570 in Mecca - grew up in a polytheistic center of the Arab world - was raised by his Uncle, Abu Talib, who was the leader of the powerful Banū Hāshim clan - at age 40 is confronted by the angel Jibril (Gabriel) - after confrontation is imprinted with a message from God, which he delivers to his people (later transcribed as the Qur'an) - in the biblical line of prophets (Jesus is just a prophet to them)

Clothing, Gender Roles, and Religion

- clothing can reflect implicit beliefs about gender roles - in Islam, as in early Christianity, male and female are deemed equal before God but women were historically deemed "subordinate" to men - restoring traditional gender roles (1960 Italy)

Democratization

- demos "people" all citizens of a particular entity - democracy "the rule of the people" - democratization: when power in a tradition or institution transitions from a narrow hierarchy in which a few people have power to a system in which power is dispersed widely Christianity as an example: - from hierarchy to laity - American Chistianity (Joel Osteen, Churches of Christ, Pentacostalism)

Hijab

- literally "screen" or "curtain" - today references head coverings worn by women in many Muslim cultures - the practice of veiling women is not unique to Islam - the practices of hijab is controversial in Western contexts - wearing the Hijab is viewed by some (not all) Muslims as a requirement commanded by God

Islam and Metanarrative

- profession of faith (Shahadah) - radical monotheism -role of Jesus (and other biblical figures) as prophets of God - Muhammad as last prophet (in line with other biblical prophets) - Muhammad as social reformer - Sunni and Shia Islam division (connection to history post-Muhammad) - relationship of religion and the state (conflict with modern secularization) - the nature/role of the Qur'an - different attitudes about purpose of religious practices - "people of the book" connection between Jews, Christians, and Muslims - Five Pillars of Islam (Shahadah, Sawm, Zakat, Salat, Hajj) - Orthodoxy vs. Orthopraxy - central religious space: Mecca, Medina, and the Kaba - Allah-Jehovah-Yaweh - the veiling controversy in Islam

Emile Durkheim

- religion "a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things" - religions distinguish between the "sacred" and the "profane" - religions employ beliefs, rituals, and religious ceremony (the latter two were considered more important because they connect an individual to the community) - what do religious stories do? + religion gives people common beliefs and practices that unify them as as community + religion is important because it serves as a social glue for humans + the religious impulse is found in moments of "collective effervescence" (when a community or society comes together and simultaneously communicates the same thoughts and participates in the same action)

Karl Marx

- religious stories play two roles 1. justify the way things are 2. serve as an "opiate for the masses" - religious stories blind us to what is really going on in the world; its a tool that people in power use to stay in power

Sira and Sunna

- the Sira: Muhammad's biography - through the study of the Sira, Muslims have created the Sunna, a compilation of traditions that teach Muslims how to live - the Qur'an and Sunna provide two sources of sharia, Islamic law

Sharia

- the moral code and religious law of Islam - deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting - Qur'an and the Sunna are the two main sources of Islamic law - a fatwa is a ruling handed down from an Islamic scholar based on his interpretation of sharia law

Sufism

- the mystical order of Islam - engaged in ascetic and mystical practices - the aim: to release minds from worldly attachments and to achieve union with God - flourished from mid-12th century to present - not necessarily separated from rest of Islam - most believe that the inner reality of Islam can only be approached by observance of Shari'a - Sometimes perceived as a threat by Islam - best known for practices of the whirling darvishes

Qur'an

- though this text is written down, many Muslims believe it comes into being when it is said aloud in Arabic - many argue that the Qur'an cannot be reproduced in any other language or form although it has been translated into over 100 language - parts of the Qur'an are incomprehensible, but many Muslims are okay with this (to them, the Qur'an portrays Allah - therefore it shouldn't be fully understandable) - the Qur'an itself is seen as divine - thus, how one treats the physical book of the Qur'an reflects how they treat Allah - punishment for desecration (Pakistan: life imprisonment) - how to dispose of worn out copies (burn? bury?) - unlike the Bible, the Qur'an has no narrative structure - it is arranged into 114 suras, but has no beginning, middle, or end - a sura is a chapter or essay in the Qur'an - they are arranged from longest to shortest, with the only exception being the first and most important sura known as the fatiha (Al Fatiha - Muslims learn the Fatiha by heart at a young age and recite it over a dozen times a day in their prayers)

Postmodern study of religion

- today, scholars challenge the language of studying "religion" - they argue that looking at religion as a separate field of study imposes upon it Western ideological biases - does looking at "grand" narratives, rather than "religions" mitigate the problem? how does it complicate it?

Paganism

-comes from paganus meaning rustic villager or boor- used by christians to describe anyone who did not follow their religion

Ka'ba

-cube -said to be built by Adam -previously housed pagan idols -lost to flood, rebuilt by Noah, lost again and rediscovered by abraham when visiting Hagar and Ismail -most likely a sacred place due to the well (zamzam) nearby

Muhammad's social reforms

1) Primarily law of retribution for order and protection, but encouraged forgiveness 2) made all lives equal, regardless of wealth 3) outlawed usury (exorbitant interest loans) 4) tax free market 5) zakat - mandatory tithe redistricted to the poor 6) changes to improve gender inequality - could inherit property and keep dowries as personal property thru marriage 7) limited #wives a man could have, stipulated a woman can only have 1 husband, gave women the right to divorce their husbands

Four Caliphs

1. Abu Bakr - Muhammad's closest friend and father of Aisha (Muhammad's third wife) - much of his caliphate was dedicated to silencing false prophets - his two-year reign is known as the "Golden Era of Islam" - the greatest contributor of Abu Bakr was the collection of the verses of the Qur'an by a committee of "memorizers" - the Sunni branch of Islam grew from his caliphate 2. Ulmar - reigned 10 years - the most notable feature of Ulmar's caliphate was the vast expansion of Islam - an administrative caliph, he brought structure to the role of caliph as political visionary (conducted a census, built roads, revised tax systems, made provisions for the needy) - married Ali's daughter (Ali was cousin of Muhammad) - was assassinated by the Persians 3. Uthman - his nickname was "Ghani" meaning "generous" - however he was controversial figure, accused of corruption - Uthman's most notable contribution to Islam was the compilation of a complete and authoritative text of the Qur'an - he was assassinated by rebels 4. Ali - Ali was Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin and it was assumed that he would be the caliph earlier than he did - Ali's first act as caliph was to remove all of the Islamic governors and appoint new ones - 656 CE First Fitna (civil war) -- Aisha (Muhammad's thrid wife, daughter to Abu Bakr) leads revolution against Ali ("Battle of the Camel) - 661 CE Ali is assassinated by Kharijite rebe - the Shiite branch of Islam rejected Abu Bakr and regarded Ali as Muhammad's legitimate heir - after Ali's death, Mu'awiyah seizes control of Muslim lands (which begins the Ummayad Dynasty (661-10th century)

