BEP Final
Of the following, the statement that best illustrates the Premack principle is:
"As soon as you've finished your seat work, I'll let you start on your art projects."
Metacognition/ self regulation
--Reflecting on the general nature; thinking and learning • Knowing the limits of one's own learning and memory capabilities • Planning a reasonable approach to a learning task • Applying effective strategies to learn
MUSIC acronym
-They are eMpowered -The content is Useful -They can be Successful -The content is Interesting -They have Caring relationships
3 principles of learning
1. Build on prior knowledge 2. Organize for understanding 3. Develop metacognition and self-regulation
Which element of a S.M.A.R.T. goal is assessed by past performances?
Achievable
Which one of the following individuals most clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?
Claude studies science so he can understand what makes things "tick."
Of the following, which set of characteristics are we most likely to see in children of authoritarian parents?
Withdrawn, discontented, worried
Antecedent controls
the precipitating conditions before a behavior occurs.
Promoting student motivation
●Get students emotionally involved in subject matter. ●Foster emotion regulation. ●Keep anxiety at a low to moderate level. ●As students make the transition to middle school or high school, make an extra effort to minimize their anxiety and address their need for relatedness.
Peer relationships
(other children who are a child's equal in age) begin to play an increasingly important role in children's development.
Mastery vs. performance goals; completing goals (social vs. academic)
----Learning Oriented Students: -Motivated by desire for knowledge acquisition and self-improvement. -Characteristic of Self-Regulated Learners. -Intrinsically motivated/ Non-Competitive/Knowledge for Itself. -Seek Out Challenges -Resilient in the face of failure/setbacks. ---Performance Oriented Students: -Motivated by desire to gain recognition, status, and earn good grades. -Focused largely on Scores and Getting High Grades. -More Likely to Take Easy Courses. -More Likely to Avoid Challenges.
Community Centered
---focuses on establishing norms that -Promote Risk-Taking with freedom to make mistakes -Value understanding -Create connections between school and community - homes, community centers, religious organizations, businesses
Knowledge-centered: The essential role of factual knowledge and conceptual frameworks of understanding
---focuses on knowledge for understanding and transfer -Subject matter (what is taught) -Applied/disciplinary framework for understanding and transfer (why it is taught) -Organization to support disciplined inquiry (big ideas) Benchmarks for Mastery (learning goals)
Learner-centered: Engaging prior understandings
---focuses on learners prior knowledge, skills, attitudes, beliefs (KSAB) -Make prior KSAB visible -Design / Adapt instruction so it is culturally relevant with learners' prior KSAB -Build on KSAB preconceptions Challenge KSAB misconceptions
Vygotskian development theory and related concepts
--Development depends upon cultural and historical contexts of children's experience. --Activity is culturally and situationally bound --Activity is separate from thought. --Thought & reasoning emerge through practical activity in social settings --Development and learning are mediated; tied to the sign systems that individuals acquire --Tools (e.g., language, writing systems, counting systems) help people think, communicate, and solve problems
Assessment-centered: The importance of self-monitoringd
--focuses on opportunities to make KSAB visible -Monitor Progress towards goals (mastery) Summative Formative --Awareness of one's learning (metacognition) Opportunities to revise (mastery oriented) Adapt strategies in goal pursuit (self-regulation)
General principles of development
-Sequence is somewhat predictable -Occurs at different rates -Marked by spurts and plateaus -Involves both quantitative and qualitative changes -Heredity and environment interact in their effects -Influenced by children's own behavior.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
-preconventional: avoid punishment -conventional: pleasing others -postconventional: social contract
Formal operational
11 years to adulthood; Abstract and purely symbolic thinking is possible. Problems can be solved through the use of systematic experimentation
Preoperational
2 to 7 years; Ability to use symbols to represent objects in the world. Tendency toward illogical, egocentric and centered thinking
Concrete operational
7 to 11 years; Increased ability to think logically. Ability to reverse operations
Which of the following are the cornerstones of an effective classroom management system?
A clear system of rules and procedures
The way the teacher collects homework assignments during class time would best be described as:
A procedure
In the human brain, a great deal of synaptic pruning occurs in early childhood. This pruning appears to be:
An adaptive process that allows children to deal more efficiently with their environment
PBIS developed out of the following psychological field:
Applied behavioral analysis
Scaffolding
Assistance provided by more competent peers or adults.
Research indicates that classroom management is the biggest concern facing beginning teachers. As a beginning teacher, which of the following is likely to be most effective for reducing classroom management problems?
Being well organized, such as having your materials ready and giving the students an exercise to complete while you take roll
Sensorimotor
Birth to 2 years; Object permanence and progression from reflexive behavior to goal-directed behavior
Piaget's concept of equilibration refers to the idea that children often make cognitive advancements when they experience disequilibrium. In contrast, Vygotsky proposed that children are most likely to develop when they perform tasks within their zone of proximal development. What is the common connection between these two arguments?
Both imply that challenging tasks are the most effective way to promote cognitive development.
The form of peer aggression that involves a systematic or repetitious abuse of power between students is best described as:
Bullying
According to the textbook, which one of the following conclusions is most warranted from research on brain development?
Classroom experiences can significantly enhance students' cognitive development throughout the elementary and secondary school years.
Multiple representation (research on 'learning styles')
Concerned with the way that abstract problems, concepts, or learning tasks are depicted or presented.
Marcy is given her choice of two identical chocolate bars, one of which has been broken into four pieces. Marcy chooses the broken candy bar, believing that it has more candy. From Piaget's perspective, Marcy is showing a lack of _______, indicating that she has not yet completed the transition to the _________ stage of development.
Conservation; concrete operational
Suzanne sees a row of 5 coins, and a second row, also of 5 coins, with each coin in the second row immediately below its counterpart in the first row. The second row is then spread apart without adding or removing a coin, and Suzanne concludes that the second row now has more coins than the first row. Delbert sees the same demonstration, and states that the coins in the second row have simply been spread apart, and the number of coins in each row remains the same. This example best illustrates which of the following?
Developmental differences between Suzanne and Delbert
Kerry has an understanding of how the western United States was settled. He knows that large numbers of settlers came from Europe and tried to make a new life in the American West. His teacher, Mr. Rudy, notes in class that the settlers included some from Mexico and also some former slaves. Kerry now questions his own understanding. Which of the following Piagetian concepts is Kerry most clearly displaying
Disequilibrium
Enrique gets along well with his classmates, and his social skills are quite well developed. On the other hand, Carter doesn't get along with the other students and says other students pick on him for no reason. If the boys' attitudes and academic achievement fit patterns identified by research, which of the following is the most valid conclusion?
Enrique will be more satisfied with school than will Carter, and his achievement will be higher.
According to Piaget, the stage of moral development in which individuals view rules as fixed and permanent and enforced by authority figures is defined as
External morality
Which of the following is the best description of emotions?
Feelings that are short-lived, intense, and specific
Sense of self
General categorization of an individual's Perceptions, Beliefs, Judgments, and feelings about who they are as a person
An eighth grader named Marianne consistently refuses to do difficult classroom assignments because she's afraid of failing at them. Which one of the basic needs described in the textbook is Marianne most clearly trying to address?
Her need for competence
Piaget's theory can best be described as:
Individual Constructivist
Intelligence (factors that shape/influence)
Involves modifying and adjusting behaviors to accomplish new tasks successfully. • Related to learning ability; intelligent people learn information more quickly and easily than less-intelligent people do. • Involves the use of prior knowledge to analyze and understand new situations effectively.
Distal vs. Proximal goals
Long term goal vs. short term --Distal goals define the ultimate level of performance to be achieved, and proximal goals define preliminary levels of performance to be achieved while working toward the distal goal.
Self organization
Making connections among various pieces of information
Autonomy
Need to be causal agents of one's own life. Individuals need to feel they have some control or choice over what happens to them.
Competence
Need to experience mastery through one's perception that one has the ability to complete a task.
Belonging
Need to interact, be connected to, and experience caring for others.
Alex is struggling to pronounce the Portuguese word for woman, "mulher." She has previously taken Spanish courses, so she's confusing it with its Spanish equivalent, "mujer." This is an example of which type of transfer:
Negative; sometimes previous knowledge makes it difficult to learn new knowledge
Personality
Our unique ways of Feeling, Thinking, and Behaving
Thinkers who are concerned only with how some activity would affect them and would be unable to consider how the event might affect others would be best described as:
Preconventional
At Plains High School, students who are tardy to class are given "Yard Patrol" after school. Yard patrol amounts to cleaning up any trash found on the school grounds. The practice of having the students clean up the trash is best described as an attempt to apply which of the following concepts from behaviorism?
Presentation punishment
which form of knowledge stored in long term memory is how to do something
Procedural Knowledge
Kohlberg's theory of moral development can best be summarized as characterizing children's moral development as a process of:
Progressing through a series of stages from self-centeredness to increasing concern about the needs and rights of others
According to research, which of the following statements best describes if and/or when punishment should be used in classrooms?
Punishment should be avoided, if possible, but in some cases it can be used effectively with careful professional judgment.
Which one of the following reflects class inclusion?
Realizing that things that are cars can also be vehicles
Aggressive acts that can damage interpersonal relationships, such as spreading a rumor or ostracizing a peer, best describe which of the following?
Relational aggression
A decrease in behavior as a result of the elimination of something desirable is an illustration of:
Removal punishment
Mr. Anderson uses timeout as a technique in his classroom. When students misbehave, they are sent to an area to the side of the class, where he can still see what is going on, but he can't interact with any other student. Depending on the infraction, students spend a designated number of minutes in the "timeout" area. Mr. Anderson's technique most nearly illustrates use of which of the following?
Removal punishment
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between self-concept and self- esteem?
Self-esteem is an emotional reaction to the self, whereas self-concept is a cognitive appraisal of one's competence.
private speech
Self-talk/instruction. Practicing of language used within a particular context.
Piaget's stages of moral development
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal operational
Of the following, the person most associated with operant conditioning is:
Skinner
S.M.A.R.T. goals
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely
Cooperative learning
Strategies in which children work together to help one another learn.
Which statement is not necessarily accurate? a. Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned if they have studied it in a meaningful, rather than rote, fashion. b. Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned if they have studied it for a lengthy period of time. c. Students are more likely to transfer things they learn in school than things they learn outside of school. d. Students are more likely to transfer general attitudes toward a subject area than specific facts in that subject area.
Students are more likely to transfer things they learn in school than things they learn outside of school.
Zone of proximal development
Task space between what child cannot yet do alone but can accomplish with help of more competent peers or adults.
Transfer of learning
The ability to extend and/or apply what has been learned (e.g., knowledge and skills) in one setting to a novel setting.
Mr. Remignanti asks 9-year-old Anne to divide a pitcher of lemonade equally between two glasses, one each for her and her friend Kate. The two glasses are different shapes, with Anne's being tall and thin and Kate's being short and wide. After Anne pours the lemonade, Mr. Remignanti says to her, "Look, the lemonade in your glass is higher than the lemonade in Kate's glass. Did you give yourself more than you gave Kate?" "No," Anne replies, "my glass is skinnier." Mr. Remignanti continues to ask Anne questions to determine how well she understands that height compensates for width in this situation. Mr. Remignanti's strategy can best be described as illustrating:
The clinical method
Social cognition
The process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general.
Vygotsky believed all of the following except:
There are 5 stages of scaffolding that help children develop.
Of the following, which most accurately describes the relationship between general self-concept and academic achievement?
Theres a weak relationship between the two
From the perspective of Vygotsky and the textbook, opportunities to engage in pretend play have which one of the following effects?
They allow children to practice adult behaviors.
Which of the following is true regarding Vygotsky?
Vygotsky acknowledged inherited or biological traits but his primary focus was on the role of the environment in fostering cognitive growth.
Ms. Girardi, a sixth-grade teacher, is explaining an assignment. She notices two students passing notes to one another. While continuing to discuss the assignment, she moves toward the students and confiscates the written notes. Then she walks back to the front of the class without discontinuing her lecture and asks Mark (who seems to be daydreaming) to answer a question. This scenario best illustrates which one of the following classroom management skills?
Withitness
Punishment
a consequence that decreases the frequency of a response it follows.
Self efficacy
belief that one is likely to succeed (How competent am I?)
Maintaining an orderly society is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?
law and order
Self esteem
refers to how we evaluate or judge our skills and abilities (e.g., How good am I as a person? I am proud of my race; I hate my crooked nose)
While Mr. Lindsey was explaining the social studies assignment, Missy was finishing homework due for her next class. When the class began the assignment, Missy didn't know what to do. Based on our understanding of the human memory model, Missy was lost because:
she did not pay attention to the instructions that were given.
Self concept
way in which we perceive our strengths, weaknesses, abilities, attitudes, and values; begins at birth and shaped by experiences (e.g., who am I? "I'm a high achieving student. I have crooked teeth")
Affect and relationship to motivation
• Affect is closely tied to learning and cognition. • Productive affect can trigger effective learning strategies. • Affect can also trigger certain behaviors.
Entity vs. incremental view of intelligence
• Entity View of Intelligence: belief that intelligence is a distinct ability that is relatively permanent and unchangeable • Intelligence is fixed. • Incremental View of Intelligence: belief that intelligence can improve with effort and practice • Intelligence is malleable.
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
• Intrinsic motivation ●Motivation resulting from personal characteristics or inherent in the task being performed. • Extrinsic motivation ●Motivation resulting from factors external to the individual and unrelated to the task being performed.
Creating a classroom community (conducive to learning)
• Maximize attention and minimize disruption • Communicate caring and respect for EVERY student AND in culturally consistent ways • Create and affirm a sense of community and belongingness. • Create- a goal-oriented, but non-threatening atmosphere. • Establish rules and procedures.
Classroom expectations (rules), goals, and procedures
• Rules or expectations—the "constitution of the classroom" • They DO NOT change. • Procedures—ways of getting classroom activities done; make tasks routine to achieve consistency, predictability and save time • May change according needs • Goals—target aspirations • Not necessarily attained every day.
Research on active listening in education
•EARS Your ears are primary to listening. And you must give a speaker full attention so that you both perceive sound and actually receive the message •EYES Much of listening is observing and trying to understand not only what is being said with words but also with non-verbal cues. •HEART We need to understand the emotion that is being communicated in the words we hear (and see).
Piagetian cognitive development theory and related concepts
● Innate tendency to make sense of the environment ● Innate tendency to categorize & organize ● Physical interaction provides information ● Development builds on prior experiences ● Observation & interaction enhance development
Promoting cognitive development (scaffold through challenging tasks)
● Strive to create environments, curriculum, materials & instruction that are developmentally suitable ● Encourage play activities. ● Use concrete objects and activities, especially in the early elementary grades.
