Behavioral neuroscience - research methods

Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid

Are neurotoxins; destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged

If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then

Bury it

Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain?

MRI

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research?

Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes; Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes; The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience

Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the

WAIS

A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

The open-field test is usually conducted in

a large, empty chamber.

In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is

an antibody.

The self-stimulation paradigm is

an operant conditioning paradigm

Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as

antibody is to messenger RNA

The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is

bregma

MEG records

changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp

Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that

complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive process; each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain.

A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by

cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it

Muscle tension is monitored by

electromyography

In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of

external room cues

Which technique records the BOLD signal?

fMRI

Intracellular unit recording is particularly difficult in

freely moving animals

Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image?

functional MRI

Transgenic mice always possess

genes of another species

A computed tomography (CT) scan of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine

horizontal sections

Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies?

immunocytochemistry

Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain?

immunocytochemistry; in situ hybridization

The typical Morris water maze

is circular

Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because

is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject.

The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys

neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of

oxygenated blood flow

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before

positron emission tomography

In most self-stimulation paradigms, laboratory animals

press levers or perform other operant responses to obtain reinforcement; receive electrical stimulation through implanted electrodes

Multiple-unit signals are typically

recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes; integrated, or added together, to facilitate their interpretation.

In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by __________ and decreased by __________.

reinforcement; punishment

The digit-span test is a common test of

short-term memory

The Morris water maze is commonly used to study

spatial ability in rats

In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through

stainless steel skull screws

The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is

stereotaxic surgery

Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of

the membrane potential

If a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use

the paired-image subtraction technique

Bregma is

the point of intersection between two major skull sutures; a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery

In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from

the scalp

Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures

through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula

Antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of

time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze; conditioned defensive burying

During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the

unconditional stimulus