Five Categories of Behavior

1. Commanded and Obligatory 2. Preferred 3. Permitted 4. Discouraged 5. Permitted

Summary

1. Durkheim: religious stories are social glue that unifies a community 2. Weber: religious stories also transform how we think about the world (religion can change a community) 3. Marx: religious stories don't change anything, they blind us to what is really going on so that those in power can stay in power. 4. Secularization Theory: we have out grown religion

Summary

1. Durkheim: religious stories are social glue that unifies a community 2. Weber: religious stories also transform how we think about the world (religion can change a community) 3. Marx: religious stories don't change anything, they blind us to what is really going on so that those in power can stay in power.negative view on religion, considered bad for human beings, old superstition. passed his successor Hegel 4. Secularization Theory: we have out grown religion

Arguments against the Hijab

1. French identity: public schools enculturate distinctively French values and culture. sectarian religious symbols threaten this important goal. muslims need to integrate into France, not carve out their own subculture 2. French history: historically, France experienced devastating wars of religion. secularism is the way France keeps this from happening 3. The risk of Islamic fundamentalism: contemporary Islam has been radicalized, and the hijab is a symbol of radicalism that France must not accommodate 4. The feminist argument: the hijab is repressive against women. it assumes that women are "temptresses" that the problem of sexual violence is the immodesty of women not the lack of self-control of men

Six Fundamental Beliefs of Islam

1. God is one; there is no other. 2. God's will; God knows and determines everything 3. God has angels. 4. God sent prophets 5. God's books 6. Resurrection and the hereafter

Six Aspects of Religion

1. History and Myths 2. Doctrines 3. Sacred Places 4. Emotions and Experiences 5. Rituals 6. Ethics and Morals

Three Expressions of Islam

1. Islam as faith. 2. Islam as cultural identity. 3. Islam as a political ideology.

Five Pillars of Faith

1. Shahadah: declaration that there is no god except God, and Muhammad is God's messenger a. someone giving the oath b. a person who makes the ultimate sacrifice for the oath, a martyr c. to become a Muslim, one must "honestly" pronounce the Shahadah in public three times 2. Salah: ritual prayer (observed five times a day) 3. Sawm: fasting and self-control during the month of Ramadan (7/10-8/7) 4. Zakat: giving 2.5% of one's savings to the poor and needy 5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if he/she is able (Dhu al-Hijjah)

Methods of interpreting the Qur'an

1. Tafsir (literal) 2. Tawil (figurative)

Questions about Religion

1. What is Essential? 2. What does it mean to be human? 3. How do humans interact with the sacred? 4. How does the sacred become community?

Five Pillars of Islam

1. Zakat: Giving Charity 2. Salat: Prayer 3. Shahada: Testifying that there is one God and Muhammad is his prophet 4. Sawm: Fasting 5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

Arguments for Hijab

1. religious liberty: banning public wearing of hijab infringes on the liberty of Muslims to practice their religious faith 2. Islamic identity: some Muslims see the hijab as a symbol of Islamic identity. Communities should value people in their particularity, not force them to conform to the values of a single cultural community 3. feminist argument: some Muslim women wear the Hijab as a form of self-expression. the state has no right to infringe on the freedom of women to express themselves

what were the three themes of muhammad's early preaching?

1. sang of the power of God 2. demise of tribal ethic in Mecca 3. talks of the Day of Judgement

Essentials for Islamic Faith

1. there is only one God who created everything 2. accept that Muhammad was God's last and greatest prophet 3. live with complete faith and submission (islam) to the One true God

Common features of religion

1.) History and myths 2.) Doctrines 3.) Rituals 4.) Emotions and experiences 5.) Sacred places 6.) Ethics and morals

8 Belief systems

1.) Individualism 2.) Consumerism 3.) Nationalism 4.) Moral relativism 5.) Naturalism 6.) The New Age 7.) Postmodern tribalism 8.) Salvation by therpy

Who negatively viewed religion

1.) Karl Marx 2.) Freud 3.) Nietzsche

3 Expressions of Islam

1.) Person faith- personal religion, morality and belief 2.) Cultural Identity- You can be Muslim without practicing 3.) Political ideology- overriding idea that controls everything

4 Sources of Islamic Law:

1.) Qur'an 2.) Hadith 3.) Jima-consensus of community 4.) Qiyas-analogical reason

6 Fundamental Beliefs

1.) The "oneness" of God-God is one, God is unique 2.) God's will and predestination 3.) Angels 4.) God's prophet 5.) God's books 6.) Resurrection and the after life

Council at Nicaea

325 -declared jesus to be fully god

How old was Muhammad when he had his first prophetic vision?

40

Council of Chalcedon

451 -doctrine of the trinity -not explicitly mentioned in the new testament

Prayer, Pilgrimage, Fasting, Charity, Profession of faith

5 pillars of islam

important dates

570 birth of Muhammad 610 receives first revelation 622 migration to medina "hijra" which is the beginning of muslim calendar 632 death

When was Muhammad born?

570AD

When did Muhammad experience his first revelations

610 AD (About 40 years old)

When did he migrate to Yathrib with his followers

622 AD (The beginning of the Muslim calendar)

When did Muhammad die?

632 AD

Tawaf

7 circulations around ka'ba

Sunni

85% Tawhid Angels Authority of the Holy Book, Prophets, Day of Judgement and the supremacy of God

Successor

A Meccan companion, Abu Bakr, was named Caliph (successor) in a secret meeting. Many were upset, including Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law. The role was loosely defined and could be interpreted at will. Was at first a secular function but became an absolute monarchy.

plight

A difficult or dangerous condition or situation

disciple

A follower of a person or belief A follower of Jesus

verse

A line of poetry

Metanarrative

A story that underlines and transcends smaller stories.

menace

A threat

Based on Turner's presentation, which of the following is the BEST definition of the term "Islamism"?

A totalizing (that is, ideological) belief that Islam should thoroughly shape a nation's political identity

Islamism

A totalizing belief that Islam should thoroughly shape a nation's political ideology

The pilgrimage to Mecca and all of its rituals are strongly connected with the historical person of _______ thus providing Muslims an important connection with their religious roots that trace back before Muhammad.

Abraham

Ismail

Abraham and Hagar's son

Hagar

Abraham's concubine, banished to the wilderness because she did exactly what she was asked to do; bear a son

Which person succeeded Muhammad as leader of the Muslim community?

Abu Bakr

They turned their love from God to themselves.

According to Reeves' interpretation, what is at the core of the fall of Adam and Eve?

god graciously makes room for his creation to have real existence, which means his creature have the freedom to turn away from him

According to Reeves, how does a trinitarian view explain the existence of evil?

