Big Conc
142. Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of
.user expectations.
60. The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every...
90 minutes
13. Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories
A combination of fact and fiction
26. Dissociation refers to
A state of divided consciousness
9. Hypnotically age-regressed people
Act as they think a child would, but out-perform children
105. which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation
Activation-synthesis theory
128. Compulsive craving and use of a drug indicates
Addiction
130. Aaron still uses amphetamines, even when they threaten his way of life. This indicates
Addiction
12. Twenty-eight year old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of
Age regression
145. Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill?
Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death
180. In contrast to alcohol, marijuana
Amplifies sensitivity to sounds
114. As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past 3 nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience
An Increase in REM sleep
97. People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory
46. Which of the following is most accurate about a typical nights sleep
As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases
101. Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility towards his father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.
B. Latent
1. The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was:
Behaviorism
36. with the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates
Circadian rhythm
37. Cindi prefers to take her tests in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the
Circadian rhythm
111. Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflect children
Cognitive development
22. People become unresponsive to hypnosis if told that those who are highly gullible are easily hypnotized. This fact is most consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves
Conscious role-playing
47. The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
Delta waves
25. The divided - consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves
Dissociation
27. Split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called
Dissociation
28. People hypnotize from pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory that hypnosis involves
Dissociation
21. Hypnotize people are more likely to perform dangerous acts then those who were asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with
Dissociation theory
30. Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty remembering everything that they had learned while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge
Dissociation theory
116. Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ___ drugs
Dissociative
115. The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that
Humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep
24. Ernest hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when their arms were lowered into ice baths because
Hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect from pain
134. Which of the following is true of alcohol?
In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.
129. Danger of labelling too much sex, shopping, exercise, or gambling as addiction is
It invokes shame and guilt*
63. Which of the following is true of melatonin?
It is a sleep horemone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.
172. Jason has smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior?
Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss.
171. After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, vivid hallucinations and the feeling of being separated from your own body is experienced. The effects are most likely from what?
LSD
176. An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of
LSD
179. Regular users of __________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users
Marijuana
181. Mrs Roberts, who suffers from AIDS, has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering her specific medical condition, it is likely that she had received
Marijuana
177. THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________
Marijuana; hallucinogen
64. When light strikes the retina, it signals the superchiasmatic nuclues to alter ____________ production by the pineal gland.
Melatonin
113. The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided be the fact that
Most mammals experience REM rebound
45. The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage
NREM-1 sleep
49. The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of
NREM-1 sleep
90. About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby sits up screaming incoherently. His mother tries to wake him, but with no success. His pulse races as he gasps for breath. The next morning he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from
Night terrors
175. Near-death experiences are
Often accompanied by visions of bright lights
123. Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms indicate
Physical dependence
124. Physical pain and intense cravings indicate
Physical dependence
127. Without caffeine, Marty has severe headaches. This indicates
Physical dependence
126. Which symptom is most clearly drug addiction?
Physical dependence*
17. While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days she would have a strong desire to eat a well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of
Posthypnotic suggestions
117. Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called
Psychoactive drugs
125. Max hasn't experienced withdrawal but still feels he needs to drink coffee. This indicates
Psychological dependence
3. How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism began to dominate the field?
Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions.
104. Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience
REM sleep
50. At 3' o clock in the morning John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of
REM sleep
51. Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with...
REM sleep
52. Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with...
REM sleep
55. After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing...
REM sleep
89. Nightmare are to ____ as night terrors are to ____
REM:NREM-3 sleep
48. Paradoxical sleep is to slow wave sleep as______ sleep is to __________ sleep
REM; NREM-3
121. Drug tolerance refers to
Reduced effect after regular drug usage
178. Studies of marijuana's effects indicate that
Regular users may achieve a high with less of the drug than occasional users
29. When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotize person is most likely to
Show psychological activation of the sensory cortex
20. The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of
Social influence
21. Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with
Social-influence theory
65. The circadium rythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to be
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
112. REM rebound involves the
Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
62. How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary galnd in the endocrine system to produce the horemone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep.
173. The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is...
The near-death experience
23. Hypnotize participants asked to lower their arm into an ice bath exhibited no pain when given that suggestion. Psychologist supporting the social influence theory would suggest that
The participant was caught up in playing the role of a "good hypnotic subject" ignore the pain
91. Which of the following is true of night terrors?
They typically occur during NREM-3 sleep
118. The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effect is an indication of
Tolerance
119. As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of
Tolerance
15. Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in
Treating Obesity
174. As oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brains inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the what?
Visual cortex
122. Discomfort and distress after discontinuation of a drug indicates
Withdrawl
167. Which of the following is a psychedelic drug?
a - LSD
169. LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)
a - agonist
69. Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were most influenced by
a good night's sleep
35. Circadian rhythms refer to
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
7. Twenty-two-year-old Felicia scores high in hypnotic responsiveness as measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia may also have
a rich fantasy life
10. Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called
age regression
152. Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constricted, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of
amphetamine
151. François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?
amphetamines
160. Which of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawal?
anxiety
71. sleep talking may occur during
any stage of sleep
108. Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams a. represent both latent content and manifest content.
are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.
