BCS 200 questions unit 3
How many cells or colony-forming units are presumed to result in a single colony using the viable plate method?
1
Put the 3 basic steps of PCR in order
1) Denaturation 2) Priming 3) Extension
Which three events in protein synthesis occur post-translationally?
1) addition of cofactor 2)protein folding 3) removal of the formyl methionine
order of binary fission
1) cell wall, membrane, and overall volume are enlarged; chromosomes are duplicated 2) septum begins t form and chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell; components are randomly divided 3) septum is completely formed and the cell membrane begins to patch itself 4) daughter cells are divided
Place the following in order to indicate the naming process for restriction enzymes
1) first letter of bacterial genus 2) first 2 letters of bacterial species 3)the order discovered in the bacterium
Order for a normal bacterial growth curve
1) lag phase 2) exponential 3) stationary 4) death
Which two of the following statements regarding heterotrophs are true?
1) large organic molecules must be digested before absorption 2) Monosaccharides are generally good carbon sources for heterotrophs
Put these general steps in order for the recombinant DNA procedure
1) remove and isolate a selected gene from a donor organism 2) insert the gene of interest into a vector 3) use vector to deliver selected gene into cloning
An ___________ is an organism that prefers acidic (pH below 7)
acidophile
Which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria?
conjugation, transduction, and transformation
DNA repair enzymes have as their substrate
damaged DNA
Saprobes are decomposers of plant and animal matter, and cannot engulf these large food particles. As a consequence, they excrete enzymes that function to
degrade the food to smaller molecules that can be transported into the cell
Cationic detergents typically work by..
disrupting the cell membrane
Which DNA sequences encode functional protein?
exons
__________ are DNA sequences which encode for functional proteins
exons
The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the _______ growth phase
exponential
The final step of PCR is known as ________ and involves the synthesis of complete complementary strands of DNA
extension
The ability of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae strains to produce attachment___________ is an example of phase variation
fimbriae
Formalin is an aqueous solution of ___________ gas that is used as a potent chemical fixative and microbicide
formaldehyde
A __________ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotide, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream
frameshift
Which type of mutation is generally most harmful to cells?
frameshift
___________ the study of the inheritance of living things
genetics
A ___________ ____________ is a collection of DNA clones that represents the entrie genome of an organism
genomic library
The two aldehydes used most often in microbidal control are ________ and _______
glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde
A __________ curve is a graphical representation of the change in population size over time
growth
What term is used to describe essential organic compounds such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet?
growth factors
You release a small drop of red dye into a beaker of water and watch diffusion of the red dye from regions of ______ concentration to regions of _______ concentration of dye
high; low
Viral mRNA is translated into viral protein on _______ ribosomes using ________ tRNA
host;host
Which two are transport functions of the cell membrane?
import nutrients and export waste materials
Several Pseudomonas species hae been genetically altered creating strains that have which of the following characteristics
inability to form ice crystals and ability to produce insecticide
The gene called "ori" in this cloning vector functions to
initiate plasmid replication
Several Pseudomonas species have been genetically altered creating strains that protect plants from pests by producing ______________
insecticides
Which DNA sequence do not encode protein, but may have a regulatory function?
introns
The lac operon E. Coli regulates the metabolizes of _________
lactose
_________ phase is when a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division results in slow gains in cell numbers
lag
Which strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replicaiton?
leading
In active transport, molecules are moving across the membrane from an area of ___________ concentration to an area of __________concentration
low; high
Which is the main event of translation initiation?
mRNA binds to the ribosome
During translation initiation, the ribosome binds to the _______ RNA transcript
messenger
__________ can silence gene expression, making these molecules valuable in the study of disease and the development for potential therapeutic treatments
micro RNA
Heaby metals are relaibly:
microbicidal
A small number of _______ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology
mutations
A __________ is a microbe which prefers environments near or at a pH of 7.
neutrophiles
What are the two molecules that require sulfur atoms?
Cysteine and Vitamin B1
How does RNA differ from DNA in bacteria and eukaryotes?
RNA is single stranded and in RNA uracil replaces thymine
The antibiotic rifamycin, used to treat tuberculosis, binds and inhibits the activity of
RNA polymerase
Which enzyme transcribes DNA into RNA?