To continue Christ's mission to make God known

According to Reeves, what is the mission of the Christian community?

As an overflowing of his eternal love for the Son

According to Reeves, why does the trinitarian God create the world?

It represents a kind of hyperagency-an aspiration to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and satisfy our desires

According to Sandel, one of the major problems with transhumanism is. . .

It represents a kind of hyperagency-an aspiration to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and satisfy our desires.

According to Sandel, one of the major problems with transhumanism is. . .

the hubris or arrogance of parents

According to Sandel, the MAIN problem with genetically engineered "designer" children is. . .

Constitution of Medina (624 ce)

Agreement of peace among Muhammad, good followers, and the people of Medina, but also assigns religious, political, military, and legal authority to him, while recognizing then as a messenger of God. Likely written years after he arrived in Medina.

Immanence

Allah is present among us always

Transcendence

Allah isn't present in the world but in a higher realm

objection

An argument against; reason for dislike/disapproval

Immanence quote

And he is with you wherever you are

Islamism

Applying principles of Islam to all members of a state/region

Ghassanids

Arab tribe that converted to christianity -buffer between byzantine kingdom and arab Bedouins

Shirk

Associating partners with God

besiege

Attack, overwhelm, crowd in on or surround

Malala Yousafzai

Author of "I am Malala"

Azar Nafisi

Author of "Lolita in Tehran"

Orhan Pamuk

Author of "Religion"

which U.S. president's picture is featured prominently in chapter 1?

Barack Obama

657

Battle of the Siffin (mu'awiya and 'Ali negotiate, agree to appitration, out of it come the khrijteo)

false

Before his death, Muhammad left a clear line of succession plainly outlining who would replace him as the rightful leader of his followers

commenced

Began

commencement

Beginning

Jinn

Beings made of smokeless flame -genies

Orthodoxy

Believing the right thing

Jews

Came to arabiab peninsula because of Babylonian exile and sack of temple in Jerusalem -highly influential -assimilated into arab culture -considered a protected religion in Islamic society due to ties

Quran

Can conflict with itself depending on when the verse was revealed. Muhammad never recorded the Quran because it would change with the needs with the community. Changes are made in stages, I.e. for gradual drinking ban.

Salat

Canonical prayer

European colonialism and expansion

Caused the most difficulty for the Muslim world

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

Cessation of all caravan raids around Mecca and immediate withdrawal, Muhammad could return the next year to perform pilgrimage rites undisturbed. He signed as head of his community, not as a messenger of God. It seemed to win over Meccans.

Suras

Chapters

Fitna

Civil Wars

Ulama

Closest thing to religious authority since Islam has no central political or religious figurehead. Claims sole authority to define shariah, and wrote five pillars of Islam.

Islamism

Communism

Islamist

Communist

Medina

Considered the model of Islamic perfection.

incessant

Continuing without interruption

Pan-Arabism

Counter movement to pan-Islamism. Racial unity instead of religious unity since it was easier but there were many Arab ethnicities. Fall of Ottoman empire and British taking power of Egypt sealed it's fate. Too hard for Muslims across nations to unite.

Goal of Isreal

Create a homeland for the Jewish people

Shahadah

Created 3yrs after revelation. Islamic profession of faith, there is no good but good, and Muhammad is God's messenger. Angered Quraysh since it attacked the Ka'ba (one could access God thr Muhammad without idols), and proclaimed Muhammad above all others.

Pakistan

Created after 1947 Indian independence. Fell into dictatorship until 1972, then reformist elected ruler took power but was branded un-Islamic by clergy and another military coup took hold. Benaxir Bhutto and Nawax Sharif's reformist gov was in place from 1988 - 99 but Musharraf, the head of the army imposed another dictatorship and exiled both. He was pursued to resign in 2008. As Bhutto was assassinated her estranged husband Zardari was been president.

Classical doctrine of jihad

Created during crusades, advocating fighting non-believers until they convert. Used by many leaders to justify uprisings and war

1948

Creation of the modern state of Isreal

Allah

Creator god -originally an ancient rain/sky god who had been elevated to the role of supreme god

Metanarrative: Connected to...

Culture

Five pillars of Islam

Distinguishes Muslim from non-Muslim. Individual and communal prayer, alms, month-long fast during Ramadan, annual Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca during last month of lunar year (where all are equal: gender, class, rank), and shahadah profession of faith

Beneficience quote

Do good (to others) as Allah has done to you

Orthopraxy

Doing the right thing

false

During his life, Muhammad only had one wife.

conspicuous

Easily seen or noticed

Turner argues that an important example of Muslim neo-revivalism is the Muslim Brotherhood, a group which has been highly active and influential in _______

Egypt

Salafiyyah movement / Pan-Islamism

Egyptian Modernism which sought to unite Muslims as one Ummah. Felt Modernism was too pandering to the British colonialists. Rejected Ulama and traditionalist interpretation, believed everything should be rationally debated by the community. Religious leaders should not have secular powers, but there should be a single Caliph. Representative democracy, popular sovereignty, and universal suffrage to create religious solidarity.

Sufis

Engage in mystical practices

revelation

Epiphany enlightening or astonishing disclosure

Based on Turner's presentation, which 18th century event caused the most difficulty for the "Muslim world"?

European colonialism and expansion

Transcendence quote

Every good saying goes up to him

Henotheism

Existence of a single high god without rejecting the existence of other subordinate gods

ubiquitous

Existing everywhere at the same time

Law of Retribution

Eye for an eye. No absolute morality (such as ten commandments) in tribal pre-Islamic culture. Special cases were rules upon by tribal 'Hakam' and became legal tradition 'Sunna', but these were different from tribe to tribe.

Sawm

Fasting

Sayyid Qutb (1906 - 66) & Islamism

Father of Islamic radicalism. Visited USA saw rampant racism and materialism. Jailed and tortured by al-Nasser, after which he realized preaching was not going to take power from those abusing it. It would require a revolutionary event to establish an Islamic state ruled by God and the shariah. No King.

Supremacy of Allah makes Muslims

Feel safe confident in his omnipotence trust him to guide tawhid

Battle of the Camel

First civil war. Aisha (Muhammad's youngest wife) against Ali, Muhammad's son in law. Ali won, pardoned Aisha. He would later show mercy towards other rebellious tribes, and perhaps died for it.

Caliphs

First leaders of the Muslim movement after the death of Muhammad

The pillar of salat teaches that Muslims should pray ______ times a day

Five

Mistaking platitudes (clichés) for original insights

Flannery O'Connor's "Good Country People" explores the theme of. . .

First 3 years after Revelation

Focused on economic justice, taking care of poor and needy. Small group of followers called Companions.

