Behavior Modification

Amoral

Lacking a moral sense; unconcerned with the rightness or wrongness of something.

symptom substitution

If the underlying cause is not treated, it may simply manifest itself in terms of some other symptoms, a phenomenon called _______ _______

REINFORCER

...

What is Punisher and give an example

...A stimulus whose presentation immediately after a behavior causes that behavior to decrease in frequency. When a child hits his younger brother (response), his mother spanks him (punisher)

4-Step process of Behavioral Mod

1) Assess; Be specific about the behavior, how many times in occurs and for how long? Also use ABC'c and Maslow's Hierarchy 2) Establish Baseline 3) Implement the plan for change 4) Evaluate the outcome

Pavlovian Conditioning

>Behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli >learned associations Pavlov's Dog- In the experiment, he placed food in front of the dog (unconditioned stimulus UCS). The dog predictably salivated (unconditioned response UCR). Then he began to ring a bell and place the food before the dog, soon the dog began to salivate (conditioned response CR), at the sound of the bell (conditioned stimulus CS) without the stimulus of food.

principles of Behavior Modification

>Experimental approach >continually evolving and improving >reduce undesired/learn new behaviors >Many behaviors are maintained by anxiety >Ahistorical/regardless of the history of the behavior, what do we do here and now? >avoids labeling and categorizing people >can be easily explained/everybody can use it >Can be carried out in groups >is concerned with self control/teaching people to carry out change programs on themselves >Is Amoral; does not specify a moral system >Maladaptive impedes proper functioning >Draws from principles of human behavior, learning and motivation

Flooding

A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears.

The following are some examples of positive punishment:

A child picks his nose during class (behavior) and the teacher reprimands him (negative stimulus) in front of his classmates. A child grabs a toy from another child (behavior) and is sent to time out (negative stimulus) (something is added)

Negative reinforcement

A person learns to use relaxation skills to offset anxiety, with the decrease in anxiety being a negative reinforcer. A client is reinforced for putting out a cigarette by the negative reinforcer of the offset of the hot smoke in his face. Thus negative reinforcement is based on the decrease of something undesired such as pain or anxiety.

Primary reinforcement

A reinforcer that meets our basic needs such as food, water, sleep, or love.

Positive reinforcement

Anything that happened after a person's behavior, which increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur more often, is a POSITIVE REINFORCER. In other words Positive reinforcers INCREASE the frequency of behavior.

Token Economy

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

shaping pg 20

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.________ is the name given to those initial steps needed to get the subject to engage in the behavior that is to be rewarded.

Secondary reinforcement

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

positive reinforcement

Carol, a new manager in a company began praising workers for submitting their reports on time. This increased on time reports. Used properly it is the most powerful of all behavior tools

The following are some examples of negative punishment:

For a child that really enjoys a specific class, such as gym or music classes at school, negative punishment can happen if they are removed from that class (desired stimulus) and sent to the principal's office because they were acting out/misbehaving (behavior). If a child does not follow directions or acts inappropriately (behavior), he loses a token for good behavior (desired stimulus) that can later be cashed in for a prize. (Something is taken away)

Aversive counterconditioning pg40

Giving an alcoholic Antabuse medication; if they drink alcohol they will get violently ill.

Premack Therory

Grandmas Rule. You cant have what you want until you do what I ask you to do.

State the principle of punishment

If, in a given situation, someone does something that is immediately followed by a punisher, then that person is less likely to do the same thing again when he or she encounters s similar situation

Feedback

Information to the individual about the effects of their behavior.

Modeling

Involves a change in a person's behavior as a result of observing another person, the model.

Fading

Involves taking a behavior that occurs in one situation and getting it to occur in a second situation by gradually changing the first situation into the second

What is Negative Punishment:

Negative punishment happens when a certain desired stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. Key concepts in operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive Reinforcement.

Guidance

Physically aiding the person to make some response.

What is Positive Punishment:

Positive punishment works by presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future.

Positive reinforcers

Positive reinforcers are favorable stimuli that are given after the display of behavior. Positive reinforcement strengthens the probability of a behavior by means of the addition of something. Example: You studied hard and got an A in your Math exam. Your mom rewards you by treating you to your favorite restaurant. After this, you study hard again and also got an A in your History exam. Your mom rewards you by going with you to see a movie you like. For your next examinations, you study hard once more.

Punishment

Punishment provides an unpleasant consequence after a behavior, which causes the behavior to occur less often.

Desensitization (34)

Reduction of anxiety when thoughts or situations arise. >Train the client how to relax >Determine the thoughts or situations that elicit anxiety. >Breakdown the situation or thoughts into steps >monitor responses and anxiety levels.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement is a process of increasing the frequency or rate of a behavior by means of presenting a stimulus shortly after the display of behavior. The event that intensifies the likelihood of the behavior to be repeated is called a reinforcer. There are two types of reinforcer:

Narrowing

Restricting behavior to certain times or places. example; stop smoking. restrict the behavior to only to occur while sitting a chair in the basement.

General reinforcement

Staff- money- collectables

Contact Desensitization

The client watches someone else (the model) approach the feared object. The model helps the client approach the object The model is gradually faded out as the client approaches the feared object

contingency

The relationship between a person's behavior and some resultant event. A student receives a certain grade as a result of achieving a certain test score. A child is reprimanded for using certain words. The contingency is the work expended for the grade, using the certain words.

CONTINGENT EVENT

The result of the contingency. If you study (contingency, you will earn an "A" (contingent event)

Intrinsic

The task itself is rewarding by itself and therefore can be used as a reinforcement. synonyms: inherent, innate, inborn, inbred, congenital, connate, natural

Extinction (23)

The word we give to the process of ignoring a behavior until it disappears. What bigger let down is there than to be ignored for something you have just said or done.

RESPONDENT VERBAL CONDITIONING

When you don't put your seat belt on there is an annoying beeping so you put your belt on.?

Time out

removing a child from a situation and placing them into a situation with no reinforcers in order to decrease undesirable behaviors.

Ahistorical

without concern for history or historical development.