RNA polymerase
________ ________ is the enzyme that transcribes DNA into RNA
RNA polymerase
What is the main event of transcription elongation?
RNA polymerase joins nucleotides
What are methods of gene transfer in bacteria?
Transformation, Conjugation, and Transduction
What is the main even of transcription termination?
RNA polymerase reaches a terminator region
The human genome contains approximately _________ base pairs
3.1 billion
Which is the main event of translation termination?
A nonsense codon is reached and the peptide is released from the ribosome
Which two of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription are correct?
A series of adenosines is added o the mRNA and splicing to remove introns occurs in the nucleus
During transcription elogation, RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of _______ from template _______
RNA; DNA
What amino acid sequence is encoded by the DNA template sequence 3' TACCGCGCTCTACCG-5'
AUG/GCG/CGA/GAU/GGC Met/Ala/Arg/Asp/Gly
What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Aerobic
An ______ is an organism that loves alkaline
Alkalinophiles
Which two of the following satements are correct regarding DNA replication elongation?
DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers used to initiate DNA synthesis and replication proceeds at a rate of 750 bases per second
Which three of the following infections are caused by biofilms?
Ear infections, cystic fibrosis, and dental plaque
T/F: A RNA template is a strand of RNA made from DNA
False
T/F: Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication of the leading strand
False
T/F: Plasmids are insertion sequences that can lead to changes in genotype within a cell or between cells
False
T/F: Viral genomes may be composed only of single or double stranded DNA
False
Transfer of DNA from a source other than the parent organisms
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Which element plays a key in maintaining the pH of cells?
Hydrogen
_______ ______ typically kills microbes by producing toxic free radicals
Hydrogen Peroxide
Identify all of the general macronutrients found in a cell
Hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
Gene probes are commonly used for:
Identifying bacteria or viruses in an unknown culture and diagnosing causative agents of infection
______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy sources or as building blocks of cellular structures
Nutrition
Cloning hosts commonly used in recombinant DNA technology include
Several bacterial species, live animals/plants, animal cell cultures, and yeasts
An insertion sequence consists of only two genetic elements:
Tandem repeats and DNA encoding enzymes for transposition
Which two of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription are correct?
The exon-intron junction is recognized by a spliceosome and transription occurs before splicing
What is the practical value of gene probes?
They can detect specific nucleotide sequences in unknown samples
Micronutrients ( zinc & manganese) that are required by cells in small amounts are considered ________ elements.
Trace
T/F: A bacterial cell described as a competent can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment
True
T/F: A phage is a bacterial virus
True
T/F: Cell numbers increase exponentially during the log phase and decrease exponentially during the death phase of microbial growth
True
T/F: DNA polymerase is involved in the synthesis of new DNA strands during DNA replication
True
T/F: During protein synthesis, many copies of a specific protein can be synthesized from a single mRNA transcript
True
T/F: Heavy metals inactivate proteins of microbes
True
T/F: Quats are rated for only low-level disinfection in the clinical setting
True
T/F: Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that can convert RNA into DNA
True
T/F: The 3 steps of PCR are repeated over and over to generate copies of the DNA
True
T/F: The anticodon for the codon AUG is UAC
True
T/F: The rate of growth in a bacterial culture can be measured in hours, days, or weeks depending upon the species
True
T/F: There are thousands of different restriction enzymes that each cut DNA at a different sequence
True
What term is used to describe the cloudiness of a broth culture?
Turbidity
transfer of DNA from parent organisms during reproduction
Vertical Gene Transfer
The lactose repressor protein is _______, meaning that it has two binding sites, one for the operator DNA sequence and another for lactose
allosteric
The __________ test is a method of detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective bacteria
ames
Cellular growth can be visualized by:
an increase in cellular components, an increase in cell size, and an increase in cell number
Tetanus and gangrene are deep tissue infections mainly associated with which type of bacteria?
anaerobic
A relationship where mircoorganisms compete for survival in a common environment is known as________________
antagonism
CRISPR is a system for genetic engineering that has been found in
archaea and bacteria
Craig Venter created a self-replicating ___________ cell from four bottles of chemicals
bacterial
Some microbes generate unique gel-like formation which are fairly resistant to antibiotics. These formations are called __________ and often grow on surfaces such as catheters
biofilms
Phase variation occurs when streptococcus pnemonia produces a
capsule
A microbe's nutrional type is deteremined by its source of ________ and _______
carbon and energy
A ___________ is a continuous culture system that provides nutrients and removes waste to stabilize cell cultures
chemostat
What name is given to a device which provides a continuous culture system and removes wastes?