Modernists

Founded in India after the Indian revolt of 1857 in an attempt to revitalize Islam with enlightenment principles. Rejected shariah and Islam's place in politics.

One of the theological debates that Islam shares with Christianity concerns how much God determines our actions and, conversely, how much we have _____

Free will

Hanifism

From "hanif" Arabic Roy meaning to turn away from. Only existed in the Hijaz region. Was a call to reject Judaism and Christianity, for a monotheism in a proselytizing religion of Abraham. Their God was one that was involved in the personal lives of his creation, w/o mediators (oracles, kahins, kohens) and wanted absolute morality pertaining to your fate in the afterlife. Muhammed is said to have met and been rebuked once by Zayd, its leader.

Perhaps not surprisingly for a religion originating in the Middle East, heaven is portrayed in the Qur'an as a (an)

Garden

Orthodoxy vs orthopraxy

Greater emphasis on correct interpretation of myths (Christianity) vs rituals (Judaism). Islam is both.

Poor people in Islam

Had a safety net, taxes were collected for the needy

Surah 112

He is God the One. God the Eternal. He begot no-one nor was He begotten. No-one is comparable to Him

The poet Rumi

He is associated with the Sufi movement in Islam, from Iran, and his work is influenced by many world religions.

Allah's beneficience influences Muslims

He is kind and fair to all so they trust him. He 'created man' so more confident in his beneficience as he gave us resources to thrive. Feel safe.

Mecca conquered (630 ce)

He was welcomed into the city as he marched w/10k men after a skirmish broke the cease fire. No one was forced to convert, though they had to swear allegiance never to wage war against him. He went into the Ka'ba and smashed all idols except Jesus, Mary. Afterward, he went back to Medina.

William James

Helped develop modern methodologies and assumptions about the study of religion.

622 A.D.

Hijra to mediana

40

How old was Muhammad when he had his first prophetic vision

Shi'ism

Husayn, Ali's righteous grandson is killed at the battle of Karbala, and from those who gathered to repent for his death a new religion was born: self-sacrifice for moral principles, atonement through respecting self-sacrifice as commemorated thru ritual. Believe that Husayn fulfilled the sacrifice that Abraham started of his first born son. Salvation requires intercession of Muhammad, Ali, Hasan & Husayn, and devine imams who translate God's underlying word. Imams from Ali's family are created from eternal light and keep secret books. There were 7 or 12, depending on the belief, after which Mahdis, messiahs, would to return in the last days. "There is no God but God, Muhammad is God's messenger and Ali is God's executor".

true

In "Zaabalawi," the main character, ironically, misses seeing Zaabalawi because he falls asleep.

records on bird shot at sidley park

In Arcadia, what is contained in the gamebooks?

sex

In Arcadia, what is explained as the attraction that Newton left out?

a book chatter inscribed to Septimus

In Arcadia, what led Bernard Nightingale to Sidley Park?

her leg was stolen

In Flannery O'Connor's "Good Country People," what happens to Hulga?

bible salesman

In Flannery O'Connor's "Good Country People," what is Manley Hunter's occupation?

His master allows the other hunting dogs to devour the boy in the presence of his mother.

In The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan relates a story about a child slave who throws a stone and injures one of his master's hunting dogs. What happens to the boy?

The suffering of children is too high a price to pay for some future harmony.

In The Brothers Karamazov, What does Ivan say that he hastens "to give back his entrance ticket" to the "higher harmony" (that is, life in the age to come when God makes everything right)?

Make them one as we are one.

In his high priestly prayer in John 17, what does Jesus ask the Father?

a fire

In the middle of Scene 7 of Arcadia, one of the characters casually mentions something very catastrophic that has happened to another character that has very important implications for the play. What is the catastrophic event?

Jihad

Incorporated into Quran primarily as an inner struggle and second as a fight against oppression. Quran also has rules of conduct for war - no killing of innocents, torture, sex crimes, mutilation, and no offensive wars.

Metanarrative: Communal, not...

Individual

Sasanians

Inheritors of ancient Persia -practiced Zoroastrianism -would influence judaism and christianity

Supremacy

Inshallah - God-willing, created us, the seas, Qur'an contains knowledge of things now proven and contains no contradictions. Day of Judgement. Allah is in control

formidable

Inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable

Exegesis

Interpretation of a text. Literal (tafsir) and underlying (ta'wil) which few understand. Debate over whether to take historical context into account when interpreting. Traditionalists do not use historical context, giving more power to Ulama and Shariah.

Religion as mythology

Interpreted historical events to give structure and meaning to myths and rituals of the community and provide future generations with a common identity, a common story

1979

Iranian Revolution

Conflicts between the 3 religions

Islam believes in one God, Trinity doesn't make sense. Jesus was a prophet not a God. J & C hypocrisy and contempt for Islam, where it existed.

Austrailia

Islam did not spread here

Author's last notes

Islam needs democracy, based on Islamic principles (as US is based on Judeo-Christian) and pluralistic. Remove power from Ulama who banned translations of Quran, and allow people to conduct their own religious interpretation. Internet is also changing Islam, transforming how young people think about it.

Sharia

Islamic law

Zionism

Jewish people move into modern state of Isreal

Jews and Christians as Dhimmi "protected peoples"

Jews and Christians are not encouraged to convert, and have religious autonomy if they pay a protection tax (jizyah), though they weren't allowed to proselytize in open spaces. Quran confirms the other scriptures and considers all three "people of the book" - monotheistic pluralism. Seems that Muhammad sought to align his religion with Judaism - initially was a mandatory fast on Yom Kippur, praying towards Jerusalem, congregation on a day that didn't interrupt Jewish Sabbath preparations (these were changed later). All biblical prophets appear in the Quran.

Abrahamic religions

Judaism, Christianity, Muslim

OF the following thinkers mentioned in Chapter 1, which of the following was described as scorning religion and lamenting its influence on society?

Karl Marx

Women in Muhammads life

Khadija(first wife), 'Aisha(favorite wife daughter of Abu Bakr), Fatima(daughter of khadija, married to 'Ali)

Quraysh

Known throughout the Hijaz as "the Tribe of God," the tribe who was the most powerful and wealthy of all the Bedouin tribes in Mecca prior to Muhammad was the

meager

Lacking in quantity or quality

Metanarrative: Rooted in...

Language and Texts

indolent

Lazy, slothful

Khomeini

Led 1979 Iranian Revolution that toppled the corrupt monarchy, after which he created a constitution that created a republic gov but also installed himself as absolute clerical ruler of the Islamic republic of Iran, using religion to argue his word was infalliable and divinely inspired. He could elect leaders, overturn any law, dismiss the president.

