Behavioral neuroscience - research methods
Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid
Are neurotoxins; destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged
If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then
Bury it
Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain?
MRI
Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research?
Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes; Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes; The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience
Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the
WAIS
A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
The open-field test is usually conducted in
a large, empty chamber.
In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is
an antibody.
The self-stimulation paradigm is
an operant conditioning paradigm
Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as
antibody is to messenger RNA
The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is
bregma
MEG records
changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp
Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that
complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive process; each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain.
A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by
cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it
Muscle tension is monitored by
electromyography
In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of
external room cues
Which technique records the BOLD signal?
fMRI
Intracellular unit recording is particularly difficult in
freely moving animals
Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image?
functional MRI
Transgenic mice always possess
genes of another species
A computed tomography (CT) scan of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine
horizontal sections
Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies?
immunocytochemistry
Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain?
immunocytochemistry; in situ hybridization
The typical Morris water maze
is circular
Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because
is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject.
The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys
neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine
Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of
oxygenated blood flow
A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before
positron emission tomography
In most self-stimulation paradigms, laboratory animals
press levers or perform other operant responses to obtain reinforcement; receive electrical stimulation through implanted electrodes
Multiple-unit signals are typically
recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes; integrated, or added together, to facilitate their interpretation.
In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by __________ and decreased by __________.
reinforcement; punishment
The digit-span test is a common test of
short-term memory
The Morris water maze is commonly used to study
spatial ability in rats
In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through
stainless steel skull screws
The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is
stereotaxic surgery
Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of
the membrane potential
If a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use
the paired-image subtraction technique
Bregma is
the point of intersection between two major skull sutures; a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery
In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from
the scalp
Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures
through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula
Antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of
time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze; conditioned defensive burying
During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the
unconditional stimulus