chemostat
What is the role of restriction endonucleases in the biotechnology lab?
cleaving selected pieces of DNA
The organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment is referred to as the __________ _________
cloning host
which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one organism benefits and the other is unharmed?
commensalism
What is the function of rRNA?
composes ribosomal subunits
m
nontemplate
The word "__________" is often used on conjunction with the word "parasite" to describe the parasite's absolute need of a host cell or some other condition
obligate
The property of having antimicrobial effects in exceedingly small amounts is call a ______ action
oligodynamic
Transposable elements are capable of moving from _______ to _______
one site in the chromosomes to another site in the chromosome; the chromosome to a plasmid; a plasmid to the chromosome
A relationship between organisms where one organism benefits at the expense of another is called ________
parasite
_________ is a relationship between 2 organisms where the host is harmed and the colonizer benefits
parasitism
During the endocytic process of ______ the cell actively engulfs large particles into vesicles
phagocytosis
Animals such as sheep and goats can be engineered to produce useful proteins taht are secreted in their milk or semen in a process referred to as "____________"
pharming
Phase variation is a type of ___________ variation
phenotypic
Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?
photoactivation
A ________ is an organism which uses the sun's fight in directly power to metabolic pathways
photoautotroph
Any microbe that uses photosynthesis to feed is specifically referred to as a(n) __________
photoautotroph
Microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as _______, while microbes that gain their carbon in an organic form are classified as ________
photoautotrophs; heterotrophs
Galactose permease is an enzyme that facilitates the movement of galactose across the gram negative cell envelope. It is encoded by a 1400 bp gene. The best choice of cloning vector to clone the bene is a
plasmid
__________ and bacteriophage make good cloning vectors
plasmids
"Finishing touches" on proteins are termed __________ modification
posttranslational
The ________ of the lac operon is a region of DNA that is recognized by RNA polymerase
promoter
Which process in bacteria do the antibiotics tetracycline, chloramphenicol and erythromycin specifically inhibit?
protein synthesis
The ability of some bacteria to detect the numbers of often similar species of bacteria within a given area is called __________ sensing
quorum
Which type of RNA composes ribosomal subunits?
rRNA
What type of RNA composes ribosomal subunits together with protein?
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
The primary intent of ____________ DNA technology to combine the genetic material from two organisms
recombinant
The __________ of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino aid
redundancy
The _________ is a particle composed of two subunits of rRNA that is the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
During _________ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one strand from the parent template and one newly synthesized strand
semiconservative
A mutation that changes base but does not change the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein is termed a __________ mutation
silent
______ is an alkaline compound made by combining the fatty acids in oils with sodium or potassium salts
soap
Which of the following statements about soaps are correct?
soaps help to mechanically remove surface debris, soaps are only weakly microbicidal, and some bacteria can grow on soap as a nutrient source
During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?
stationary
Staggered cuts through the two strands of DNA by an endonuclease leave tails known as ________ ends
sticky
The field that involves engineering organisms with new capabilities is known as ___________ biology
synthetic
The 3' end of a eukaryotic chromosome that cannot be copied is called the ______
telomere
The antibiotic rifamycin can be used to treat tuberculosis because
the drug is more active against bacterial RNA polymerase than the human enzyme
DNA polymerase purifed form ________ organisms are used in PCR because they remain active at the high temperatures needed to denature DNA
thermophilic
RNA polymerase binds the DNA promoter to initate ___________
transcription
During what process is mRNA converted into a
translation
The process of shifting the ribosome down the mRNA to read new codons is termed _______
translocation
T/F:Aldehydes are organic substances taht contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon
true
Cells made rigid due to internal water pressure are called _______
turgid
The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while _______ is only found in RNA
uracil
A genetic element such as a plasmid or a bacteriophage that is used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments is called a(n)______________
vector
The most common vector in gene therapy is a:
virus
In basic science, we study phenomena of the natural world
with no direct application or product
x
x