Prophetic topos

Literary theme elaborating on prophetic experience. Signs in childhood, magical birth, etc. May not be true but reinforces that they have divine origins.

Zarathustra

Main prophet in Zoroastrianism

Sunni, Shi'ism, Sufism

Mainstream is Sunni and its two branches

Sunni Muslims

Majority of Muslims

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the poet Rumi?

Many suras of the Qur'an derive from his poetry.

Sayyid or Shaykh

Means 'first among equals'. Tribal figurehead responsible for moral ethics though had little executive authority. Had to make alliances with other tribes as well since there was no absolute mortal code and others could kill, steal at will. Also protected those who could not protect themselves - poor, elderly, orphaned, widows.

Religious center

Mecca

Seat of power

Medina

Masih

Messiah

giftedness

Michael Sandel's argument regarding genetic enhancements is PRIMARILY rooted in an ethical approach that emphasizes the ______________ of life.

Hijra (622 ce)

Migration from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina, city of the prophet), after Muhammad's protector uncle and his wife die, and he is vulnerable to Quraysh attack.

Allah's transcendence influences Muslims

More confident in life after death, make them pray more

After Ali

Mu'awiyah clan (Umayyad Dynasty, 661 - 750) took power, moved capital to Damascus. Abbasid Dynasty took power after with help of Persian converts, moved capital to Baghdad. Shi'ah contingents controlled other areas and formed smaller empires. The Ottoman empire by the Turks was the last caliphate from 1453 - 1924.

false

Muhammad accepted the Quraysh's financial and military support in exchange for his endorsement of their worship of many different gods.

false

Muhammad died a bloody death in a battle against the Meccans.

632

Muhammad dies

true

Muhammad drastically changed traditional laws regarding the treatment of women, both restricting how many women a man could marry and granting women the right to divorce a man.

absolute monotheism

Muhammad emerged in Mecca at the beginning of the seventh century preaching a message of ____________ ____________.

Battle of Badr (624 ce)

Muhammad had been raising Quraysh caravans, and was tricked into confronting Quraysh forces. 300 to 1000. The Jewish tribe who betrayed Muhammad were banished.

570

Muhammad is born

622

Muhammad moves with his followers to Medina

610

Muhammad receives his first revelations

true

Muhammad repeatedly identified himself with Christian and Jewish prophets

true

Muhammad repeatedly identified himself with Christian and Jewish prophets.

Battle of the Trench (627 ce)

Muhammad used a trench defense over a month long siege to repel Quraysh. Betraying Jewish tribe (Banu Qurayza) was punished according to Arab tradition (and against the Islamic one): fighters killed, women and children made slaves.

true

Muhammad was forced to leave Mecca.

Year of the Elephant

Muhammad's bday is fictitiously pegged to this year, when Abyssinians unsuccessfully tried to destroy the Ka'ba with an elephant army, possibly because of its growing economic status brought about by the Quraysh clan.

Sira

Muhammad's biography

Khadija

Muhammad's first wife was an older, successful, and highly respected merchant woman named

Battle of Uhud

Muhammad's men are destroyed by Quraysh army. Betraying Jewish tribe was banished.

Abu Talib

Muhammad's uncle who raised him

Khadija

Muhammad's wife, 15 years his senior who had wealth, confidant and consoler. Muhammad greatly benefited from her and sought to give women equal status.

Ismail

Muslims believe that their religion descends from which Biblical figure?

Alawites

Mystic; live in Syria

Sufism

Mysticism, asceticism, apolitical, egalitarian. Divine is beyond human intellect. Reason must be abandoned for unrequited love. Rumi was a Sufi poet. Rejects shariah and external religious authority. Interested in the meaning behind the Quran, and ultimately, love. Believe religions have different names but are one thing. Secret to religion cannot be taught, people can be led to its outer shell but must continue their inner journey thru self-annihilation. "It can't be defined, only described." Essence of Islam, face beneath veil, pearl in shell.

Metanarrative: Shape our individual...

Narratives

Umma

Nation or community of all muslims

a hermit

Near the end of the play (Arcadia), we discover that one of the important characters (a man) later in life, becomes. . .

Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia (1750s)

No God but God meaning no celebration of Muhammad, rituals, holidays, Imams, etc. Strict application of shariah, unbelievers killed. Demolished tombs, cut down sacred trees, etc. Allied with a leader of a desert town and then conquered Mecca, Medina. Sacked Muhammad's tomb, burned everything except Quran. Banned music, flowers, coffee, tobacco. Repelled by Egypt in 1818. Later, assisted by Britain who allied with SA they reconquered Mecca and Medina in 1915. Executed 40k men and imposed wahhabism over population, "the kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Then fueled by evangelism and the discovery of oil. They took hold of SA, the hajj pilgrimage and their influence spread everywhere.

Muhammad's death (632 ce)

No secession plan, associated tribes stopped paying tithe tax to Medina, other states had replicated his concept of a divinely inspired state, majority of words and deeds were only in Companion's memories, Quran had not been written down, collected, or organized.

repugnant

Offensive, disagreeable, distasteful

Persia

Older name for Iran

false

Once Muhammad left, he never returned to Mecca.

Tribal ethics overturned by wealth in Mecca

One family was above all, so there was no longer anyone who was responsible for protecting the poor. The city was economically stratified, those with money became richer.

recite

One night in 610 C.E., Muhammad was meditating on Mount Hira, when a terrifying voice washed over him and commanded him to _______________.

Turner says that a central focus of the Qur'an is the tawhid of God. What does "tawhid" mean?

Oneness/Unity

Tawhid

Onenesss of God. Not considered a muslim if you don't believe in this. Only person with authority more personal Shahadah

Hadith

Oral anecdotes recalling words and deeds of Muhammad. Used to interpret his will after his death. First created by companions, then 2nd gen tabiun, but became harder and harder to authenticate.

Muhammad

Orphan brought up by his uncle. Trustworthy, married an older woman who owned a caravan business. Was conflicted about his success and his poor background. Had a revelation that God told him to recite the Quran.

Byzantine Empire

Orthodox, Nestorians, Monophysites

Sufi Way

Path of spiritual self-realization like a mtn with God's presence at the peak. There are seven regions that a believer will pass thru with the guidance of Sufi saints called Pirs: The Quest where one renounces the world, Mystery to pick and start your path, Detachment from lust for meaning, Unity where many are merged into one, Bewilderment where one has no certain knowledge, Nothingness and stripped of ego. 30 of 1000 will make it to the end, and they will see God but it is themsleves, becoming the 'universal man' or 'perfect man' a reflection of and union with God.

Metanarrative: Can include or exclude...