165. The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of
b - Ecstasy
162. When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by
b - blocking the reuptake of dopamine
163. A brief 15-30 minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most likely associated with the use of
b - cocaine
164. One of the immediate effects of Ecstasy is
b - dehydration
168. LSD is most likely to produce
b - hallucinations
161. A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces
b - sensitivity to pain
144. Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)
barbiturate.
143. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are
barbiturates
14. In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people
behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals
34. Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are are highlighting the importance of
biological rhythms
31. To move beyond the "hypnosis is social influence" versus "hypnosis is divided consciousness" debate, today's hypnosis researchers are using a unified _______ approach.
biopsychosocial
33. Understanding hypnosis in terms of focus attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an intergrated ________ approach
biopsychosocial
166. Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen?
c - Ecstasy
156. Which of the following is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance?
caffeine
157. Which of the following psychoactive drugs is most likely to impair people's ability to sleep?
caffeine
87. sleep apnea is a disorder involving
cessation of breathing during sleep
39. Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of
circadian rhythm
40. After flying from california to new york, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal
circadian rhythm
41. After four years of working nights Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal
circadian rhythm
4. until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. this focusing of your conscious attention or selective attention illustrates that
conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds
137. Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by
decreasing REM sleep
139. Alcohol is considered a
depressant
135. Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called
depressants
73. Sleep deprivation has been shown to
diminish immunity to disease
138. Research indicates that alcohol
disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories
32. One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by
distracting attention
106. One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with ________ is helpful for developing and preserving neural pathways in the brain
dreaming
58. Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests the Shoshanna is...
dreaming
84. Bad advice for someone with insomnia
drink wine 15 minutes before bed time
170. An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of
e - LSD
79. Slow wave sleep promotes
effective memory
18. Research has indicated that hypnosis
enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local anesthesia
133. The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to
feel powerless to overcome the addiction
38. The impact of the circadian rhythm is best illustrated by
fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day
75. Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces_ that are toxic to neurons
free radicals
158. Adolescents are most likely to start smoking in order to
gain social acceptance
68. Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences between individual sleep patterns indicates
genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get
53. Which of the following typically occur during REM sleep?
genital arousal
43. Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
hallucinations
54. After sleeping for about an hour and a half, Jose enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to...
have very relaxed muscles
6. Hypnosis involves a state of
heighten openness to suggestion
80. Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep
helps restore and repair brain tissue
149. Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constricted, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of
heroin
19. Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that
hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects
74. Traffic accident rates have been found to _ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to _ after the fall change back to standard time
increase; decrease
131. Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict.
110. Research indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in ________ than in ________.
infants; adults
81. Layla has difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. She is most likely suffering from
insomnia
98. According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to...
its underlying but censored meaning
100. According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its
latent content
99. Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ____ of Greg's dream.
latent content
109. The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ___ during REM sleep
limbic system
93. Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ___ content
manifest
94. Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test, according to Freud, Shane's account represents the ___ content of his dream
manifest
95. And Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall, dark gentleman when suddenly the music shifted you loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inge's account represents the ___ content of her dream.
manifest
132. Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help.
2. By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in:
mental processes
154. The British gov classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of ____________ as one of the most dangerous of drugs
metamphetamine
153. When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ___ can trigger 8 hours of so of heightened energy and euphoria
methamphetamine
82. The lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to
narcolepsy
85. which sleep disorder would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver
narcolepsy
120. The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called
neuroadaptation
150. Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?
nicotine
159. By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.
nicotine
70. Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote
obesity
11. Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are
often a combination of fact and fiction
147. Morphine and heroin are
opiates
5. Consciousness is
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
56. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because...
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move
92. Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that...
people are more likely to dream of failure than of success
67. Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns?
people in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer
107. The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why:
people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.
77. Deep sleep plays an important role in
physical growth
103. Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. This finding supports which of the following dream theories?
physiological
16. Just prior to awakening chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of
posthypnotic suggestions
After drinking 3 cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has:
reduced his self - awareness
141. After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has
reduced his self-awareness
83. what is the best advice for someone dealing with insomnia
relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime (good luck, vegans)
42. Alpha waves are associated with
relaxed but awake state
102. evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through
rem sleep
140. Alcohol consumption is least likely to make people more
self-conscious.
86. obesity is a risk factor for developing
sleep apnea
88. Mr. Dayton stops breathing during sleep... Mr. Dayton suffers from
sleep apnea
66. Research of sleep patterns indicates
sleep patterns may be genetically influenced
44. The rythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called
sleep spindles
78. The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during
slow-wave sleep
76. Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60 year olds
spend less time in deep sleep
8. People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they
strongly expect that they can be hypnotized
148. What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?
the brain stops producing endorphins
136. After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home from dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remembe
the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking
57. When people are experiencing vivid dreams...
their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids
155. What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?
they excite neural activity and arouse body functions
96. After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in
threatening dreams
Participants in a sexual stimulants study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and guilt - free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of
user expectations
72. Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to
viral infection
61. Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, her sister should
wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.
59. 49 year old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably...
would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep