Berkeley / Hume
The position that primary qualities in the external objects cause ideas in the mind is called what?
Indirect realism
Does Berkeley think all knowledge comes through our senses?
Yes, true
Why does Berkeley claim that belief in an external, material world leads to atheism?
Believing in matter, its regularity and that its governed by scientifically discoverable laws pushes the idea of God to the unemployment line. If humans can increasingly explain how the world works by appealing to idea of matter, the idea of God will over time be needed less and less to explain anything.
What are the four elements that go into our causal judgments? Which one is not based on experience? How does this effect our certainty regarding causal judgments?
Contiguity, priority in time, constant conjunction and necessary connection. Necessary connection is not observable in experience which means there is no impression. We have no certainty regarding the idea of cause and effect and in turn no certainty regarding the sciences since all science rests on the idea of cause and effect.
The position that what we see and experience is exactly the same in our minds as it is in the external world is called what?
Direct realism
Since Berkeley believes that a material, external world does not exist, how does he distinguish between dreams and reality?
Dream sensations do not occur in a regular orderly pattern and therefore the next sensation in a dream sequence is not predictable. Such un-orderly sensations without a discernable pattern are unreal. Waking sensations occur in a regular orderly pattern which are far more predictable and such patterned sensations belong to what is called reality.
Berkeley affirms that an idea is a copy of an external "real" object.
False
What is the question Hume's affirms we should ask of such philosophical terms?
From what impression is that supposed or alleged idea derived?
What is the distinction Hume makes between impressions and ideas?
Ideas are less forceful, less vivid copies of our impressions. This means the origin of all ideas are impressions.
How and why does Berkeley disagree with Locke on primary and secondary qualities?
It is impossible for Locke to assert that the distinction between primary and secondary qualities is based on experience, because Locke identified shape as a primary quality and color as a secondary quality, but it is impossible to experience a shapeless color or a colorless shape meaning that it is impossible to experience a primary quality without the secondary qualities and vice versa which further indicates there is no experience on which to justify the distinction of primary and secondary qualities.
According to Berkeley, is it possible to conceive a tree in a park that exists outside of all minds?
No, false
Does Berkeley think matter exists?
No, false
Does Berkeley think we have sense knowledge of the matter of an object?
No, false
Does Hume think fire is necessarily connected to heat?
No, false
Does Hume think it is a 100% certain that the sun will rise tomorrow?
No, false
Does Hume think our senses can provide us with certainty?
No, false
Does Hume think the claim "every event has a cause" is based on reason alone without sense experience?
No, false
What are the two kinds of reasoning and how do they differ?
Reasoning about relations of ideas and reasoning about matters of fact. The first type relations of ideas is more like deductive reasoning. The matters of fact type of reasoning is an inductive type of reasoning.
If matter does not exist, why does Berkeley believe that science is possible?
Science is not about describing material, but rather about predicting one sensation / idea following another sensation / idea.
The position that there is no reality outside of my own mind and its contents is called what?
Solipsism
Only minds and ideas in minds exist is the position called?
Subjective idealism
What does Berkeley mean when he says "to be is to be perceived"?
The being of any perception of ANYTHING depends on it being perceived first; otherwise there would be nothing present to the mind for it become aware of.
What are the three ways one idea becomes associated with another idea?
The principles of resemblance, contiguity and cause-effect.
"Esse est percipi" is Berkeley's Latin phrase which translates as?
To be is to be perceived
Does Berkeley think all we can know about any object are our ideas about the object?
Yes, true
Does Berkeley think only real things are ideas and the minds containing them?
Yes, true
Does Berkeley think the physical universe is nothing but God's thoughts?
Yes, true
Does Hume think certainty is possible only regarding the concepts of math and geometry?
Yes, true
Does Hume think every idea must be traceable back to an impression in order to be meaningful?
Yes, true