People

Main cause of Isreal

Persecution of Jewish people during WWII

Allah's Immanence Influences Muslims

Personal relationship, trust him more to guide them

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Egypt

Place of active "Muslim Brotherhood"

polytheism

Prior to Muhammad's revolutionary reformation, Mecca was a city known for its...

Law of Retribution

Prior to Muhammad, the dominant code tribes used to maintain order was ________________.

generous and evenhanded merchant

Prior to his prophetic visions, Muhammad was known as a ______________.

true

Prior to the rise of Islam, Jews and Arabs were heavily integrated, sharing cultures, stories, and traditions.

Shahada

Professing Islam

impetuous

Quick to act without thinking Passionately impulsive, marked by sudden, hasty emotion; forceful, violent

Rationalists and traditionalists

Rational: theology must align with rational thought and religious interpretations can be influenced by human reason, free will, Quran is created by man and reflects God. Traditional: Sunni, prophets and traditions are fixed, no free will, literal interpretation of Quran, believe and don't ask how or why, Quran IS God and thus shouldn't be translated

the father

Reeves argues that the Christian God should be primarily understood as:

Shariah

Regulates external behavior (1 mandatory good, 2 meritorious good, 3 neutral, 4 bad but not punished, 5 forbidden). Based on Quran and unreliable oral stories of the prophet, some rationalization, or the unanimous consent of legals scholars of a certain age even if it contradicts the Quran. There are different doctrines of shariah depending on region.

reminiscent

Reminding of the past

Angra Mainyu

Responsible for all evil

Spenta Mainyu

Responsible for all good in Zoroastrianism

preposterous

Ridiculous, senseless

Abu Bakr (632-634), 'Umar(634-644), 'Othman(644-656), 'Ali (656-661)

Rightly guided Caliphs

Secularization Theory

SECULAR: secularis (latin) meaning "worldly" -- the state of being separate from religion SECULARIZATION: the shift of society from predominately sharing religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and institutions - states that scentific progress and other facets of modernity pose a threat to the taken-for-granted nature of religious belief systems - thesis: scientific progress contributes to the decline of religion - Peter L. Berger suggests that for millennia, people lived under a "sacred canopy" united by a common belief in God (or the gods), beliefs and rituals that made sense of human life, structured human conduct, and served as a sort of social glue that oriented us in common ways - in modernity, the canopy is no longer stable - science has eroded many traditional claims that religions have made about the world - now different communities live under their own "umbrellas"

Which of the following is NOT a covering used by women in certain parts of the Islamic world/

Sawm

Later reinterpretations of the Quran

Scholars reversed reforms to empower women, rejected that J&Cs were part of the Ummah, and said Quran superceded instead of supplemented Torah and Scriptures.

Karl Marx

Scorns religion and laments its influence on society

furtively

Secretively or sneakily

Which of the five pillars of Islam is traditionally understood as a person's entry point into the community of believers?

Shahada (confession of faith)

Islamic laws that govern believers lives.

Shariah refers to

Sunni, Shia

Shi'ite originated from Ali's clash who sought to preserve original vision of Ummah. They believe Ali was the first imam, proof of God on earth. Sunni 'orthodox' was everyone else. About how large a part religion should play in politics, not whether it should. Qutb (1950s) advocated an Islamic state that encompassed religious and political authority.

Islamic Reformation

Similar to Christian Reformation, Islamic form is clash between fundamentalists and those who are striving to reconcile beliefs with the modern world

Kharijites

Small faction in Ali's party that were the first extremists, if you disobeyed the Quran you were a kafir, unbeliever, and expelled from the Ummah. Believed Ali's decision to use arbitration instead of killing enemies was a sin, crying 'no judgement but God's'. The man who killed Ali yelled this before he struck.

Alms-Giving (zakat)

Spending for the sake of God

Zakat

Spending for the sake of God

Society of Muslim Brothers (1928)

Started by Hasan al-Banna in Cairo against Modernism, pan-Arabism, colonialists. Islamic socialism, the Islamization of society. Hugely popular and supported al-Nasser's 1953 coup against the monarchy. Was eventually banned for protesting al-Nasser's authoritarian regime.

false

Stories in the Quran imply little familiarity with the traditions and narratives

UK (Great Britain)

Successive numbers of immigration have increased the amount of Muslims here

Abu Bakr

Sunni/Shi'a division goes back to this leader, whether or not he could be a successor of Muhammad

sovereignty

Supreme or independent political power.

Metanarrative: Transcends your...

Surroundings

Shi'a

Tawhid, Prophethood, imamate, resurrection and the Justice of God

Ummah

Term Quran uses for Muhammad's followers until 625ce. We don't know it's etymology. They probably participated in communal activities: prayer, giving alms, fasting, dirty restrictions, purity rituals, which gave the group common social and religious identity. Muhammad tried reforms here he couldn't bring about in Mecca. Anyone could join by proclaiming the shahadah - you weren't limited by being born into this 'tribe' - unlimited potential for growth.

false

The "chain of succession," or isnad determines the follower of a leader in Islamic communities.

Mahdi

The "guided one"

"Golden Age" of Islam

The 600s, under the four Rightly-Guided Caliphs

Which of the following time periods is often looked to as a "golden age" of Islam?

The 600s, under the four Rightly-Guided Caliphs

allah

The Arabic word for "god" is

Emigrated from Mecca to Medina

The Islamic calendar begins in the year 622 C.E. That year, ultimately came to be known as Year 1 A.H. (After Hijra) and marks the year that Muhammad and his people

true

The Quran was never written down during Muhammad's lifetime. As a result, after his death followers had to collect, record, and canonize it.

656

The battle of the camel

true

The practice of veiling and seclusion (known together as hijab) refers to a practice frequently performed by Muslim women.

Ahura Mazda

The wise lord who created everything in Zoroastrianism -became Ohrmazd (god of light) who would fight Ahriman (god of darkness)

Which of the following BEST expresses traditional Muslim teaching regarding the ethical value of various actions?

There are various gradations, ranging from strictly forbidden to the absolutely obligatory.

Hanifism

Those who had turned away from worshipping the idols to worship one god

garden

Throughout Arcadia, what/who goes through an extreme makeover?

Jahiliyyah

Time of ignorance -moral depravity -religious discord -paganism dealing with immediate survival bedoin -sedentary dealing with neo-animism

Jahiliyyah

Time of ignorance. Before the arrival of the prophet Muhammad. Religious pluralism existed during this time, especially in Mecca which was farther from the religious epicenters of Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism

repeal

To cancel

true

To discuss issues on which the Quran is silent, or to get a fuller interpretation of the Quran, Muslims often turn to hadith, oral anecdotes recalling the words and deeds of Muhammad.

intimidate

To frighten, especially by threatening someone

scandalize

To offend by doing something improper

flinched

To pull back quickly in pain or fear; to wince.

Shi'ite Muslims

Trace history to followers of 'Ali

Jihadism

Transnational militant movement, started when SA funneled radical fighters to Afghanistan to repel invading Soviets in 1979. Create one Ummah by using jihad as an offensive weapon. Ultra-conservative, sees society in two parts: people of heaven and people of hell.

unmolested

Undisturbed

Ayas

Verses

Quraysh

Wardens of the Ka'ba. Group of Meccan clans united by Qusayy in 400 ce. He realized control of the sanctuary meant control of Mecca. His house was literally attached to the Ka'ba. Became very wealthy by collecting idols in nearby city and putting them in the Ka'ba, then taxing pilgrims to worship and trade within the city, and city inhabitants to provide services to the pilgrims. Genius was connecting seasonal trade fairs with pilgrimage season, though the economic importance of Mecca is disputed.

byron

What famous Romantic poet plays an important part in Arcadia, but never appears on stage?

desert dwellers

What is a bedouin?

The belief that God is one person with three different moods/modes

What is modalism?

chaos

What scientific theory/concept does the play (Arcadia) best represent/explore?

cube

What shape is the Ka'ba?

632 A.D.

When Muhammad died

570 A.D.

When Muhammad was born

Iran

Where "Lolita in Tehran" takes place

Turkey

Where "Religion" takes place

Swat Valley, Pakistan

Where Malala is from.

the mecca

Where was Muhammad born?

arius

Which fourth-century Christian theologian argued that the Son was not eternal with the Father but, instead, was created by the Father?

Abu Bakr

Which person succeeded Muhammad as leader of the Muslim community?

to cure his affliction

Why does the narrator need to find Zaabalawi?

he was an orphan

Why was Muhammad sent to live with his grandfather, then his uncle?

Of the following thinkers mentioned in Chapter 1, which of the following helped develop modern methodologies and assumptions about the study of religion?

William James

of the following thinkers mentioned in chapter 1, which of the following helped develop modern methodologies and assumptions about the study of religion?

William James

false

Wives in Islam have historically been considered property and therefore have in most Islamic nations not been allowed to own or inherit property.

All of the following activities are forbidden as part of the Ramadan fast EXCEPT ________

Working

Tehran Spring (1999)

Young people protested for Democratic reform and were suppressed by military. Conservatives had total control of government by 2005. Disputed elections returned Ahmadinejad to power in 2008, students revolted and were crushed again. Solidified belief that Iran was not Islamic nor a republic.

Sassanian religion

Zoroastrians "fire worshipers"

Hadith

a branch of Islamic scholarship that searches for a chain of attribution (isnad) that leads back to Muhammad - scholars typically divide hadith into three categories 1. shahih - authentic 2. hasan - good 3. da'if - weak - two methods for validation 1. Qiya refers to the search of God's will through rational analogy 2. Ijma seeks a consensus among scholars and interprets

course

a line or route along which something travels or moves to flow; to stream

Quraysh

a member of the powerful, fabulously wealthy tribe that had settled in Mecca centuries earlier and who are now known throughout Arabia as abl Allah "the Tribe of God" the Wardens of the Santuary

Hajj

a once in a lifetime pilgrimage to Mecca

aftermath

a result or consequence

Shahadah

a twofold summary of Muhammad's message "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God's Messenger"

Sura(h)

a unit from the Qur'an

indispensible

absolutely necessary, not to be neglected

replete

abundantly supplied; complete

Jahiliya

age of ignorance

Zakat

almsgiving

zakat

almsgiving

sentiment

an attitude, feeling, or opinion; refined or tender emotion

rivalry

an ongoing competition

yathrib

arabic name for the city of medina

bedouin

arabic travelers agnostic to the islamic traditions

what was the social ethic of the Bedouin?

arabs wanting to do more outside of the kaba

backdrop

background a curtain or scenery at the back of a stage

Sevener

believe that Isma il ibn Ja'far was the seventh and last Imam (hereditary leader of the Muslim community)

Nestorians

believes god has two different natures

how did it work to minimize violence?

blood money used to pay

66

books in the bible

laden

burdened; loaded down

inflick

cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something

suras

chapters of Qur'an

rival

competitor opponent

grievance

complaint

annihilation

complete destruction

orthopraxy

correct behavior (Five Pillars)

orthopraxy

correct behavior, "right practice, doing the right thing (Five Pillars)

orthodoxy

correct belief (Shahadah)

orthodoxy

correct belief, believing in the right thing "right doctrine"

Kaaba

cube, the sacred house that muslim believers face during prayer

contrition

deep regret for doing something wrong

The doctrine of jihad refers to.

defensive battle or struggle with faith

suspend

defer, postpone, delay, procrastinate interrupt, cease, arrest, stop

volatile

easily aroused or changeable; lively or explosive

what was the hijra and why was it important?

economic center of mecca (where most teachings were)

Justinian

empire who enforced the orthodox church

Jihad

exertion or struggle, holy war

Kharijteo

extreme piety. First Islam extremist group, eventually assassinate 'Ali in 661

Sawm

fasting from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan

Abu Bakr

father-in-law and senior companion (sahabi) to Muhammad

intimidation

fear, restraint, or discouragement caused by threat; the act of causing such. Category: emotion. noun 恐吓

futility

feeling of being ineffective; uselessness, hopelessness

Zayd the slave

first slave to accept islam

Kadija

first wife of Muhammad - mother of believers - first person to convert to Islam

livid

furiously angry

fetch

go or come after and bring or take back

Orthodox

god is divine and human

Shi'ites

group of believers that compromise at least 10% of muslims: acknowledging only the authority of Ali

detrimental

harmful; damaging

reluctant

having doubt or unwillingness

what were the circumstances under which muhammad first receives his revelations?

he gave his people the first text to read and recite

timeline

he is born he marries khadija he shares his revelations w/fam he shares rev w/ppl of mecca they reject his message experiences the night journey establishes constitution of Mec. changes prayer from Jer. 2 Mec. battles with mecca he marries aisha conqueres mecca he dies

Why was Muhammad sent to live with his grandfather, then his uncle?

he was an orphan

Hijab

head coverings

Ansar

helpers (in medina)

which of the following is NOT one of the four questions chapter 1 proposes to ask of various world religions?

how does god judge people -what is essential -what does it mean to be human -how does the sacred become community

usurpation

illegal seizure of power

ar-rachman

indian composer and philanthropist;

unrelenting

inexorable not yielding in strength, severity, or determination

Imam

islamic leader, commonly in charge of mosque

abraham

ist prophet

Of the following thinkers mentioned in chapter 1, which of the following was described as scorning religion and lamenting its influence on society?

karl marx

who were some of muhammad's earliest followers?

khadija, ai, abu bakr

strangle

kill by choking or suffocating; suppress

According to Reeves, what is the life that the Spirit gives to humans?

knowing the son and father

Twelver

largest branch of Shi'a Islam believe in the twelve imams the last imam lives in occultation and will reappear as the promised mahdi

muhammad

last prophet/ messenger of God not divine, regular human being, no god like traits also does not get worshiped he is rather venerated than worshiped(ex:virgin mary) "he brought the word", obey's gods will and submits to him

obligatory

legally or morally required; required as a routine course of action

Sunnis

majority of islamic world: claim to be direct continuation of the faith of muhammad

what was mecca like during the time of the muhammad?

mecca was a trading zone

Ghassanids

mercenaries of byzantine empire

Lakhmids

mercenaries of sasanian empire

masih

messiah in arabic

abu bakr

muhammad's father in law

khadija

muhammad's first wife

shahada

muslim profession of faith, "there is no god, but god and muhammad is god's messenger."

prospect

n. the outlook for the future; a view, esp. of scenery

detour

n. 偏离正常标准： a turning away from a course or standard

what is the differnece between a nabi and a rasual?

nabi gives text/ rasual gives message

Shahada

no god but god but Allah and muhammad as his prophet

undaunted

not discouraged by danger or difficulty

categories of bahavior

obligatory-ex: 5 pillars, reward in life and afterlife. if not then punished. preferred-not required, good to do though, reward in the end. no punishment if not. Ex: extra prayers. extra whatever, imitating muhammad. permitted- refers to most stuff, things that are neither good or bad. Ex: living in a house,marrying or remaining single discouraged-no reward only punishment if done. Ex:sleeping after sunrise, lots of things from the hadith. forbidden- reward if not done but punishment if done. Ex: whatever is prohibited in the Qur'an such as alchohol, pork, adultery

monophysites

one nature divine and human

Worldwide caliphate

one-world government

Qur'an and bible

organized from longest to shortest

The Kahins

poets who functioned primarily as soothsayers and who, for a fee, would fall into a trance in which they would reveal divine messages through rhyming couplets (the means by with the pagan gods in pre-Islamic Arabia would reveal themselves)

Sasanian

polytheistic, fire whorshippers

impotent

powerless; lacking strength

Salat

prayer five times a day

nabi/rasul

prophet/messenger

chastised

rebuke or reprimand severely

630 A.D.

recapture of mecca

piqued

resentful Irritated

resurgence

rising again to life, use, acceptance, or prominence

Fatwa

ruling handed down from an islamic scholar based on his interpretation of the Islamic law

which of the following is NOT one of the six common features of religions discussed in chapter 2?

sacred texts -doctrines -history and myths -

anchor

secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place

iniquitous

showing a lack of fairness; wicked; vicious

landscape

situation, outlook

entrench

solidly established, dug in; strongly ingrained adjective: fixed firmly or securel

ali

son in law of muhammad

Umaggads (5th and 6th Caliphs)

start of the Umaggads dynasty, direct succession of father to son

Islam

submission or self surrender

Caliph

successor to muhammad as the leader of the believing community

bolster

support; prop up

114

suras in the Qur'an

capitulation

surrender; ending resistance

Tawaf and Hajj

tawaf: the seven circumbulations of the Ka'ba (the cube); the primary ritual of Hajj

jibril

the angel Gabriel(angel of death)

rear

the back part of something v. to raise children

Henotheism

the belief in a single High God, without necessarily rejecting the existence of other, subordinate gods

Allah

the creator god (al-lah = "the god")

hijra

the emigration from mecca to yathrib (622 CE/ year 1 AH) in islam calendar

mahdi

the guided one

Sharia

the moral code and religious law of Islam

Sharia

the moral code and religious law of Islam - deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting - Qur'an and the Sunna are the two main sources of Islamic law - a fatwa is a ruling handed down from an Islamic scholar based on his interpretation of sharia law

Sufism

the mystical order of Islam - engaged in ascetic and mystical practices - the aim: to release minds from worldly attachments and to achieve union with God - flourished from mid-12th century to present - not necessarily separated from rest of Islam - most believe that the inner reality of Islam can only be approached by observance of Shari'a - Sometimes perceived as a threat by Islam - best known for practices of the whirling darvishes

Fatiha

the opening sura of the Qur'an

mentality

the particular attitude or way of thinking of a person or group

Qur'an

the recitation, the central religious text for muslims. believed to have been dictated verbatim by God to Muhammad

Hadith

the records of the teachings, sayings, and actions of Muhammad

Shirk

the sin of practicing idolatry or polytheism - the greatest sin in Islam

quran/iqra

the text of islam

Ulama

those recognized as scholars or authorities of the islamic religious sciences

Muhajirun

those who emigrated

Time of Ignorance

time before Muhammad's message when paganism was among the Arabs

610-632 A.D.

time of Qur'an revelations

otensibly

to all outward appearances

embroiled

to be involved in argument or contention

summon

to call together, to send for or to request to appear

erupt

to explode; to break out with force

waver

to fluctuate between choices

disenchant

to free from false belief

fashion

to give something shape or form to create, make

incense

to make very angry

inundate

to overwhelm; to cover with water

supersede

to relace, especially to displace as inferior or antiquated

Women in Islam

told to be respected, men could have 4 wives max, all wives had to be treated equally, divorce rights, women had to wait 3 months after remarrying, inheritance rights.

siras

traditional biographies but none come close to the historical man muhammad. siras and hadiths date back to 200 or 300 Lt. reliable sources, known to be the earliest recorded events but are questioned because they are not eyewitnesses events

hadith

traditions about the prophet, especially what he did, what he said, for example records of what Muhammad said and his deeds. not very reliable, they are rather accounts of what others have said and have been transmitted from person to person which can lead to corruption of story itself.

Women in Jahiliya

treated almost like slaves, no rights, at the mercy of the family, men could marry as many women as they wanted.

Characteristics of Jahiliya

tribal, polytheism, booty(form of money aka anything valuable)

Lakhmids and Ghassanids

two groups of arabs

inadvertently

unintentionally

coin

v. to devise a new word or phrase

ayas

verses in Qur'an

Slaves in Islam

virtuous to free a slave, limitations on how you can treat your slave and concubine

itinerant

wandering from place to place; unsettled

Jesus

was a prophet was not crucified and did not resurrect was created by dust like Adam NO more than another messenger he is not Gods son in isalm

'Uthman

went around and destroyed qur'ans because he gives wanted to establish his as the correct one. Piety was questioned

New center of power = damascus

when Mu'awiya comes into power he moves center of power to damascus from medina

frantically

wild with anger, pain, worry; frenzied

categorically

without exceptions or conditions

incarnation

化身 embodiment